Social marketing improved the consumption of iron-fortified soy sauce among women in China

OBJECTIVE: To test the feasibility and effectiveness of social marketing on the improvement of women's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding iron-fortified soy sauce (FeSS). DESIGN: A community-based intervention was conducted among 4 groups, experimental rural (E(R)), control rural (C(R)), experimental urban (E(U)), and control urban (C(U)). SETTING: Urban and rural areas in Guizhou province, China. PARTICIPANTS: Women 19 to 70 years old (n = 193 in rural areas and n = 179 in urban areas). INTERVENTION: A mass-media campaign to promote use of FeSS was conducted throughout Guizhou province. In the intervention areas, social marketing strategies using integrated 6 Ps (product, price, place, promotion, policy, and partnership) were implemented from December 2004 to February 2006. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Knowledge of FeSS; benefits, barriers, and intention to purchase; availability of FeSS; behaviors regarding purchase and use of FeSS. ANALYSIS: Analysis of covariance, paired T test and cross-tabulations were used. The alpha level was set at .05. RESULTS: Compared with the baseline, perceived benefits of FeSS, barriers (BARRI) and intention to buy (INTEN) significantly improved within both experimental groups (P < .01 or .001). The only improvement in control groups was for BARRI in C(R) (P < .001). Availability of FeSS increased in all areas. Purchase and use of FeSS in rural and urban intervention groups increased by nearly 30% more than those in control groups. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION: Social marketing of FeSS is feasible and effective to improve knowledge, perception (perceived benefits and overcoming barriers), intention to purchase, and consumption of FeSS among women in Guizhou, China.     

中国铁强化酱油使用现状分析

铁缺乏被认为是全球三大“隐性饥饿”(微量营养元素缺乏)之首,全球约有1/5人患缺铁性贫血。据中国疾病预防控制中心的调查显示,全国儿童贫血率在25%左右,妇女贫血率在20%左右,孕妇贫血率高达35%,成年男子贫血率则在10%左右[1]。2003年,中国疾病预防控制中心向国际营养改善联盟(     

Testicular self-examination: a test of the health belief model and the theory of planned behaviour

The aim of this study was to test the utility and efficiencyof the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the health beliefmodel (HBM) in predicting testicular self-examination (TSE)behaviour. A questionnaire was administered to an opportunisticsample of 195 undergraduates aged 18–39 years. Structuralequation modelling indicated that, on the basis of all the fitindices, the TPB model was the better model, however, the qualityof the models was very similar. The TPB explained 50% of thevariance in intention and 22% in behaviour while the HBM (withself-efficacy) accounted for 56 and 21%, respectively. Self-efficacywas the most important predictor of TSE behavioural intentionacross both models. These findings contribute to the growingliterature on the testing of multiple models in the health psychologydomain. Received on May 23, 2006; accepted on June 6, 2006     

Predicting intentions to get the COVID-19 vaccine in India: An integration of theory of planned behaviour and health belief model

The aim of the study was to determine intention to receive Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccination in India. An integrated model of Theory of Planned behaviour (TPB) and Health Belief Model (HBM) was used. Online survey was conducted in Delhi NCR region to find out the intention to receive vaccination. Data was collected from 845 respondents during 15 February 2021–15 March 2021, just after COVID-19 vaccination became available in the India. Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling was used to establish the relationships. The results of the analysis show that proposed framework is significant and explained 71% variance in intentions. Attitude, subjective norm, perceived behaviour control and self-efficacy from the TPB had direct (or significant independent) effects on intention and perceived benefits, perceived susceptibility from the HBM have indirect effect on the intentions through attitude. The present study can be used to maximise the uptake of vaccination in any future pandemic. This theoretically-driven model can be used to guide health policy makers and health care providers to increase the uptake of vaccination.     

Applying the theory of planned behavior to women's behavioral attitudes on and consumption of soy products

OBJECTIVE: To identify variables that significantly predict the intention and behavior concerning soy consumption applying the Theory of Planned Behavior and to determine the role of race on women's perspectives and consumption behaviors concerning soy. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey, with self-administered questionnaires. SETTING: City park service programs, community organizations, black cultural classes, and university offices. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 205 black (n = 103) and white (n = 102) women. VARIABLES MEASURED: Women's behavioral attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, and behavior related to soy consumption. ANALYSIS: Correlation and stepwise regression analysis. RESULTS: All variables in the Theory of Planned Behavior showed significant correlations with behavioral intention, with behavioral attitudes exhibiting the strongest correlation (r = .57, P < .01). Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that behavioral attitude toward taste and subjective norms accounted for 47.7% of the variance in behavioral intention. Behavioral attitude toward taste explained 48.6% of the variability in behavior. There was no difference between races for consumption or Theory of Planned Behavior variables. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: A negative attitude toward the taste of soy was the major predictor for low soy consumption. However, future studies should be undertaken to verify this relationship once more women become aware of and have tasted soy.     

北京城乡铁强化酱油健康教育干预效果评价

目的 探讨铁强化酱油(铁酱油)健康教育的方法,并评价其可行性和有效性。方法 采用以社区为基础的类实验方案设计,城乡干预组、对照组均约200人。在干预组所在社区通过人际传播进行铁酱油健康教育,如健康讲座、发放宣传材料、发放的酱油赠品。结果 健康教育的作用主要体现在减少对铁酱油的担心(克服购买的障碍)和增强行为意向上,净提高率达到5%～25%,有效地促进了人们的购买行为,城乡干预组的新增购买者比对照组增加了近15%和25%。90%以上的参与者表示喜欢各种教育活动。结论 通过人际传播在北京城乡开展铁酱油健康教育是可行的、有效的,可以推广到类似地区。     

Predicting physical activity among low-income Mexican American women: application of the theory of planned behavior

OBJECTIVES: To utilize the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in explaining the prediction of physical activity intention and determine if present activity behavior attenuates theory construct relationships in a sample of low-income Mexican women. METHODS: Data were gathered on 201 subjects through a self-report survey instrument and analyzed through structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Present activity behavior attenuated theory construct influence on intention, and perceived behavioral control was the strongest predictor of intent to engage in physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions promoting voluntary physical activity for this population group should address factors perceived as barriers to participating in activity situations.     

运用健康信念模式分析流动人口结核病预防行为和就医意向的影响因素

目的了解流动人口有关结核病预防行为和就医意向的情况,探讨健康信念模式在分析预防行为和就医意向影响因素中的作用,为提高流动人口结核病相关健康行为提供建议。方法采用方便抽样的方法,在3省6市18～50岁的1154名流动人口中进行一对一询问式调查。采用χ2检验和Logistic回归进行数据分析。结果流动人口中,59.4%自己咳嗽、打喷嚏时会捂住口鼻,57.8%在他人咳嗽、打喷嚏会回避或遮掩口鼻,90.8%会在连续咳嗽、咳痰2周以上主动就医。运用健康信念模式分析显示,肺结核知识对自己咳嗽时遮掩口鼻的行为具有正向作用(OR=1.129,P<0.01,95%CI:1.040～1.224),而感知到疾病的严重性对他人咳嗽时遮掩口鼻的行为有正向作用(OR=1.075,P<0.01,95%CI:0.999～1.156),感知到健康行为的益处对以上两种行为均有正向作用(OR值分别为1.390和1.252,P<0.01)。具有肺结核知识,感知到行为的益处,对政策的认知都对主动就医行为意向有正向作用(OR值分别为1.168、1.388和1.233,P<0.01)。结论通过健康信念模式可以在一定程度上分析和解释影响流动人口结核病预防行为和就医意向的因素。     

Construal level theory and theory of planned behavior: time frame effects on salient belief generation

This study tests implications of different time specifications in behavioral definitions as used in belief-elicitation research. Using construal level theory and the theory of planned behavior as complementary frameworks, the authors examined temporal frame effects on beliefs about eating fruits and vegetables and beliefs about condom use generated in a belief-elicitation study. Consistent with propositions from construal level theory, the authors found that temporal perspective (performing the behavior tomorrow, in 3 months, in 6 months, or in 5 years) affects the type of salient behavioral beliefs, such that individuals generate more feasibility (efficacy) beliefs when thinking about proximal behaviors, but more desirability (attitudinal and normative) beliefs when the behavior in question is distal. The authors' results indicate the importance of time frame in behavioral definitions in belief-elicitation research.     

铁强化酱油干预青少年缺铁性贫血效果研究

目的 了解农村中学生贫血现状,观察铁强化酱油对中学生缺铁性贫血改善的效果,为制定青少年缺铁性贫血防治策略和措施提供科学依据。方法 选择汶上县在学校食堂就餐的中学生1684名,采用双盲安慰剂对照法进行为期6个月的铁强化酱油干预试验。观察指标主要是血红蛋白。干预组828例,每天食用乙二胺四乙酸铁钠酱油烹饪的饭菜;对照组856例,食用普通酱油（无乙二胺四乙酸铁钠）。分别于研究开始、干预后3、6个月三次检测血红蛋白含量。采用SPSS13.0统计软件,对血红蛋白水平进行重复测量方差分析,Cochran-Armitage趋势检验分析贫血患病率的变化。结果 食用铁强化酱油3、6 个月后,干预组的血红蛋白水平明显升高（F=101.12,P〈0.01）,贫血患病率显著降低（Z=-4.6230,P〈0.01）;对照组血红蛋白值干预前后无明显差异（F=0.91,P =0.3876）,贫血患病率有所降低,但无统计学意义（Z=-1.0329,P=0.3016）。结论 铁强化酱油改善缺铁性贫血效果显著。     

基于计划行为理论的婴幼儿腹泻求医行为意向分析

目的 探索婴幼儿腹泻求医行为意向的影响因素,为婴幼儿腹泻求医行为的干预提供科学依据。方法 以计划行为理论框架为依据,增加既往就医,从就医态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制、求医行为意向,既往就医5个方面编制婴幼儿腹泻求医行为意向量表,对随机整群抽取的649例兰州市七里河区0~36月龄婴幼儿看护人进行调查。利用结构方程模型探索了婴幼儿腹泻求医行为意向的影响因素。结果 基于扩展的计划行为理论构建的婴幼儿腹泻求医行为意向模型可解释婴幼儿腹泻求医行为意向方差变异的53.8%,结果显示,知觉行为控制(β=0.733,P<0.001)和既往就医(β=0.252,P<0.001)提高了求医意向,主观规范削弱了求医意向(β=-0.094,P<0.001)。此外,就医态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制三者之间相互影响。结论 知觉行为控制、既往就医、主观规范是婴幼儿腹泻求医行为意向的影响因素,这对婴幼儿腹泻求医行为的干预具有暗示作用。     

Individual determinants of fish consumption: application of the theory of planned behaviour

This study investigates individual determinants of fish consumption behaviour based on cross-sectional data collected in Belgium. Analyses show that determinants as hypothesised by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and personal characteristics influence fish consumption intention and frequency. Favourable attitude, high subjective norm and high perceived behavioural control have a positive impact on fish consumption decisions. Significant habit effects are detected when including habit as a separate regressor of behavioural intention and behaviour. Appreciation of the attribute taste emerges as the most important driver for eating fish, followed closely by health. Bones and price constitute the negative attitude factor, which, however, does not directly reduce behavioural intention. Individual determinants pertain to gender, age, children, income, education level and region. Fish consumption frequency in compliance with health recommendations is higher among women and increases with increasing age, while the presence of children in the household leads to lower fish consumption. The lowest income class has the lowest fish consumption frequency. Higher education results in a higher intention to eat fish but has no effect on the consumption frequency itself. The coastal region of West Flanders is the region with the highest consumption. Food involvement correlates positively with fish consumption intention and frequency, whereas no significant impact of food-health awareness is found.     

Using the theory of planned behavior to determine factors influencing processed foods consumption behavior

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study is to identify how level of information affected intention, using the Theory of Planned Behavior.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

The study was conducted survey in diverse community centers and shopping malls in Seoul, which yielded N = 209 datasets. To compare processed foods consumption behavior, we divided samples into two groups based on level of information about food additives (whether respondents felt that information on food additives was sufficient or not). We analyzed differences in attitudes toward food additives and toward purchasing processed foods, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intentions to processed foods between sufficient information group and lack information group.

RESULTS

The results confirmed that more than 78% of respondents thought information on food additives was insufficient. However, the group who felt information was sufficient had more positive attitudes about consuming processed foods and behavioral intentions than the group who thought information was inadequate. This study found people who consider that they have sufficient information on food additives tend to have more positive attitudes toward processed foods and intention to consume processed foods.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests increasing needs for nutrition education on the appropriate use of processed foods. Designing useful nutrition education requires a good understanding of factors which influence on processed foods consumption.     

Examining the theory of planned behavior and the construct of self-efficacy to predict mammography intention.

This article examines the applicability of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with the addition of the self efficacy construct in the understanding of the motivation to obtain an initial screening mammogram among Cypriot women. The study sample consisted of 293 women aged 40 to 65 years, asymptomatic of breast cancer, and with no previous mammography experience. The study took place at the General Hospital of Nicosia in Cyprus. The results of the study provided support of the TPB with the addition of self-efficacy in an international setting. Self-efficacy was the strongest predictor of intention. Other predictors of intention included educational level, time of last clinical breast examination, and age. The study also provided some empirical support of the distinction between self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control. Researchers may want to include self-efficacy in addition to the TPB and other demographic characteristics in future applications to more fully explain behavioral outcomes.     

Food safety: An application of the health belief model

The safety of the food supply is a growing health concern in the United States. This makes it important to determine what food safety actions people usually take and what factors predict these actions. The present analysis examines the application of the health belief model to food safety. Randomly selected adults in a midwestern state responded to a mailed questionnaire asking their attitudes and behaviors concerning food safety. The findings provided evidence that actions were being taken to assure the safety of food. These actions centered on information seeking, food preparation, and food purchase. Factors that predicted food safety actions were derived from the health belief model. These included the perception that unsafe food is a personal health threat, the perception that one could do something about the threat (self-efficacy), and the motivation to maintain good health. Interaction effects of self-efficacy with perceived threat were examined. Those who feel a personal threat and believe they can do something about it are more likely to engage in food safety behavior. In addition, the sociodemographic factors of age, gender and household size are related to food safety behavior.     

济宁市寄宿中学生贫血现状及铁强化酱油干预效果评价

目的了解济宁市中学生贫血现状和铁强化酱油对缺铁性贫血的改善效果,为制定青少年缺铁性贫血防治策略提供科学依据。方法选择汶上县在校食堂就餐的中学生1 684名。采用双盲安慰对照法,干预组828例,每天食用乙二胺四乙酸铁钠酱油烹饪的饭菜;对照组856例,食用普通酱油。分别于干预后0,3,6个月检测血红蛋白含量。结果食用铁强化酱油3,6个月后,干预组的血红蛋白水平明显升高(F=101.12,P<0.01),贫血患病率显著降低(Z=-4.62,P<0.01);对照组血红蛋白含量干预前、后差异无统计学意义。结论铁强化酱油对改善青少年缺铁性贫血效果显著。     

Exercising for two: examining pregnant women''s second trimester exercise intention and behavior using the framework of the theory of planned behavior

Research examining the motivational determinants of exercising during pregnancy is mostly atheoretical, despite the need for theory-based designs. The study's main objective was to prospectively examine women's exercise intention and behavior from their second to third pregnancy trimester using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Participants were 89 pregnant women who completed self-reported measures of their exercise attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intention, and behavior. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated: 1) intention and not perceived behavioral control significantly predicted exercise behavior; and 2) attitude was the strongest determinant of exercise intention, followed by perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm. The study findings provide preliminary support for the TPB as an effective framework for examining exercising during pregnancy. Understanding women's thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about exercise can assist intervention specialists with developing and implementing effective programs promoting exercise during pregnancy.     

Applying the theory of planned behavior to fruit and vegetable consumption by older adults

This study applied the Theory of Planned Behavior to fruit and vegetable intake among older adults. A cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to older adults (N = 205, mean age = 77 years) at senior centers. Most were women (74%), white (77%), and had >/= 12 years of education. Regression analyses showed that the theory constructs explained more than 40% and 18% (p < 0.0001) of the variance in intention and reported intake of fruits and vegetables, respectively. Perceived behavioral control was most important in explaining both intention and intake, followed by attitudes and subjective norms. Important control beliefs were related to convenience, preferences, time, and availability when eating out. These beliefs should be addressed in education for older adults to increase fruit and vegetable intake.