上海市黄浦区某小学7岁儿童龋病与出生体重的关系

目的研究出生体重与7岁儿童龋病的关系。 方法2014年在上海市黄浦区某小学抽取498名7岁儿童,采用世界卫生组织的方法及标准,由经培训的口腔医生检查儿童口腔,记录龋失补情况,通过家长问卷调查获取儿童出生体重。排除67名未提供出生体重儿童,共431名儿童纳入分析。采用卡方检验比较两组或多组间患病率差异,t检验和Dunnett法检验两组或多组间龋失补牙数以及出生体重差异,Logistics回归法分析出生体重与重度龋病的关系。 结果研究对象患龋率为70.1%,龋失补牙数（dmft+DMFT）为3.44 ± 3.55,出生体重为（3.30 ± 0.51）kg。出生体重<2500、2500~ 2999、3000~ 3499、3500~ 3999和≥4000 g的7岁儿童龋失补牙数分别为4.09 ± 4.23、2.25 ± 2.48、3.42 ± 3.59、3.76 ± 3.56和4.11 ± 4.06,重度龋（dmft+DMFT≥5）患病率分别为40.9%、15.9%、35.0%、39.4%和41.7%。在出生体重≥2500 g儿童中,重度龋儿童的出生体重显著大于无龋儿童和轻中度龋儿童（出生体重均值差_{无龋-重度龋}=-0.12,P_{出生体重无龋-重度龋}=0.047;出生体重均值差_{轻中度龋-重度龋}=-0.14,P_{轻中度龋-重度龋}= 0.009）。用Logistic回归调整性别因素后,以出生体重2500~ 2999 g为参考组,<2500、3000~ 3499、3500~ 3999和≥4000 g的重度龋比值比（OR）及P值分别为OR_{<2500 g}= 3.37（95%可信区间1.13~ 10.05）,P_{<2500 g}= 0.030;OR_{3000~ 3499 g}= 2.69（1.28~ 5.67）,P_{3000~ 3499 g}= 0.009;OR_{3500~ 3999 g}= 3.16（1.46~ 6.84）,P_{3500~ 3999 g}= 0.004;OR_{≥4000 g}= 3.45（1.33~ 8.98）,P_{≥4000 g}= 0.011,差异均有统计学意义。 结论出生体重与7岁儿童龋失补牙数及重度龋患病率呈先降后升关系,出生体重过低或过高均可能是重度龋的危险因素。     

氟化物涂膜预防农村地区儿童未建 第一恒磨牙龋

目的探讨氟化物涂膜在预防农村地区儿童未建 第一恒磨牙龋病中的临床效果。 方法运用简单随机抽样方法选取广州市花都区农村地区6~7岁一年级儿童476人,共1462颗未建 第一恒磨牙纳入研究。试验组(n=212,697颗磨牙)两年内每半年予1次牙面涂布氟化物涂膜(多乐氟?),共计5次。对照组(n=264,765颗磨牙)牙面不做涂氟处理。试验开始后每半年复查两组儿童的龋病发病情况。 结果6个月后两组儿童第一恒磨牙龋病发病率、龋面均之间差异无统计学意义(P_发病率=1.000;t_龋面均=0.005,P_龋面均=0.996)。12个月后两组儿童第一恒磨牙龋病发病率、龋面均之间差异无统计学意义(χ²_发病率=1.489,P_发病率=0.222;t_龋面均=1.417,P_龋面均=0.157)。24个月后两组儿童第一恒磨牙龋病发病率、龋面均之间的差异扩大且差异均具有统计学意义(χ²_发病率=11.645,P_发病率=0.001;t_龋面均=3.408,P_龋面均=0.001)。 结论氟化物涂膜能够有效预防农村地区儿童未建 第一恒磨牙龋的发生,值得临床推广应用。     

龋风险评估在上海市闵行区儿童龋病分级管理中的效果评价

目的探讨实施以风险评估为基础的儿童龋病分级管理的防龋效果,为制定儿童口腔疾病防治分级管理策略提供依据。方法2018年3月至2019年3月期间,采用整群抽样法在上海市闵行区抽取512名3岁幼儿园儿童和502名6岁小学生,进行口腔检查和问卷调查,按照龋病风险评估标准分为高危、中危、低危人群。以学校为单位随机分为试验组和对照组,试验组根据龋病风险等级进行分级管理,低危试验组进行口腔健康教育干预;中危试验组半年涂1次氟,进行口腔健康教育;高危试验组3个月涂1次氟,进行口腔健康教育。对照组按照上海市政府为儿童提供的基本口腔公共卫生服务常规管理。12个月后开展口腔检查,评估防龋效果。结果患龋高危儿童中,3岁对照组龋病发病率为51.22%,试验组为34.17%;6岁对照组为51.27%,试验组为33.15%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。中危儿童中,3岁对照组龋病发病率为38.71%,试验组为7.32%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。但3岁儿童低风险组、6岁儿童低风险组和中风险组的两组龋病发病率差异无统计学意义。3岁、6岁儿童试验组干预1年后患龋风险等级升高比例低于对照组儿童。结论以风险评估为基础的儿童龋病分级管理在患龋高危儿童中防龋效果显著,值得推广应用。     

武汉市1~3岁儿童龋病管理社区家庭医生模式初探

目的探讨武汉市1~3岁儿童采用社区家庭医生模式龋病管理的效果,为儿童龋病群体社区防控提供参考。方法按照分层随机,配对抽样原则,在武汉市东湖高新区核心社区中抽取1 000名1~3岁儿童,试验组定期"随访-家访",对照组"开始-终末"随访,2年后临床检查其龋病和患龋状况,问卷调查刷牙行为。结果 2年后,试验组和对照组的患龋率/龋均分别是15.8%/1.41和46.6%/3.25,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组家长帮助儿童口腔刷牙习惯明显优于对照组。结论对于1~3岁儿童,口腔社区家庭医生防龋模式经济有效,建议推广。     

家长态度与儿童口腔卫生习惯形成的关系

目的：从刷牙次数和甜食消费两个方面,分析家长对龋病易感因素的态度与儿童实际龋相关行为的关系,为开展口腔卫生宣教提供依据.方法：用配对法研究儿童家长对儿童龋病易感因素问题的关心程度与儿童实际行为的联系,dmft=0的儿童及其家长作为对照组,dmft≥3的儿童及家长作为试验组.所得数据用SPSS10.0软件包进行Logistic回归,分析家长对儿童刷牙与甜食摄入相关问题所持的态度与儿童实际行为的关联程度.结果：家长对待儿童刷牙的态度与儿童实际刷牙情况有密切关系（P=0.000）,家长对待儿童甜食问题的态度与儿童实际甜食摄入行为有密切联系（P=0.001）.结论：家长对待儿童刷牙和甜食的态度,在一定程度上反映儿童的相关行为.可通过卫生宣教,提高家长在儿童龋病预防中的作用,减少龋病的发生率.     

促红细胞生成素对人牙髓细胞迁移能力的作用

目的研究促红细胞生成素（EPO）对人牙髓细胞（hDPC）迁移能力的影响,并初步探讨相关分子机制。 方法实时荧光定量聚合链反应（PCR）检测EPO对hDPC表达趋化因子mRNA的影响;Transwell实验观察不同浓度的EPO对hDPC迁移能力的影响;Western blot检测不同时间点hDPC中p38、ERK1/2、JNK磷酸化水平的变化;细胞划痕实验观察丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）信号通路抑制剂对EPO诱导hDPC迁移的影响。 结果EPO上调趋化因子CXCR4、SDF-1 mRNA的表达（t_CXCR4= 5.727,P_CXCR4= 0.005;t_SDF-1= 3.412,P_SDF-1= 0.027）;与对照组相比,EPO显著促进hDPC的迁移能力（F= 207.775,P_{10 U/ml}= 0.000,P_{20 U/ml}= 0.000,P_{40 U/ml}= 0.000）;EPO可升高MAPK信号通路中关键蛋白ERK1/2（t_{15 min}= 6.554,P_{15 min}= 0.000;t_{30 min}= 17.305,P_{30 min}= 0.000;t_{60 min}= 8.913,P_{60 min}= 0.000;t_{120 min}=-5.896,P_{120 min}= 0.934）和p38的磷酸化程度（t_{15 min}= 4.396,P_{15 min}= 0.004;t_{30 min}= 6.447,P_{30 min}= 0.000;t_{60 min}= 34.676,P_{60 min}= 0.000;t_{120 min}= 4.689,P_{120 min}= 0.003）;MAPK信号通路抑制剂U0126、SB203580可抑制EPO诱导的hDPC迁移（t_EPO-U0126= 2.422,P_{EPO- U0126}= 0.025;t_EPO-SB203580= 3.837,P_EPO-SB203580= 0.001）。 结论EPO上调趋化因子CXCR4和SDF-1 mRNA的表达,通过激活MAPK信号通路,促进hDPC迁移。     

西安坡底遗址秦人的龋病分布

目的:调查距今2200年前西安秦人的龋病状况,以探求龋病的罹患率及发展趋势。方法:观察记录并统计了西安高陵坡底遗址出土的111例古人的龋齿情况,用SPSS21.0软件对全部的1633枚牙齿进行统计学分析。结果:坡底人群患龋率为33.33%,其中男性患龋率为36.67%,女性患龋率为27.91%;龋齿率为3.12%,龋均为1.38。结论:龋病的罹患率与年龄具有相关性,壮年和中年为龋病的高发期,患龋率分别为46.30%和45.00%,龋齿率分别为4.64%和4.71%;患龋牙位发病率依次为M₂＞M³＞M¹＞M²＞M₃＞M₁＞P₂＞P¹＞C₁＞P₁＞P²;下颌龋齿罹患率高于上颌(3.32%>2.89%),从龋患部位来看,邻面龋发病率最高(66.67%),其次为唇颊面龋(17.65%)和咬合面龋(13.73%),舌腭面龋最低(1.96%)。     

A型肉毒毒素复合罗哌卡因治疗三叉神经痛的疗效

目的评价A型肉毒毒素（BTX-A）复合罗哌卡因治疗特发性三叉神经痛的临床效果。 方法选取2018年12月至2019年10月在中国医科大学附属口腔医院就诊的特发性三叉神经第三支疼痛患者20例，随机数字表法分为试验组、对照组，每组10例。试验组采用BTX-A复合罗哌卡因治疗，对照组采用卡马西平治疗。两组治疗前及治疗后1 h、6 h、12 h、1周、1个月、3个月和6个月行视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分比较疼痛程度，同时统计和比较疼痛发作频率及睡眠质量，进行疗效评价。使用SPSS 20.0软件进行数据分析。 结果试验组疼痛VAS评分在治疗后1 h、1个月分别为0.4 ± 0.5和2.8 ± 3.1，分别低于对照组（1.2 ± 1.0、5.1 ± 1.4），差异均有统计学意义（t_{1 h}=-2.191，P_{1 h}= 0.047；t_1个月=-2.155，P_1个月= 0.045）；试验组治疗后1个月睡眠质量评分为7.8 ± 3.2，对照组为10.8 ± 2.4，差异有统计学意义（t=-2.395，P= 0.028）；试验组疼痛发作频率在治疗后1周、1个月、3个月均低于对照组，而在治疗后6个月高于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（t_1周=-2.900，P_1周= 0.010；t_1个月= -4.544，P_1个月= 0.001；t_3个月=-5.156，P_3个月= 0.000；t_6个月= 3.391，P_6个月= 0.003）。 结论BTX-A复合罗哌卡因可缓解特发性三叉神经痛，改善患者的睡眠状况。     

颞下颌关节紊乱病不同症状患者心理因素调查

目的研究颞下颌关节紊乱病（TMD）不同症状患者心理社会因素,尤其是焦虑的差别,为心理治疗对策提供试验依据。 方法206例就诊于天津医科大学口腔医院的TMD患者和201名无症状志愿者,填写症状自评量表（SCL-90）和状态-特质焦虑问卷（STAI）,根据患者主诉分组。采用SPSS 17.0统计软件,采用独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析对所有数据进行统计学分析。 结果（1）TMD患者SCL-90量表中的躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、精神病性因子得分及总分高于无症状志愿者,差异有统计学意义（t_躯体化 = 3.79,P_躯体化 = 0.000;t_抑郁 = 2.14,P_抑郁 = 0.033;t_焦虑 = 2.91,P_焦虑 = 0.004;t_敌对 = 3.93,P_敌对 = 0.000;t_精神病性 = 2.48,P_精神病性 = 0.013;t_总分 = 2.80,P_总分 = 0.005）;女性TMD患者的状态焦虑及特质焦虑得分均高于女性无症状志愿者（t_状态焦虑 = 3.52,P_状态焦虑 = 0.001;t_特质焦虑 = 4.26,P_特质焦虑 = 0.000）,两组男性之间差异无统计学意义（t_状态焦虑 = 0.36,P_状态焦虑 = 0.718;t_特质焦虑 = 0.76,P_特质焦虑 = 0.453）;（2）不同症状TMD患者在躯体化和状态焦虑方面差异有统计学意义（F_躯体化 = 2.714,P_躯体化 = 0.046;F_特质焦虑 = 3.007,P_特质焦虑 = 0.031）,具有单纯疼痛症状者躯体化得分高于单纯弹响患者（P = 0.005）,单纯弹响及疼痛伴弹响患者的特质焦虑得分高于疼痛伴开口受限者（P = 0.016）。 结论TMD患者心理健康水平比无症状人群低,主要表现在躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、敌对和精神病性方面。女性TMD患者有明显焦虑特征。单纯疼痛TMD患者躯体化比单纯弹响者更为明显。     

基于风险评估的上海市3岁儿童龋病分级管理临床效果评价

目的 分析上海市3岁儿童患龋情况及其相关危险因素,评价基于风险评估的龋病分级管理临床效果.方法 采用随机抽样的方法,抽取2018年上海市4个区28家幼儿园3岁儿童1989名,随机分成试验组(986名)和对照组(1003名).参照美国儿童牙医协会(American Association of Pediatric Den...     

上海市静安区152名聋哑学生口腔状况及龋病相关影响因素分析

目的: 调查上海市静安区聋哑学生的口腔健康状况,分析聋哑学生龋病的相关影响因素。方法: 对上海市静安区内2所聋哑学校152名9~18岁学生进行口腔检查及问卷调查。采用SPSS 22.0软件包对数据进行统计学处理。结果: 152名聋哑学生中,总患龋率为53.3%,龋均为1.80±2.66,牙龈出血检出率为65.8%,牙石检出率为69.7%。第一恒磨牙患龋率为36.2%,窝沟封闭率为0.6%。其中,12~15岁年龄组患龋率为50.0%,龋均为1.69±3.13,牙龈出血检出率为68.5%,牙石检出率为70.4%,均高于第4次全国口腔健康流行病学调查报告中12~15岁年龄城市组的各项数据。Logistic回归分显示,每天刷牙次数（P=0.009）、刷牙牙面（P<0.001）、刷牙时间（P=0.005）、饮用甜饮料及碳酸饮料频率（P=0.003）和口腔保健知识知晓情况（P=0.036）都是聋哑学生龋病发生的相关影响因素。结论: 针对聋哑学生的龋病防控,应进一步加强口腔健康教育,同时推进局部涂氟、窝沟封闭、早期龋齿充填等干预措施的实施,从而有效控制聋哑学生龋病的发生和发展。     

包头市3~5岁儿童龋病患病的相关因素分析

目的:分析包头市3~5岁儿童龋病患病的相关因素。方法:于包头市随机抽取的10所幼儿园中,随机选择3~5岁儿童496名为研究对象。经口腔医生检查,发现患龋病326例,为病例组,未患龋病170名,为对照组。对两组年龄、性别、每日进零食次数和每日刷牙次数等25项可能与患龋病有关的因素予以调查、记录。以logistic多元回归筛选相关因素。结果:排除进入模型的其他因素混杂作用后,每日进零食次数每增加1次,促进患龋病的危险是原来的1.249倍(OR=1.249>1,其95%可信区间内不包含1,P<0.05);断奶时间≥1岁促进患龋病的危险是＜1岁断奶的2.812倍(OR=2.812>1,其95%可信区间内不包含1,P<0.01);而不含奶瓶入睡、睡前不吃零食和不喝碳酸饮料促进患龋病的危险分别是含奶瓶入睡、睡前吃零食和喝碳酸饮料的0.194、0.302和0.031倍(OR分别是0.194、0.302和0.031,均OR<1,其95%可信区间内均不包含1,均P<0.01)。结论:增加进零食次数和断奶时间≥1岁是包头市3~5岁儿童患龋病的危险因素;而不含奶瓶入睡、睡前不吃零食和不喝碳酸饮料为其保护因素。     

刷牙有效性教育对学龄儿童口腔卫生的作用

目的:探讨刷牙有效性教育对儿童口腔卫生状况的影响。方法:以经过2a有效刷牙指导的145例小学三年级学生为实验组,以未经过有效刷牙指导的147例小学三年级学生为对照组,对龋病患病率、龋均、牙龈炎指数(GI)、简化口腔卫生指数(OHI-s)进行比较。患龋率用χ2检验,GI、OHI-s指数用t检验做统计学分析。结果:实验组刷牙教育后患龋率、龋均、牙龈指数、简化口腔卫生指数均低于对照组,差异显著(P<0.01)。结论:刷牙有效性教育对改善儿童口腔卫生状况有显著作用。     

A study of prevalence of caries and oral health behavior in Japanese children with cleft lip and palate

The aims of this study were to investigate the condition of dental caries in 1–4 years old Japanese children with cleft lip and/or palate, and also to examine the relationships between age, location of the cleft, oral health behavior of cleft children and the incidence of dental caries. The study was carried out through a dental examination of a sample of children and a questionnaire to their parents which included questions about infant feeding practices, frequency of consumption of specific drinks and children's frequency of tooth brushing. A sample of 116, 1–4 years old Japanese children (58 boys and 58 girls) with oral clefts referred to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry Clinic, Showa University, after receiving surgical treatment, participated in this study. Results indicated that the prevalence of caries in cleft children was related to patient age, location of clefts and oral health behavior. A higher level of dental caries was recognized in children with cleft lip and alveolus/palate than in those with cleft lip alone. Incidence of caries increased with patient age. Children who had been fed in a determined time were less affected than those who had been fed at will. Incidence of caries was also high in the children who ingested drinks with sugar than in those who did not. The results of this study suggest that it is important to improve the oral health behavior of cleft children to minimize the risk of caries. Moreover, children with clefts and their parents should as early as possible undergo a preventive program to ensure preservation of primary dentition.     

西吡氯铵含片治疗口腔念珠菌病临床疗效观察

目的探讨西吡氯铵含片单独或联用碳酸氢钠含漱液治疗口腔念珠菌病的临床疗效。 方法选取经临床及实验室检查确诊为红斑型或伪膜型口腔念珠菌病的患者,采用单中心、平行对照随机分为3组：（1）实验1组为西吡氯铵含片组;（2）实验2组为西吡氯铵含片+2.5%碳酸氢钠含漱组;（3）对照组为2.5%碳酸氢钠含漱组。分别于初诊与治疗2周后复诊时记录患者口干、疼痛、红斑或伪膜的程度以及念珠菌培养数量。采用SPSS 20.0统计软件对计量资料进行配对样本t检验、配对样本秩和检验,对计数资料进行卡方检验,检验水准α= 0.05。 结果本研究共纳入73例口腔念珠菌病患者,其中实验1组25例、实验2组24例、对照组24例。经治疗3组均能改善口腔念珠菌病的临床表现及减少念珠菌培养数量;3组对口干改善的总有效率分别为85%、80%、84.2%,各组间差异无统计学意义（P= 0.711）;3组对疼痛改善的总有效率分别为90.9%、95.2%、95.2%,各组间差异无统计学意义（P= 0.880）;3组对红斑或伪膜改善的总有效率分别为88%、95.8%、50%,2个实验组对红斑或伪膜的改善效果均优于对照组（χ²_1组= 10.091,P_1组= 0.001;χ²_2组= 13.819,P_2组<0.001）,且2个实验组对红斑或伪膜的改善效果差异无统计学意义（P= 0.546）;3组对念珠菌清除的总有效率分别为80%、91.7%、79.2%,实验2组对念珠菌的清除效果分别优于实验1组与对照组（χ²_1组= 6.026,P_1组= 0.014;χ²_对照组= 5.147,P_对照组= 0.023）,实验1组与对照组对念珠菌清除效果差异无统计学意义（P= 0.992）。 结论西吡氯铵含片能够有效治疗红斑或伪膜型口腔念珠菌病,西吡氯铵含片联合碳酸氢钠含漱液对口腔念珠菌病的抗念珠菌效果更优。     

多维度口腔清洁干预模式对区域学龄前儿童防龋效果的评价

目的:探讨多维度口腔清洁干预模式对区域学龄前儿童(3～6 岁)的防龋效果.方法 :于2016年10月随机抽取上海市静安区12所幼儿园600名3～4 岁儿童,分为对照组和实验组(每组6 所幼儿园300名儿童).对照组进行常规口腔保健教育,实验组采用多维度口腔清洁干预模式进行干预,随访观察2 年,比较2 组儿童的口腔清洁行...     

A staged intervention dental health promotion programme to reduce early childhood caries

OBJECTIVE: This paper reports the results of a community trial to assess the effects of a multi-stage dental health promotion programme in reducing Early Childhood Caries (ECC). RESEARCH DESIGN: Two health districts (Primary Care Groups) were matched for dental disease levels and socio-demographic factors. One was randomly allocated to be the test Primary Care Group (PCG), the other the control PCG. Children in the test PCG received a series of interventions to support positive dental health behaviour from the age of 8 to 32 months. Interviews were conducted with parents of children aged 21 months and clinical examinations were undertaken on a larger cohort of children aged 3-4 years in test and control PCGs. SETTING: The interventions were gift bags containing a trainer cup, toothpaste containing 1,450 ppm F and toothbrush, and advice given to the children's parents on attendance at designated clinics and medical practices and further paste and brushes posted to the children's homes. Parents were interviewed on the telephone. Examinations took place at Children's Centres and nursery departments attached to primary schools. OUTCOME MEASURES: Severity and prevalence of ECC and general caries and proportion of parents reporting adopting dentally healthy behaviours. RESULTS: In the test PCG the prevalence of ECC in children who had received the interventions was 16.6% compared with 23.5% of children in the control area, a reduction of 29% (p=0.003). The mean dmft (1.17) and prevalence of general caries experience (28.7%) in the test children were also significantly lower than for children in the control PCG (1.72: 39.2%) (p=0.001). Analysis from a community perspective, which included data from all children examined in both areas, showed the prevalence of ECC in the test and control PCGs was 21.3% and 22.8% respectively and the mean dmft 1.47 and 1.72. The proportion with general caries experience remained statistically significant in favour of the test area 33.8% vs 39.9% (p=0.01). Parents in the test PCG were more likely to report cessation of bottle use (33% vs 18%), use of sugar-free drinks (49% vs 24%), commencement of brushing before first birthday (45% vs 27%) and twice daily brushing (52% vs 34%). CONCLUSION: The parents who received this multi-stage intervention were more likely to report adoption of three positive oral health behaviours; using a trainer cup from one year of age, using safe drinks and brushing twice daily with a fluoride toothpaste. The programme failed to reduce the prevalence of ECC in the community but the prevalence of ECC and general caries experience among the children who participated was less than among children in the control PCG.     

Dental health knowledge and attitudes of regularly attending mothers of high-risk, pre-school children.

AIM: The aims of this study were to discover the knowledge of and attitudes towards dental health of a group of regularly attending mothers of young children at high-risk of caries, and to evaluate their toothbrushing techniques. METHOD: As part of the baseline examination of a randomised controlled trial to test the influence of dental health counselling on the caries increment of at-risk pre-school children, 268 mothers of 334 children completed a questionnaire enquiring about their dental health knowledge and attitudes, and were also observed brushing their children's teeth. RESULTS: Although most mothers (71%) knew that they should brush their children's teeth twice a day using a small toothbrush (94%) only 52% knew that they should use only a small pea-sized amount of paste, and only 3% knew the recommended level of fluoride in toothpaste for these at-risk children. 40% of the children insisted on brushing their own teeth and 40% of the mothers brushed their children's teeth inadequately. Although three-quarters of the mothers knew that sugary foods and drinks should be consumed only at mealtimes, only 7% knew the four foods and drinks supplying most sugar to a child's diet. Although three-quarters of mothers thought that dental decay in milk teeth was very important, only half wanted their children's carious teeth restored. CONCLUSION: Knowledge, attitudes and behaviour about dental health among these regularly attending mothers of at-risk, pre-school children were superficial. Their attitudes to dental health of primary teeth were equivocal and their demonstrated brushing behaviour on the part of their children was inadequate.