新疆博尔塔拉蒙古自治州蒙、哈、维、汉4民族30岁以上高血压及部分有关危险因素调查

目的了解新疆博尔塔拉蒙古自治州蒙、哈、维及汉4民族高血压高血压患病率,知晓率、治疗率、控制率及危险因素.方法采取随机整群抽样法,调查30岁以上蒙古族、哈萨克族、维吾尔族及汉族居民.结果蒙古族、哈萨克族、维吾尔族及汉族高血压患病率分别为42.0%,40.5%,35.6%,33.2%;知晓率、治疗率及控制率分别为46.0%,25.7%,6.6%.收缩压多因素回归分析显示:民族、BMI、年龄均为收缩压的危险因素,而只有蒙族男性性别为收缩压的危险因素,但其他民族性别未进入方程.舒张压多因素回归分析显示:民族、BMI、年龄均为舒张压的危险因素,同时男性性别为蒙族、哈族及汉族的危险因素.结论新疆博尔塔拉蒙古自治州地区高血压患病率较高,尤其是蒙古族及哈萨克族,而知晓率、治疗率及控制率很低.年龄及BMI是4民族高血压(不论收缩压及舒张压)主要的危险因素.男性性别是舒张压升高的危险因素.     

千万例体检人群高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率的调查

目的:了解体检人群的高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率,为我国高血压防治提供科学基础和依据。方法:纳入2018年来自全国28个省份412家体检中心的11 065 907例成年体检者,调查不同年龄、性别、体重指数和省份的高血压患病率,并分析体检人群高血压的知晓率、治疗率和控制率。结果:研究对象年龄18～91岁,平均年龄(41.4±13.3)岁,平均收缩压/舒张压分别为123.0/75.0 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。高血压患病粗率为22.1%,标化患病率21.6%,男性高血压患病率明显高于女性(26.1%vs.17.0%,P0.001),男性、女性肥胖者高血压患病率分别约为体重正常者的3倍(45.0%vs. 16.4%,P0.001)和4倍(42.9%vs. 10.1%,P0.001)。各省份间高血压患病率呈现北高南低趋势。研究对象高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为33.8%、25.0%和9.7%,女性高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率均高于男性(P均0.001)。随着研究对象年龄的增加,高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率均呈上升趋势。结论:即便在健康意识相对较好的体检人群,高血压标化患病率依然较高,同时也需要提高高血压的知晓率、治疗率和控制率。     

新疆维、汉两民族≥50岁人群高血压知晓率、治疗率及控制率

目的比较新疆维吾尔族和汉族≥50岁人群高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率。方法使用分层随机整群抽样方式、以现场问卷调查与入户调査相结合的方法,共计调査7 214人(男性3 396人,女性3 818人);其中维吾尔族4 142人(男性2 074人,女性2 068人);汉族3 072人(男性1 322人,女性1 750人),进行血压、身高、体重的测量及一般社会情况的调查。结果所调查的维、汉两民族≥50岁抽样人群的高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率分别为59.74%、31.58%、14.11%(标化率分别为59.56%、30.99%、14.02%);抽样人群中女性高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率分別为63.74%、34.81%、14.49%,男性分别为54.66%、27.60%、13.65%,女性知晓率、治疗率高于男性(P值均0.05);汉族高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率分别为66.40%、33.00%、13.37%;维吾尔族为54.55%、30.47%、14.69%;汉族知晓率高于维吾尔族(P0.05);不同年龄段间比较,60~70岁人群高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率均较其他年龄段略高(P值均0.05);控制率分析可见,不同年龄段间、不同受文化程度间、城乡户口间、是否吸烟、是否饮酒、不同体重指数间高血压控制率的差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论新疆为高血压病的高发区,维、汉两民族≥50岁人群知晓率、治疗率、控制率均不高,汉族高血压知晓率高于维吾尔族,女性的知晓率和治疗率高于男性;文化程度高、城市户口、不吸烟、不饮酒、体重指数正常者控制率较高。     

新疆博尔塔拉蒙古自治州维、哈、蒙、汉四民族代谢综合征流行病学调查

我们应用国际糖尿病联盟（IDF）的代谢综合征（MS）定义，对新疆博尔塔拉蒙古自治州维吾尔族、哈萨克族、蒙古族、汉族（维、哈、蒙、汉）4个民族MS患病率进行现况调查。     

湖北省15岁及以上城市居民高血压患病现状及其影响因素研究

目的调查湖北省15岁及以上城市居民高血压患病现状并分析其影响因素,为有效防控高血压提供参考。方法 2013年5月—2014年1月,采用四阶段整群随机抽样方法抽取湖北省15岁及以上城市居民10 000例,采用现场调查,调查内容包括问卷调查、体格检查及现场测量血压。统计高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率,比较不同性别、年龄段高血压患者高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率,并比较不同临床特征城市居民高血压患病率;湖北省15岁及以上城市居民高血压的影响因素分析采用多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。结果 (1)共发放10 000份调查问卷,回收有效问卷8 001份,有效回收率为80.01%。8 001例城市居民中罹患高血压2 173例,高血压患病率为27.2%;根据中国2010年人口普查构成进行标化,高血压标化患病率率为17.7%。(2)高血压患者高血压知晓率为58.4%(1 268/2 173)、治疗率为42.0%(913/2 173)、控制率为59.9%(539/2 173)。女性高血压患者高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率均高于男性(P0.001);随着年龄增长高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率均呈上升趋势(P0.001)。(3)不同性别、年龄、民族、文化程度、婚姻状况、就业情况、食盐量、劳动强度、活动强度、体质指数(BMI)、腰围、静息心率及有无吸烟、饮酒、高血压家族史的城市居民高血压患病率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(4)多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示,性别、年龄、高血压家族史、劳动强度、活动强度、BMI、腰围及静息心率是湖北省≥15岁城市居民高血压的影响因素(P0.05)。结论湖北省15岁及以上城市居民高血压患病率较高,但高血压患者高血压知晓率、控制率、治疗率偏低,尤其是男性及年轻高血压患者;性别、年龄、高血压家族史、劳动强度、活动强度、BMI、腰围及静息心率是湖北省15岁及以上城市居民高血压的影响因素。     

博尔塔拉蒙古自治州30岁及以上少数民族及汉族鼾症现况调查

目的了解新疆博尔塔拉蒙古自治州鼾症发生率及危险因素。方法采取随机整群抽样法调查30岁及以上蒙古族、哈萨克族、维吾尔族及汉族居民共4444名中鼾症的发生率。结果打鼾总检出率为21．8％（967例）。调整年龄及性别后打鼾标准化检出率蒙古族、哈萨克族、维吾尔族及汉族分别为30．3％、16．4％、23．5、19．5％。吸烟及饮酒比例在打鼾人中明显增高（分别为43．4％、27．8％；40．5％、24．2％）。多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示，体重指数（BMI）是打鼾的主要危险因素。哈萨克族及蒙古族人颈围与打鼾有密切关系。饮酒是蒙古族、哈萨克族及汉族人打鼾的危险因素。结论新疆博尔塔拉蒙古自治州鼾症检出率较高，尤其是蒙古族。BMI、颈围及饮酒是打鼾的危险因素。     

河北省藁城市农村社区居民高血压流行状况调查

目的了解河北省农村社区居民高血压流行现况,为制定科学合理的高血压防治措施提供依据.方法按照统一方法对河北省藁城市梅花镇5 892名25岁以上居民进行了现场询问、血压测量等横断面调查,统计分析了不同年龄、性别等人群血压水平、高血压患病率、患病知晓率、治疗率、控制率、高血压防治知识知晓率等指标.结果被调查居民平均收缩压为(127.8±21.4)mm Hg,男性(130.2±20.7)mm Hg,女性(125.8±21.8)mm Hg,平均舒张压为(81.6±11.4)mm Hg,男性(84.0±11.5)mm Hg,女性(79.7±11.0)mm Hg;高血压粗患病率为39.4%(男性44.0%,女性35.8%),标化率为34.9%(男性38.8%,女性30.7%);人群平均收缩压水平及高血压患病率均随着年龄增加上升,高血压患病率45岁以下人群男性高于女性,45～64岁人群男性与女性持平,65岁以上人群女性高于男性;工人、大专及以上文化程度或经济收入高的人群高血压患病率高于其他人群;居民高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率分别为34.7%、 17.6%和6.1%;高血压防治知识知晓率19.6%.结论河北省藁城市农村居民高血压患病率高,患病知晓率、治疗率、控制率低,高血压防治知识知晓率低,高血压防治水平低,需要加强对人群的健康教育、高血压筛查和高血压病人的随访管理工作.     

我国中青年人群高血压流行和治疗控制现状

目的描述我国30～59岁中青年人群高血压流行现状及其知晓率、治疗率和控制率。方法基于2012—2015年中国高血压调查分层多阶段随机抽样横断面数据进行分析, 纳入30～59岁中青年共229 593名研究对象。收集性别、年龄、城乡地区、高血压患病情况、卒中史、高血压及冠心病家族史、饮酒史, 体格测量指标包括心率等资料。高血压定义为平均收缩压或舒张压≥140/90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), 或调查对象自述有高血压病史, 或调查前2周内服用过降压药物。血压正常高值定义为收缩压/舒张压120～139/80～89 mmHg。血压控制定义为收缩压/舒张压<140/90 mmHg。计算血压正常高值检出率, 高血压患病率, 高血压患者知晓率、治疗率、控制率和治疗控制率。结果我国中青年人群正常高值检出率为43.8%(95%CI:42.3%～45.4%), 高血压患病率为22.1%(95%CI:20.8%～23.3%)。各个年龄段男性血压正常高值的检出率与高血压患病率均高于女性(P<0.05)。高血压人群中, 知晓率为43.8%, 治疗率为33.2%, 控制率为16.7%...     

江苏省高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率现状调查

目的调查和分析江苏省自然人群高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制情况,为进一步拓宽高血压健康教育途径、改善居民自我管理行为提供理论依据。方法 2013年10月起采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,共抽取江苏10个城市、农村点≥15岁研究对象19 316名,其中18 953人纳入本研究。结果江苏省≥15岁居民平均血压129.9(95%CI 129.6～130.2)/76.6 mm Hg(95%CI76.4～76.7),其中男性132(95%CI 131.7～132.4)/78.5(95%CI 78.3～78.8)mm Hg,女性127.9(95%CI 127.5～128.3)/74.6(95%CI 74.4～74.8)mm Hg;高血压患病率30.6%(95%CI 30.0%～31.3%)。各年龄组的收缩压随年龄的增长而升高,农村、城市人群血压在性别间差异水平不同,男性血压高于女性(P0.05),城市女性收缩压低于农村女性(P0.01),城市男性收缩压高于农村男性(P0.01)。高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为49.3%(95%CI48.0%～50.5%)、43.6%(95%CI 42.3%～44.9%)和14.2%(95%CI 13.3%～15.1%);女性高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率高于男性(P均0.01);城市地区高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率高于农村(P均0.01);15～24岁年龄组高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率最低(P均0.01)。结论江苏省高血压患病率高,但知晓率、治疗率和控制率仍偏低。为此,应加强高血压知识健康宣教,尤其在男性、农村、年轻人群体中加强宣教力度。     

西藏昂仁县高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率的调查

目的调查西藏昂仁县农牧民高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率,为西藏地区高血压的防治提供依据。方法采用分层多阶段随机抽样方法,通过调查问卷的形式,在2017年5~9月调查18岁及以上昂仁县农牧区藏族居民的高血压患病情况。结果共调查2158人,平均收缩压为(128.67±25.90)mmHg,平均舒张压为(86.77±16.53)mmHg。高血压患病率为37.81%,知晓率为52.82%,治疗率为45.10%、控制率为6.62%。结论西藏昂仁县农牧民(≥18岁)高血压患病率高,而知晓率、治疗率及控制率较低,需要进一步加强高血压防治工作。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.