七氟醚与丙泊酚麻醉对心内直视手术患者应激反应的影响

目的比较七氟醚吸入麻醉与丙泊酚静脉麻醉对心内直视手术患者CPB期间应激反应的影响。方法择期行心脏直视手术患者40例,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机均分为七氟醚组(S组)和丙泊酚组(P组)。记录诱导前(T0)、气管插管后5min(T1)、CPB后30min(T2)、CPB结束(T3)、术毕(T4)MAP、HR、BIS及血浆促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)和皮质醇(Cor)含量。结果与T0时比较,T1时两组MAP、BIS、ACTH、Cor均降低(P<0.05),T2～T4时ACTH、Cor均明显升高(P<0.01)。T2、T3时P组MAP、BIS、ACTH、Cor显著高于S组(P<0.05)。结论心内直视手术CPB期间七氟醚吸入麻醉较之丙泊酚静脉麻醉可显著降低机体应激反应。     

两种麻醉方法对腹腔镜子宫切除术应激反应的影响

目的观察两种麻醉方法对腹腔镜子宫切除术患者应激反应的影响。方法选择拟行腹腔镜子宫切除术患者60例,随机分为两组,每组30例。Ⅰ组采用罗比卡因复合小剂量芬太尼行硬膜外麻醉,并辅以丙泊酚静脉泵注给予镇静(观察组);Ⅱ组采用以丙泊酚为主静脉复合全麻(对照组)。于麻醉前(T0)、CO2气腹前5min(T1)、CO2气腹后10min(T2)、40min(T3)、术毕10min(T4)抽肘静脉血检测血浆皮质醇(Cor)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)、血糖(Glu)和促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)浓度,并记录各时点MAP、HR、SpO2。结果与T0时比较,Ⅰ组各时点Cor、NE、E、Glu、ACTH及MAP、HR、SpO2差异无显著意义,Ⅱ组T2、T3时Cor、NE、E、Glu、ACTH及MAP、HR显著高于T0时(P<0·05);组间比较,Ⅱ组T2、T3时Cor、NE、E、Glu、ACTH及MAP、HR亦显著高于Ⅰ组同时点(P<0·05)。结论罗比卡因复合芬太尼硬膜外阻滞辅以丙泊酚镇静对腹腔镜子宫切除术的应激反应有抑制作用。     

丙泊酚靶控输注联合脑电双频指数在高龄患者麻醉诱导期的应用

目的 观察丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)联合脑电双频指数(BIS)在高龄患者麻醉诱导期的血流动力学变化及应激反应.方法 高龄全麻胃癌根治手术患者45例,随机均分为三组.Ⅰ组以BIS值为控制目标;Ⅱ、Ⅲ组以临床指征为目标.Ⅰ、Ⅱ组麻醉诱导采用丙泊酚TCI,Ⅲ组以人工法输注丙泊酚,而后以恒速泵入.记录入室静卧15 min (T0),意识消失时(T1),气管插管即刻(T2),插管后1 min (T3)、3 min (T4)、5 min (T5)的HR、SBP、DBP;并测定血浆皮质醇(Cor)、血糖(Glu)及去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)的浓度变化.结果 T1、T2时三组SBP、DBP明显低于T0时(P＜0.05);T3时Ⅰ、Ⅱ组SBP明显低于Ⅲ组,Ⅲ组HR明显快于Ⅰ组(P＜0.05).T2时三组Cor浓度明显低于T0时(P＜0.05),T3、T4时Ⅱ、Ⅲ组Cor浓度明显高于T2时(P＜0.05).T3时三组NE、E浓度明显高于T0时(P＜0.05),T5时三组NE、E浓度明显低于T3时(P＜0.05).结论 在丙泊酚用于高龄患者麻醉诱导中,以BIS指导丙泊酚TCI在麻醉诱导期能够较好地维持适当的麻醉深度,降低气管插管引起的应激反应,维持麻醉诱导期血流动力学的平稳.     

丙泊酚和异氟醚麻醉对胰岛素抵抗及促炎细胞因子的影响

目的 比较丙泊酚和异氟醚对胰岛素抵抗及促炎细胞因子的影响.方法 择期上腹部手术患者30例,随机均分为丙泊酚组(P组)和异氟醚组(I组).于麻醉前、麻醉后2 h及术后24 h采静脉血测血糖(Glu)、胰岛素(IN)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6),并计算胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)及胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI).结果 与麻醉前比较,麻醉后2 h P组Glu稍升高,但差异无统计学意义;I组Glu明显升高(P<0.01);术后24 h两组患者的G1u均明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);麻醉后2 h、术后24 h两组患者IN、IRI、TNF-α、IL-6明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),ISI明显下降(P<0.05或P<0.01).麻醉后2 h I组ISI明显低于P组(P<0.05),IRI、TNF-α、IL-6明显高于P组(P<0.05).结论 丙泊酚及异氟醚均不能完全抑制应激反应及胰岛素抵抗,但与异氟醚相比,丙泊酚在一定程度上可以减轻应激反应和胰岛素抵抗.     

雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚与芬太尼复合异氟醚在实施心脏手术快通道麻醉的比较

目的比较雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚与芬太尼、丙泊酚复合异氟醚用于不停跳心脏手术患者麻醉的应激激素及血流动力学变化。方法26例患者随机均分为雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚(RP组)和芬太尼复合异氟醚(FI组)两组。分别记录不同时点HR、MAP和血糖(Glu)数值,同时观察相应时点血浆皮质醇(Cor)及促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)反应。结果两组患者各观察点血流动力学及应激激素变化组间比较差异无统计学意义。两组患者血浆Cor、ACTH、Glu在心肺转流(CPB)后15min、停CPB后10min与诱导前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),RP组患者术后清醒时间及拔管时间明显早于FI组(P<0.01),但ICU留观时间组间比较差异无统计学意义,且RP组术后疼痛发生率高于FI组(P<0.05)。结论雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚实施不停跳心内直视手术麻醉,可维持术中血流动力学平稳,停药后清醒快,符合快通道心脏手术麻醉要求,但应加强术后镇痛。     

丙泊酚或异氟醚麻醉对肾素-血管紧张素系统的影响

目的比较丙泊酚靶控输注（TCI）或异氟醚吸入麻醉对肾素-血管紧张素系统（RAS）和血流动力学的影响。方法择期行胃切除手术的患者30例,ASAI或Ⅱ级,随机分成丙泊酚TCⅠ组（Ⅰ组）和异氟醚吸入麻醉组（Ⅱ组）,每组15例。丙泊酚、芬太尼诱导后,Ⅰ组丙泊酚TCI维持麻醉,Ⅱ组异氟醚、氧化亚氮低流量吸入维持麻醉。麻醉中以听觉诱发电位（AEP）和脑电双频指数（BIS）作为麻醉深度指标,记录麻醉前（T1）、诱导插管后5min（T2）、切皮（T3）、探查（T4）、术毕拔管后5min（T5）时BP、HR、AEP、BIS、血浆肾素活性（PRA）和血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）值。结果与T1时比较,T2时两组PRA、AngU和BP均显著下降（P〈0．01）,T3、T4时Ⅰ组PRA显著下降,而Ⅱ组AngⅡ显著增高（P〈0．01）。T3、T4时Ⅱ组PRA均显著高于Ⅰ组（P〈0．01）,T3、T4和T5时Ⅱ组AngⅡ显著高于Ⅰ组（P〈0．05）。T4时Ⅱ组BP和HR显著高于T1时（P〈0．05）。T5时Ⅰ组BIS显著低于Ⅱ组（P〈0．05）。结论丙泊酚TCI可抑制RAS,应激反应轻,优于异氟醚吸入麻醉。     

比较丙泊酚与七氟醚麻醉对梗阻性黄疸患者苏醒和术后恶心呕吐的影响

目的 比较丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)与七氟醚吸入麻醉对梗阻性黄疽患者苏醒时间和术后恶心呕吐(PONV)的影响.方法 梗阻性黄疸患者60例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为丙泊酚组(P组)和七氟醚组(S组).术中均维持脑电双频指数(BIS)在40～55.记录患者麻醉前(T1)、气管插管后即刻(T2)、手术开始即刻(T3)及手术结束即刻(T4)的MAP、HR和BIS,记录停药后苏醒时间、苏醒时BIS和PONV发生率.结果 P组苏醒时间明显短于S组(P<0.05),苏醒时BIS明显低于S组(P<0.05).P组分别有3例和2例发生术后恶心和呕吐,S组分别有6例和4例(P<0.05).结论 在梗阻性黄疽患者丙泊酚TCI麻醉较七氟醚吸入麻醉PONV发生率较低,清醒较迅速.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中不同麻醉方法对应激反应的影响

目的观察腹腔镜胆囊切除术中不同麻醉方法对应激反应的影响。方法胆囊切除术患者24例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分成全麻复合硬膜外阻滞组(Ⅰ组)和单纯全麻组(Ⅱ组),每组12例。持续监测MAP、HR、SpO2和PETCO2,分别于麻醉前(T1)、气腹前5min(T2)、二氧化碳气腹(压力达12mmHg)后10min(T3)、放气后5min(T4)抽静脉血测定血糖(Glu)和血浆皮质醇(Cor)。结果Ⅱ组在T3时MAP、HR、Glu和Cor均明显高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组T3时PETCO2均高于T1和T2时(P<0.05)。结论全麻复合硬膜外阻滞与单纯全麻相比可有效抑制腹腔镜胆囊切除术的应激反应。     

Narcotrend监测下丙泊酚靶控输注技术在肾移植患者全麻诱导期的应用

目的探讨Narcotrend监测下丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)技术在肾移植患者全麻诱导期的应用对心血管及应激反应的影响。方法选择择期行亲属活体肾移植手术的尿毒症患者40例,男25例,女15例,年龄21~38岁,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级,随机分为A、B两组,每组20例。A组在Narcotrend监测下采用Diprifusor TCI输注泵输注丙泊酚,B组人工推注丙泊酚。记录麻醉诱导前(T_0)、气管插管前(T_1)、气管插管后1 min(T_2)、3 min(T_3)、5 min(T_4)的HR、MAP、Narcotrend指数(NTI)及血糖(Glu)、血浆皮质醇(Cor)浓度。结果与T0时比较,T1时两组患者HR明显减慢,MAP明显下降(P0.05),且B组明显低于A组(P0.05);T_2、T_3时B组HR明显增快,MAP明显升高(P0.05),且B组明显高于A组(P0.05)。与T_0时比较,T2~T4时A组Glu、Cor略有升高,但差异无统计学意义;T_2~T_4时B组Glu、Cor浓度明显升高(P0.05),且B组明显高于A组(P0.05)。结论 Narcotrend监测下丙泊酚TCI用于肾移植患者全麻诱导时,麻醉深度可控性强,能有效减轻气管插管引起的机体应激反应,维持血流动力学平稳。     

雷米芬太尼复合全麻对心肺转流期胰岛素抵抗的影响

目的 比较雷米芬太尼或芬太尼复合丙泊酚、异氟醚麻醉对心肺转流(CPB)期胰岛素抵抗的影响.方法 择期CPB下心脏瓣膜置换术患者20例,随机均分为雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚、异氟醚麻醉组(R组)和芬太尼复合丙泊酚、异氟醚麻醉组(F组),分别测定麻醉前(T0)、CPB前5 min(T1)、CPB 15min(T2)、开放升主动脉后15min(T3)和停CPB后15min(T4)的血胰岛素(Ins)、C-肽、皮质醇(Cor)和血糖(BG),计算胰岛素敏感性指数(ISI)和IgHOMA值.结果 两组T2～T4的Ins、C-肽、BG均较T0和T1明显上升(P<0.05或P<0.01);R组T3、T4 Ins、C-肽上升幅度明显低于F组(P<0.01),但此两时点BG值差异无统计学意义.两组Cor在T1～T4较T0时明显上升(P<0.01),且R组上升幅度明显低于F组(P<0.01).两组ISI在T2～T4较T0和T1时均下降(P<0.01),且R组下降幅度明显低于F组(P<0.01).IgHOMA值在T1～T4较T0时明显上升(P<0.01),在T3、T4时,R组上升幅度明显低于F组(P<0.01).结论 CPB中血Cor和BG浓度增加明显.CPB期间存在明显的胰岛素抵抗现象;雷米芬太尼复合丙泊酚、异氟醚麻醉较芬太尼复合丙泊酚、异氟醚麻醉更能抑制Cor上升,改善术中胰岛素抵抗的程度.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.