145例颞下颌关节紊乱病患者的磁共振影像分析

目的 研究145例颞下颌关节紊乱病（TMD）患者的磁共振（MRI）影像学表现,为临床治疗提供依据。方法 利用MRI对145例TMD患者的290侧关节完成开闭口斜矢状位、闭口斜冠状位T1/T2加权成像,观察盘突关系,髁突骨质改变,关节腔积液,关节盘形态改变等情况,并进行分类统计。结果 MRI检查结果显示：37.2%患者双侧TMD病变,71%患者伴有不可复关节盘前移位,10.3%患者伴有可复性关节盘前移位,6.9%患者伴有髁突骨质改变,4.8%患者伴关节腔积液,52.4%患者伴关节盘明显变形。结论 TMD患者中以关节盘不可复性前移位最为常见,提示正常盘突关系的重要性。MRI可以为临床医师提供可靠的影像学诊断依据。     

3T磁共振成像显示颞下颌关节盘的技术研究

目的探索3T磁共振成像（MRI）显示颞下颌关节盘的序列、参数及电影成像方式的技术特点,并为临床研究颞下颌关节盘病变提供形态与功能影像学参照。方法选择15例正常志愿者和7例颞下颌关节损伤患者为研究对象,采用GE Signa HD 3T MRI和颞下颌关节专用表面线圈对颞下颌关节进行扫描,获得斜矢状、斜冠状闭口位FSE-XL/T1WI、FLAIR/T1WI、FSE-XL/PDWI、FSE/PDWI+FS、FRFSE-XL/T2WI、FRFSE/T2WI+FS扫描及斜矢状张口位FSE-XL/T1WI、FSE-XL/PDWI图像。由口腔颌面外科医师和MRI医师共同对各序列进行打分,分析各序列不同加权像对颞下颌关节盘的显示效果。结果PDWI对关节盘的显示效果得分最高,能清楚显示关节盘的解剖结构与形态。T2WI对关节盘损伤、撕裂、穿孔和关节囊积液显示良好,对关节盘移位情况则以PDWI序列显示效果为好。结论3T MRI可以清楚地显示关节盘在关节运动中的动态改变与病变受累情况,对颞下颌关节软组织损伤的诊治有重要价值。T1WI、PDWI及T2WI应作为常规的扫描方法。     

单侧弹响的颞下颌关节紊乱病患者双侧关节锥形束CT对比研究

目的:探讨仅有单侧弹响的颞下颌关节紊乱病(temporomandibular disorders,TMD),患者双侧颞下颌关节(temporomandibular joint,TMJ)在锥形束计算机体层摄影(cone-beam computed tomography,CBCT)成像上存在差异的参考层面,为TMD诊断和对比研究提供参考.方法:选取一侧TMJ仅有弹响的TMD患者10例,通过CBCT三维成像和重建,观察同一患者两侧TMJ重建后横断面的水平角;平行于髁突长轴的斜位关节间隙、髁突长轴径值、髁突垂直角;垂直于髁突长轴的斜位与矢状位的关节结节斜度、关节窝深度和关节间隙,采用SPSS13.0软件包对每位患者上述各测量指标做两配对样本t检验.结果:上述横断面的水平角;平行于髁突长轴的斜位关节间隙、髁突长轴径值、髁突垂直角;垂直于髁突长轴的斜位与矢状位的关节结节斜度、关节窝深度和关节间隙等观察指标在同一患者中,左右两侧测量值均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论:对于单侧TMJ仅有弹响的TMD患者,锥形束CT不具有对比研究意义上的参考价值.     

单侧有一种症状的TMD患者双侧关节CBCT对比研究

目的：探讨单侧有一种症状的颞下颌关节紊乱病（ TMD）患者双侧颞下颌关节（ TMJ）在CBCT成像上可能存在差异的参考层面。方法：选取仅单侧有症状的TMD患者29例,通过CBCT三维成像和重建,观察两侧TMJ重建后横断面的水平角;平行于髁突长轴的斜位关节间隙、髁突长轴径值、髁突垂直角;垂直于髁突长轴的斜位与矢状位的关节结节斜度、关节窝深度和关节间隙,采用SPSS13．0软件对各测量指标做两样本配对t检验。结果：两侧TMJ在垂直位60°关节间隙时的测量值差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）,其余测量值均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论：对于单侧有一种症状的TMD患者,接近矢状位是较易观察到左右两侧有差异的位置,并可观察到患侧前间隙增大,在此层面重建对诊断和对比研究更有参考价值。     

单侧有多种症状的颞下颌关节紊乱患者双侧关节锥形束CT对比研究

目的:探讨单侧有多种症状的颞下颌关节紊乱(temporomandibular disorders,TMD)患者双侧颞下颌关节(temporomandibular joint,TMJ)在锥形束CT(cone-beam computed tomography,CBCT)成像上可能存在差异的参考层面,为TMD诊断和对比研究提供参考.方法:选取仅一侧TMJ有多种症状的TMD患者(不含仅有一种症状的病例)50例,通过CBCT三维成像和重建,观察比较同一患者两侧TMJ重建后横断面的水平角;平行于髁突长轴的斜位关节间隙、髁突长轴径值、髁突垂直角;垂直于髁突长轴的斜位与矢状位的关节结节斜度、关节窝深度和关节间隙,采用SPSS 13.0软件包对每例患者上述各测量指标进行两配对样本t检验.结果:两侧TMJ在矢状位60°关节间隙时的测量值差异显著(P＜0.05),平行位120°关节间隙、矢状位90°关节间隙时的测量值差异显著(P＜0.01),其余测量值均无显著差异.结论:对于单侧有多种症状的TMD患者,矢状位或垂直位是较易观察到两侧关节有差异的位置,在这一层面重建意义较大.     

颞下颌关节磁共振影像形态与解剖形态相关性研究

目的：探讨颞下颌关节（TMJ）的磁共振成像（MRI）和相应解剖形态的相关关系。方法：4具尸体，①双侧TMJMRI（头部线圈、SE序列T1加权）检查和解剖学测量，并作相应的相关性分析；②翼外肌正矢状位与髁状突翼颌斜位（CPMOP）图像及相关性分析。结果：TMJ骨质结构MRI影像检查结果与解剖测量结果具有高度一致性，关节盘内1／3两种测量结果有相关性；翼外肌正矢状位MRI和髁状突翼颌斜位MRI图像具有高度相关关系。结论：MRI（头部线圈、SE序列T1加权）可用以TMJ硬组织形态的观察和测量，翼刈肌正矢状位片可用以对翼外肌上下头形态测量。     

颞下颔关节磁共振FIESTA动态成像的诊断价值

目的:探讨颞下颌关节(TMJ)磁共振FIESTA动态成像的诊断价值.方法:对40例患者80侧TMJ进行常规静态磁共振扫描和斜矢状位FIESTA动态磁共振扫描.由2名医师分别对每侧TMJ FIESTA动态扫描时关节盘的位置、髁突的骨质改变和关节腔积液情况进行诊断,并与常规静态磁共振扫描诊断结果进行比较.结果:80侧TMJ磁共振FIESTA动态图像中,对关节盘移位的诊断,72侧与静态磁共振扫描结果相符,准确率为90％;对髁突骨质改变和关节腔积液的诊断,所有病例与静态磁共振结果完全相符,准确率达100％.结论:TMJ磁共振FIESTA动态图像诊断颞下颌关节内紊乱(TMJID)具有一定价值,但单凭动态检查结果不够全面,必须与常规静态磁共振扫描相结合.     

安氏Ⅱ~1错儿童颞下颌关节结构变化与Helkimo指数分析

目的研究安氏Ⅱ1错儿童颞下颌关节(TMJ)髁突移位、关节盘移位等结构变化与临床症状、体征的特点及两者间的关系。方法120例尚未接受正畸治疗的安氏Ⅱ1错患者,进行TMJ的磁共振成像(MRI)检查后测定TMJ中髁突及关节盘位置,同时以Helkimo指数评价TMJ临床表现与功能状况;采用秩和检验(rank sum test)对临床功能检查结果与髁突移位与否、关节盘移位与否进行分析比较。结果120例患者中髁突前位为61例,发病率达50.8%;盘前位为40例,发病率达33.3%。主诉症状指数Ai100%为0,且大部分无临床功能障碍(髁突前位患者中67.2%,盘前位患者中70.0%Di=0)。秩和检验结果表明TMJ临床表现、功能状况在正常组、髁突移位组、关节盘移位组间分布差别无统计学意义。结论安氏Ⅱ1错儿童TMJ存在罹患颞下颌关节紊乱(TMD)风险但临床表现轻微多属无症状期。MRI能为TMD的早期诊断提供可靠依据。     

牙颌专用CT对颞下颌关节骨性结构的测量技术

目的：探讨牙颌专用CT对颞下颌关节（temporomandibular joint，TMJ）骨性结构的测量技术。方法：在牙颌专用CT对TMJ成像技术的基础上，对TMJ成像的轴位、矢状位、平行于髁状突长轴的斜位、垂直于髁状突长轴的斜位重建影像，建立座标点并进行测量。结果：轴位测得髁状突水平角和单侧髁状突与矢状中线的半径距离。平行于髁状突长轴的斜位测得髁状突长轴径值、髁状突垂直角、关节间隙和髁状突受力角。垂直于髁状突长轴的斜位与矢状位均可测得髁状突内外极间各层切面径值、关节间隙、关节凹深度、关节结节斜度和髁颈厚度。结论：牙颌专用CT成像系统可以对TMJ骨性结构行多种体位、角度的影像重建及定点测量。     

54例正常人双侧颞下颌关节CBCT测量值分析

目的：探讨应用CBCT（cone-beamcomputedtomography）对成年人两侧颞下颌关节进行多项指标数据测量分析。方法：在TMJ成像与测量技术的基础上，筛选出正常成人54例，通过严格的TMJ临床检查确定为健康关节，利用Newtom9000CBCT对其ICP位颞下颌关节进行成像后测量分析。结果：在轴位测得髁状突水平角以及单侧髁状突距矢状中线的距离；平行于髁状突长轴的斜位，测髁状突长轴径，垂直角度，沿髁状突长轴顶内外极间任意角间隙宽度；垂直于髁状突长轴的斜位测量关节髁状突前中后任意角间隙宽度，关节凹深度和前斜面角度关节颈厚度；矢状位测关节髁状突前中后任意角间隙宽度，关节凹深度和前斜面角度关节颈厚度。结论：正常成人双侧髁状突位置及关节窝形态性别差异不明显，双髁状突位置及关节窝形态基本对称。     

颌骨水平向位置异常患者中颞下颌关节结构的情况分析

目的：探讨颌骨水平向异常患者中颞下颌关节结构的变化情况。方法：随机选取近两年在我科就诊的正畸患者255例,其中男性80例,女性175例,为受试对象,年龄10-45岁,常规拍摄口内全景X线片,头颅定位正侧位片及颞下颌关节开闭口位磁共振,并对关节结构情况进行观察,其结果采用SPSS17.0进行统计学分析。结果：全部255例正畸就诊患者中,左侧偏斜患者44例,关节结构异常33例,比例为75.00%,正常不偏斜患者186例,关节结构异常122例,比例为65.59%,右侧偏斜患者25例,关节结构异常21例,比例为84.00%。结论：颞下颌关节结构异常在正畸就诊人群中的比例较高,下颌偏斜患者异常比例高于正常人群。     

MRI-based stereolithographic models of the temporomandibular joint: technical innovation.

A new technique of manufacturing dual-colour stereolithographic models of hard and soft tissues of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is presented. Sagittal T1/PD weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images of joints with and without disc displacement were obtained in the closed and open mouth positions. Individual interactive contour identification of bony structures and the articular disc followed by binary interpolation provided the data for the generation of acrylic TMJ models. Three dimensional in vivo visualization of the articular disc in relation to bony structures in the closed and open mouth positions allows a new perception of normal and pathological TMJ anatomy.     

一侧下颌角受力对双侧关节盘及髁突软骨的影响

目的:利用三维有限元分析法,从生物力学角度探讨一侧下颌角受力瞬间双侧颞下颌关节(TMJ)关节盘及髁突软骨的相应变化及其与临床实际的关系。方法:建立下颌骨和TMJ共5个不同开口度(闭口位及1、2、3、4cm开口位)的三维有限元数字模型;于左侧下颌角下缘向上,施以与眶耳平面垂直的1000N压力。获取受力后双侧关节盘和髁突软骨产生的平均主应力的分布及其峰值大小。结果:(1)闭口位时,双侧关节盘和髁突软骨的平均主应力(EQV应力)峰值明显较小;(2)在不同开口位,关节盘EQV应力峰值多位于后带,髁突软骨则多位于前斜面;(3)关节盘EQV应力峰值始终是左侧大于右侧,而髁突软骨在闭口位及1、4cm开口位时左侧EQV应力峰值大于右侧,2、3cm开口位时则是右侧大于左侧;(4)双侧关节盘和髁突软骨的EQV应力峰值出现的部位基本对称。结论:(1)本组模型较精确地反映了实物,并且实验结果与临床实际相接近,解决了以往实验中遇到的一些问题,为TMJ的生物力学研究提供了新的途径。(2)稳定的咬合关系可以明显减小TMJ的间接损伤。(3)关节盘后带病变及髁突器质性病变可能由下颌骨一次性暴力创伤后造成的TMJ间接损伤引起;受力侧关节盘比对侧更易受损伤,而双侧髁突软骨都有受到严重损伤的可能。     

再定位牙合垫戴入前后颞下颌关节盘和髁突的位置改变

目的测量再定位牙合垫（ARS）戴入前后关节盘和髁突的位置改变,探讨ARS的治疗机制。方法选择22例单侧或双侧可复性颞下颌关节盘前移位患者进行研究,其中关节盘前移位的关节31侧,设为前移位组;关节盘位置正常的关节13侧,设为正常组。分别在闭口位（ARS戴入前）、对刃位和下颌最少前伸位（ARS戴入后）行磁共振成像扫描,测量不同下颌位置时的2组关节的盘突角度、关节盘和髁突位置的变化。结果1）盘突角度：闭口位时前移位组为54.23°,正常组为9.80°;对刃位和下颌最少前伸位时,前移位组的盘突角度多可回复至正常范围。2）关节盘位置：从闭口位至对刃位或下颌最少前伸位,正常组关节盘位置无明显改变,前移位组关节盘明显向后移动。3）髁突位置：从闭口位至对刃位或下颌最少前伸位,髁突在关节窝中向前下方移动,正常组与前移位组比较的差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论ARS使髁突向前下方移动,关节盘向后回复。ARS的作用可能是阻止已经向后上方移动而复位的关节盘在闭口过程中再次发生前移位,起到固定作用。     

Significance of frequency-selective fat saturation T2-weighted MR images for the detection of bone marrow edema in the mandibular condyle

The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of frequency-selective fat saturation (FS) T2-weighted images (T2WI) for the detection of bone marrow edema in the mandibular condyle. MR evidence of bone marrow abnormalities was examined on the set of FS T2WI and conventional T1WI or of conventional T2WI and T1WI in 200 patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) related pain. Other parameters studied were TMJ effusion, disk displacement categories, and cortical bone abnormalities. The detection rate and area of bone marrow edema by FS T2WI and T1WI were significantly greater than those assessed by conventional T2WI and T1WI. The correlation between bone marrow abnormalities on FS T2WI and T1WI and pain was significantly stronger than with conventional T2WI and T1WI. This study confirms that FS T2WI is useful for the detection of the "edema pattern" in the mandibular condylar associated with TMJ-related pain.     

Significance of Frequency-Selective Fat Saturation T2-Weighted MR Images for the Detection of Bone Marrow Edema in the Mandibular Condyle

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of frequency-selective fat saturation (FS) T2-weighted images (T2WI) for the detection of bone marrow edema in the mandibular condyle. MR evidence of bone marrow abnormalities was examined on the set of FS T2WI and conventional T1WI or of conventional T2WI and T1WI in 200 patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) related pain. Other parameters studied were TMJ effusion, disk displacement categories, and cortical bone abnormalities. The detection rate and area of bone marrow edema by FS T2WI and T1WI were significantly greater than those assessed by conventional T2WI and T1WI. The correlation between bone marrow abnormalities on FS T2WI and T1WI and pain was significantly stronger than with conventional T2WI and T1WI. This study confirms that FS T2WI is useful for the detection of the “edema pattern” in the mandibular condylar associated with TMJ-related pain.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint: a study of inter- and intraobserver agreement

Objective The purpose of this study was to estimate the inter- and intraobserver agreement for interpreting magnetic resonance (MR) images of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).Methods The study was based on MR images of 30 TMJs. The images were interpreted by seven observers for disk configuration, disk position, joint fluid, bone marrow changes, and diagnosis. The observers were not calibrated. Kappa statistics were used.Results The kappa values were, for interobserver agreement of disk configuration, 0.10; for disk position in the sagittal plane with closed mouth, 0.35; for a combination of closed mouth and open mouth, 0.44; for disk position in the coronal plane, 0.17; for joint fluid, 0.36; for bone marrow changes, 0.01; and for diagnosis, 0.39. Intraobserver agreement was generally higher than interobserver agreement.Conclusion Agreement on disk position in the sagittal plane, on presence and amount of joint fluid, and on diagnosis was fair to moderate. Agreement on disk configuration, on disk position in the coronal plane, and on bone marrow changes was poor.     

偏突颌患者颞下颌关节盘冠状向位置的MRI评估

目的研究偏突颌畸形患者双侧颞下颌关节盘-髁突位置在冠状位磁共振图像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)上的差异,并分析其关节盘移位程度与偏斜严重程度的相关性。方法对54例骨性Ⅲ类错患者进行标准化临床影像学检查得到闭口斜冠状位MRI,通过计算机软件测量分析其冠状位关节盘内外侧移位情况,应用wilcoxon秩和检验分析各组间颞下颌关节盘-髁位置在冠状位磁共振图像上的差异。结果40例偏突颌畸形患者中,偏斜侧7侧(17.5%)关节盘外侧移位,16侧(40.0%)内侧移位;而40侧偏斜对侧关节盘中,27侧(67.5%)关节盘内侧移位,仅2侧(5.0%)关节盘向外侧移位。14例(28侧)无偏斜骨性Ⅲ类患者中,18侧(64.3%)存在关节盘内侧移位,未发现外侧移位的关节盘。本研究证实了偏斜侧关节盘内外侧位置与偏斜对侧及无偏斜组存在显著性差异(P<0.05),中等到重度偏突颌患者偏斜侧关节盘位置与轻度及无偏斜者之间的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在冠状位磁共振图像中显示,中等到重度偏突颌患者偏斜侧关节盘倾向于向外侧移位,偏斜对侧关节盘倾向于向内侧移位。     

The effect of interocclusal appliances on temporomandibular joints as assessed by 3D reconstruction of MRI scans

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables simultaneous visualization of hard and soft tissues. The aims of the present study were to computer generate three-dimensional (3D) images, reconstructed from MRI scans of normal temporomandibular joints (TMJ), to assess the relative positions of the disc, condyle and articular surface of the temporal bone and to study the effect of two mandibular group function interocclusal appliances (IOAs). Bilateral MRI scans of 2 mm slice thickness were generated for the TMJs of 12 asymptomatic subjects with the image acquisition coils orientated in a corrected oblique sagittal plane. MRI scans were generated for all subjects with 3 mm interincisal distance IOAs, while a subgroup (n = 4) was also scanned with a 5 mm interincisal IOA in situ. An average of 10 slices through each TMJ were generated for the closed mouth and IOA positions. Three-dimensional reconstruction was performed on a 486 IBM compatible computer using a suite of nine programs not commercially available. Three-dimensional images allowed visualization of composite images of joint relationships. Subjective assessment indicated that joint relations in 3D were more informative than multiple separate 2D MRI scans. With the 3 mm IOA in situ, the disc was positioned posteriorly and superiorly to the condyle in three of 12 cases. In four of 12 cases the condyle, and in two of 12 cases both the disc and condyle, were positioned anteriorly and inferiorly. With the 5 mm IOA changes in condyle/disc and condyle/fossa relationships were more variable. It was concluded that 3D images of TMJs enabled the assessment of the positional changes of the condyle/disc and condyle/fossa relationships as altered by IOAs. However, the role of IOAs on the internal arrangements within the TMJ remains variable and is deserving of further study.