Detection of retinal dysfunction in vitelliform macular dystrophy using the multifocal ERG (MF-ERG)

Vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD) is widely known for an abnormal EOG in the presence of a normal ERG. In this study the multifocal electroretinogram (MF-ERG) is described as an additional tool to detect retinal dysfunction in VMD. Three patients aged 30, 37 and 59 years with VMD and a visual acuity of OD: 0.4; OS 0.05 (patient 1), 1.25 OU (patient 2) and OU: 0.6 (patient 3) underwent additional electrophysiological testing with the MF-ERG. A multifocal-ERG of the central 50 degrees of the retina was obtained using the VERIS -system. During recording 103 hexagons flickered according to a binary m-sequence of 2¹⁵. Mean luminance was 100 cd/m², contrast was set at 99%. The MF-ERG recordings were compared to age matched control groups. In all three patients the MF-ERG of the central 6 degrees showed reduced amplitudes for N1P1 (first negative peak to first positive peak) and for P1N2 (P1 to the second negative peak). Implicit times were not affected. Therefore the MF-ERG can detect focal retinal dysfunction in VMD which would not be apparent in the summed retinal response recorded with the ganzfeld ERG. In contrast to other diseases, amplitudes rather than implicit times seem to be affected in the MF-ERG of vitelliform macular dystrophy.     

Gene transfer in the RPE65 null mutation dog: relationship between construct volume,visual behavior and electroretinographic (ERG) results

In vivo gene transfer in a large group of RPE65 null mutation dogs have been recently performed. The present study was aimed at determining, through visual behavioral and electroretinographic (ERG) testing, if there is a volume effect of the gene construct administered. Eleven Beagle-Briard dogs homozygous for the RPE65 null mutation and two unaffected control dogs were included. Affected animals were unilaterally treated with either a high (70–100 l; N = 6) or a low volume (30–60 l; N = 5) of subretinally injected rAAV.RPE65 construct, at the age of 4 months to 2.5 years. Fellow eyes were treated with a subretinal injection of rAAV.GFP or sham operated and used as internal controls. Retinal function was measured pre- and 10–12 weeks post-surgically, using simultaneous bilateral full-field flash ERGs. A significant improvement in all ERG responses studied was identified for the high volume treated group compared to pre-surgical parameters. A significant improvement for the high intensity scotopic a-wave response for the low volume rAAV.RPE65 treated group was also found. Objective and subjective dim and day light visual maze testing, in eight of the affected treated animals, and the two control dogs, revealed better vision in daylight than in dim light for all animals. Vision in dogs treated with the high volume of gene construct was significantly better in day light than in dim light. No significant difference was noted between day and dim light testing for the control group or those animals treated with a low volume of the gene construct. Significantly better vision was noted in the control group when compared with the low volume group under dim light conditions, and the high volume group under day light conditions. No significant difference in functional vision could be identified between the high volume treated animals and control animals in day light conditions. These findings support the hypothesis that functional vision is improved by subretinal rAAV.RPE65 injection in a volume-dependent manner.     

Predictors for visual field progression and the effects of treatment with dorzolamide 2% or brinzolamide 1% each added to timolol 0.5% in primary open‐angle glaucoma

Purpose: This study aims to identify progression factors in patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG), including the effects of treatment with dorzolamide 2% or brinzolamide 1%, each added to timolol 0.5%. Methods: A sample of 161 POAG patients were prospectively randomized to receive either dorzolamide 2% (DT) or brinzolamide 1% (BT) b.i.d., each added to timolol 0.5%, during a 60‐month, evaluator‐masked study. Progression was determined by perimetric criteria. Factors associated with visual field progression were estimated using a conditional Cox hazard model with patient intraclass correlation and were expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results: Predictive baseline factors were lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP), lower mean arterial pressure (MAP), antihypertensive treatment, lower end‐diastolic velocity (EDV) in the ophthalmic artery (OA) and short posterior ciliary artery (SPCA), and a higher resistivity index (RI) in the OA and SPCA. Progression risk decreased by approximately 30% and 20% with each centimetre per second increase of EDV in the OA and SPCA, respectively, from baseline to the last follow‐up visit. Each RI decrease (or increase) of 0.01 unit in the OA or SPCA was associated with an approximate 20% decrease (or increase) in risk for progression. In a multivariate analysis, progression risk was significantly lower in eyes treated with DT (HR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.41–0.90) compared with those treated with BT. Conclusions: Progression increased with lower DBP, lower MAP, antihypertensive medication, lower EDV in the OA and SPCA, and higher RI in the OA and SPCA. The risk for progression in patients treated with DT was half that in patients treated with BT.     

分娩所致Valsalva视网膜病变治疗方法的探讨

目的:讨论孕妇Valsalva视网膜病变保守或手术治疗方法的选择.方法:一健康孕妇在自然阴道分娩时,右眼底发生黄斑前玻璃体后界膜下出血,本文报道其保守治疗的效果.结果:右眼发病3wk时积血收缩,视力为眼前手动,但病程6mo时,积血溶解,视力恢复至6/5.结论:大多数Valsalva视网膜病变能够自愈.对一些难治性病例,采用Nd:YAG激光行内界膜切开具有一定的效果.而早期玻璃体切除术的增殖膜切除,对预防眼底新生血管膜的发生也具有一定的效果.     

Long‐term biomechanical properties of rabbit sclera after collagen crosslinking using riboflavin and ultraviolet A (UVA)

Purpose: Scleral crosslinking by the photosensitizer riboflavin and ultraviolet A (UVA) has been shown to increase significantly the scleral biomechanical rigidity and might therefore become a possible sclera‐based treatment modality for progressive myopia. In the present study, the long‐term effect of the new crosslinking method on biomechanical properties was investigated in the rabbit sclera. Methods: A 10 × 10 mm sector of the equatorial sclera of nine Chinchilla rabbit eyes was treated in vivo using a UVA double diode of 370 nm with a surface irradiance of 3 mW/cm² and application of 0.1% riboflavin‐5‐phosphate drops as photosensitizer for 30 min. Three days, 4 months and 8 months postoperatively, biomechanical stress–strain measurements of the treated scleral strips were performed and compared to contralateral control sclera using a microcomputer‐controlled biomaterial tester. In addition, routine histological controls were performed. Results: Following the crosslinking treatment, Young’s modulus was increased by 320% after 3 days, 277% after 4 months and 502% after 8 months, and ultimate stress by 341% after 3 days, 131% after 4 months and 213.8% after 8 months versus the controls. The decrease in ultimate strain was between 24% and 44.8%. On histology, no tissue damage was detected. Conclusion: Our new method of scleral collagen crosslinking proved very effective and constant over a time interval of up to 8 months in increasing the scleral biomechanical strength. Therefore, the new treatment might become an option for strengthening scleral tissue in progressive myopia and other conditions associated with weakened sclera. There were no side‐effects on the retina or retinal pigment epithelium. The new crosslinking treatment could now be tested in a suitable myopia model (like the tree shrew) and finally in human eyes.     

Azathioprine and prednisone combination treatment for adult periocular and orbital xanthogranulomatous disease

Purpose: To report the authors’ experience with azathioprine and prednisone combination for adult periocular and orbital xanthogranulomatous disease. Methods: We identified 13 adults with histology‐proven periocular or orbital xanthogranuloma in two tertiary referral orbital centres from 1984 to 2008. Patient records were reviewed and data collected on orbital localization, immune dysfunction, applied treatment and outcome. Results: Five patients with periocular or orbital xanthogranulomatous disease were fully treated with prednisone and azathioprine combination, which resulted in stabilization in two and regression in three. Two other patients had to discontinue azathioprine because of side‐effects. Of the non‐fully treated prednisone/azathioprine patients, four out of eight progressed. Conclusion: In adult periocular and orbital xanthogranuloma, combined treatment with prednisone and azathioprine yields adequate immunosuppression, often for a prolonged period of time.     

显微探针疏通术在睑板腺功能障碍治疗中的应用

目的：研究显微探针疏通技术在睑板腺功能障碍（meibomian gland dysfunction,MGD）治疗中的作用,以期为MGD的治疗提供快速有效、经济实用的治疗方法。 方法：选取直径为100μm的不锈钢丝作为材料,制作成总长度约3cm 的探针,其中操作针头长约5mm,手柄长约2.5 cm。选取睑板腺功能障碍性干眼症患者140例,分为两组并使其有可比性。观察组（ n=70）利用显微探针对阻塞的睑板腺管进行疏通,配以药物、热敷、睑板腺按摩等治疗。对照组（ n=70）给予常规给予药物、热敷、睑板按摩治疗。对两组患者治疗后1 d;1,2 wk;1,2,3 mo的BUT、有效率及治愈率进行比较。 结果：观察组与对照组经过治疗后BUT均明显延长,且观察组改善更为明显;治疗后1 d;1,2 wk;1,2,3 mo观察组治愈率、有效率均明显高于对照组。 结论：利用显微探针对睑板腺管进行疏通,能为MGD的治疗提供快速有效、经济实用的治疗方法,可以在临床中进行推广。     

Bevacizumab (Avastin) for the treatment of neovascular glaucoma

Herein three cases of angle closure secondary to neovascularization (elevated intraocular pressure in two of the cases) treated with the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody bevacizumab (Avastin) are reported. In all three cases there was rapid resolution of neovascularization and control of intraocular pressure. One patient with corneal anaesthesia from diabetes developed infectious keratitis, potentially as a consequence of inhibition of VEGF wound healing and neurotrophic functions. Avastin appears to have a promising role in the treatment of neovascular glaucoma but is not without potential local and systemic side-effects.     

强脉冲光治疗睑板腺功能障碍及其相关干眼专家共识(2022)

强脉冲光(IPL)疗法是临床上治疗睑板腺功能障碍(MGD)及MGD相关性干眼的物理疗法之一,近来日益受到临床医生的广泛关注。IPL治疗MGD及其相关干眼的原理主要是利用宽谱非相干光的光热效应、热辐射效应、杀菌、抗炎、光调节和恢复局部低氧环境等作用改善睑板腺及眼表的微环境,降低眼表组织中炎性因子水平,进而改善泪膜稳态、减轻睑缘炎症状态,达到治疗MGD及MGD相关干眼和减轻眼表疾病的眼部症状和体征的目的。作为近年来一种全新的MGD及其相关干眼的治疗方式,IPL的临床疗效及安全性逐步得到了认可。然而,目前由于IPL临床应用实践相对缺乏,产品种类较多,治疗过程中患者的个体影响因素较多以及治疗参数需要进行个性化选择,IPL治疗MGD相关干眼的临床适应证、治疗参数调节、治疗的操作流程、治疗时机和疗程的选择、疗效的评价及治疗方案的确定等均尚无规范化指导意见。干眼IPL临床应用专家共识专家组在广泛调查研究、认真讨论,并基于IPL在眼科的应用进展和作用原理对IPL的规范化操作流程制定本共识,为IPL的规范化临床应用提供推荐意见,并为我国干眼诊疗中心诊疗模式的规范提供依据。     

23- vs 20-gauge pars plana vitrectomy in combination with bimanual microincisional cataract surgery (b-MICS) for the treatment of macular hole and cataract as a one-step procedure

Background/aims

23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (ppv) is a new method for vitreo-retinal surgery. It may reduce operation time, the risk of complications, and patient discomfort, especially in combination with simultaneous bimanual microincisional cataract surgery (b-MICS).

Methods

Seventy-five consecutive patients who underwent combined cataract surgery and ppv at our center between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2010 were included. The first 36 patients were treated with 20-gauge ppv, the following 39 patients with 23-gauge ppv. Study end points 8 weeks after surgery were duration of the procedure, improvement of visual acuity, and occurrence of complications.

Results

Duration of surgery was reduced in 23- vs 20-gauge ppv (54.0±11.6 vs 61.0±19.0 min, P=0.08). Visual acuity improved significantly in both the groups (20-gauge: logMAR 0.750±0.304 before and 0.369±0.273 after surgery; 23-gauge: logMAR 0.663±0.340 before and 0.339±0.273 after surgery). There were no appreciable group differences in baseline or post-treatment visual acuity.

Conclusions

23-gauge ppv in combination with b-MICS is a suitable, safe, and effective method for the treatment of combined cataract and vitreo-retinal diseases. The procedure is somewhat shorter and patient discomfort during and after surgery is improved. In terms of efficacy and safety, 23-gauge ppv is equivalent with conventional 20-gauge ppv.     

白塞病葡萄膜炎的治疗与展望

白塞病葡萄膜炎是葡萄膜炎中难治的类型之一,多表现为全葡萄膜炎,对视力影响大,病情易反复,通常需要传统免疫抑制剂,如糖皮质激素、环孢素、苯丁酸氮芥、环磷酰胺等联合使用控制病情,长期使用毒性作用和不良反应大.干扰素、抗肿瘤坏死因子、抗白细胞介素及其受体等新型生物制剂为白塞病葡萄膜炎的治疗提供了新的治疗手段.本文就白塞病葡萄膜炎的传统免疫抑制剂治疗、生物制剂治疗以及二者的治疗效果比较进行综述.     

中国白内障围手术期干眼防治专家共识(2021年)

干眼是一类常见的眼表疾病,部分白内障患者患有干眼。白内障围手术期多种诱因可使患者泪膜稳定性下降,导致或加重干眼相关不适症状,降低患者视觉和生活质量。为了进一步加强白内障围手术期干眼的规范化管理,中华医学会眼科学分会白内障及人工晶状体学组经过全面讨论,针对白内障围手术期的术前眼表情况评估及改善、术中眼表保护以及术后干眼诊断治疗等方面达成共识性意见,以供我国眼科医师在临床工作中参考和借鉴。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下眼科门诊疾病谱分析及防疫处理对策

目的探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)疫情下眼科门诊疾病谱变化趋势及防疫处理对策。方法采用整群抽样法,以2020年1月1日至2月9日眼科门诊患者为研究组,以2019年同期就诊患者为对照组。根据ICD-10标准对两组人群进行门诊疾病谱变化趋势分析。结果 2020年1月20日以前患者病例数及前十位病种分布及构成比较前无明显改变,但1月20日以后患者病例数明显减少,前十位病种分布及构成和就诊年龄改变明显。结论疫情期间眼科仍有较多平诊患者,需加强宣教和咨询辅助工作以进一步减少人群流动,对来诊患者,采取针对性防治措施,切断传染途径,避免疾病传播。     

RPE-rip after intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment for vascularised PED secondary to AMD

Background Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE)-rips in age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-associated pigment epithelial detachment (PED) occur in the natural course of the disease but also after therapy (e.g. laser photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy), possibly triggered by the specific therapy. We report here on four patients that received intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for AMD-associated vascularised PED and developed RPE-rips during the follow-up. Methods The case reports of four consecutive patients that developed RPE-rips after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab at 1 mg/0.1 ml were reviewed. Results The RPE-rips occurred in all patients between 1 week and 1 month following intravitreal injection. Two of the four patients improved in vision despite the rip, but 3 months after the initial intervention, three patients suffered deterioration in visual acuity and had to be re-injected. Conclusion Improvement in visual acuity may occur following intravitreal bevacizumab despite RPE-rips, but the patients need close follow-up and eventual re-treatment in the case of deterioration. None of the authors has a propietary interest in the presented cases.     

沃丽汀治疗中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变的疗效分析

目的观察沃丽汀片剂治疗中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变的临床疗效。方法前瞻性分析60例60眼中浆患者的临床资料,治疗组30例患者接受沃丽汀片剂口服,300μg/d,分3次口服,共30天。对照组30例患者接受常规药物治疗。服药后7、14、30、60天复诊,观察视力、裂隙灯检查、视野、FFA和OCT。结果治疗组的总有效率为86.7%,13.3%的患者无效。对照组的总有效率为60%。结论沃丽汀可以促进中浆的视网膜下液体的吸收。     

Anti‐VEGF treatment for subfoveal idiopathic (type II) choroidal neovascular membranes

Two cases of subfoveal choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVM) in the absence of other pathology are described in two young patients who were successfully treated with anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (anti‐VEGF) agents. The natural history of idiopathic CNVM and factors influencing the decision to treat using various options are discussed. Current experience with use of anti‐VEGF is also outlined. Lastly, the importance of timely referral for thorough investigations to exclude underlying aetiology and consideration for treatment is highlighted.     

Selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) vs other treatment modalities for glaucoma: systematic review

Purpose

Systemic review to compare selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) to other glaucoma treatment options in terms of their intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effect.

Methods

Searches of the following databases were performed: PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid, EMBASE, metaRegister of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published in peer-reviewed journals comparing SLT to other glaucoma treatment options were considered. The main outcome measure was the change in IOP from baseline.

Results

An initial search of PubMed identified 23 RCTs with 17 meeting the inclusion criteria. Nine RCTs compared 180° SLT to 180° argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) and one trial compared 360° SLT to 360° ALT, all reporting no difference in terms of IOP reduction from baseline. One RCT reported better outcomes with SLT at 1 year but this effect regressed at 2 years. Three trials compared 360° SLT to medical therapy and found no difference between the two treatment options. One trial found greater IOP reduction with latanoprost vs 90° and 180° SLT, and greater IOP reduction with 180° and 360° SLT versus 90° SLT, however no differences were found between 360° SLT versus latanoprost or 360° vs 180° SLT. Two trials compared 180° SLT to 360° SLT finding no difference in IOP reduction. Two trials compared 180° SLT to 90° SLT, one finding no significant difference and one finding greater IOP reduction with 180° SLT over 90° SLT. One trial compared excimer laser trabeculotomy (ELT) to 180° SLT, finding no differences in IOP reduction up to 3 months follow-up but greater IOP reduction with ELT at time intervals between 9 and 24 months. There were no RCTs identified that compared SLT to surgery.

Conclusion

In terms of the IOP lowering effect, there is no difference between SLT and ALT. Three trials indicate no difference between 360° SLT and medical therapy, with one of the trials indicating greater IOP reduction with latanoprost over 90° and 180° SLT. Three trials indicate no difference between 180° SLT and 360° SLT. It is inconclusive whether 90° is less efficacious than 180° SLT. One trial reports greater IOP reduction with ELT over 180° SLT in the long term.