贞芪增免胶囊对环磷酰胺所致小鼠低下免疫功能的影响

目的:观察贞芪增免胶囊对环磷酰胺所致免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响.方法:用环磷酰胺(100 mg·kg-1,ip)制备小鼠免疫低下模型,灌胃给予不同剂量的贞芪增免胶囊(125,250,500 mg·kg-1)和阳性对照药贞芪扶正胶囊(500 mg·kg-1),观察小鼠外周血白细胞、血红蛋白(Hb)、血小板计数、免疫器官指数、单核吞噬细胞吞噬指数及脾脏淋巴细胞转化指数.结果:贞芪增免胶囊能增加免疫功能低下小鼠外周血白细胞、Hb数量以及免疫器官指数,增强单核吞噬细胞的吞噬能力,提高脾脏淋巴细胞转化指数.结论:贞芪增免胶囊能剂量依赖性增强环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下小鼠非特异性免疫和特异性免疫功能,对免疫失衡机体具有保护作用.     

参黄胶囊对环磷酰胺致免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的 探讨参黄胶囊对环磷酰胺致免疫抑制模型小鼠免疫功能的作用.方法 分别用环磷酰胺和限食法结合环磷酰胺两种方法建立小鼠免疫抑制模型,分别给予0.26、0.53、1.06 g/kg参黄胶囊,观察其对小鼠外周血T淋巴细胞率、胸腺指数、脾脏指数、白细胞数、巨噬细胞吞噬指数、血清溶血素含量(半数溶血值)的影响.结果 应用环磷酰胺后,免疫抑制模型小鼠外周血T淋巴细胞率、胸腺指数、脾脏指数、白细胞数、巨噬细胞吞噬指数、血清溶血素含量均显著降低.0.26、0.53、1.06g/kg参黄胶囊均可明显提高用限食法结合环磷酰胺致免疫低下(气虚模型)小鼠外周血T淋巴细胞率、胸腺指数和脾脏指数和环磷酰胺致免疫低下小鼠体内白细胞数和巨噬细胞吞噬指数;0.53、1.06 g/kg参黄胶囊可明显促使溶血素生成增加.结论 参黄胶囊可明显改善环磷酰胺致免疫低下小鼠的免疫功能,具有扶正固本、增强机体特异性免疫和非特异性免疫功能作用.     

扶正散对免疫功能低下小鼠的保护作用

目的 研究扶正散对环磷酰胺所致免疫低下小鼠免疫功能的影响. 方法 用腹腔注射环磷酰胺(80 mg.kg^-1)造成免疫低下小鼠模型,灌胃给予不同剂量的扶正散(2.5,5.0,10.0 g.kg^-1). 观察对小鼠免疫器官质量、碳粒廓清指数、溶血素生成、外周血白细胞总数、自然杀伤(NK)细胞活性的影响. 结果扶正散中、低剂量组可明显提高免疫低下小鼠的胸腺指数(P<0.05),扶正散中、高剂量组可显著提高免疫低下小鼠的脾指数(P<0.01),扶正散低、中、高剂量组均能显著提高血清溶血素水平(P<0.01),扶正散高剂量组可明显增加小鼠碳粒廓清指数K及吞噬指数α(P<0.05),扶正散中、高剂量组可显著增加外周血白细胞数量(P<0.01),中、高剂量组可显著提高NK细胞活性(P<0.01). 结论 扶正散能够增强环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下小鼠非特异性免疫和特异性免疫功能,对免疫失衡机体具有保护作用.     

火棘果红色素提取物的体内免疫活性研究

目的研究火棘果红色素提取物对环磷酰胺所致免疫低下模型小鼠免疫功能的调节作用,为其在畜牧养殖中的应用提供理论依据。方法采用腹腔注射环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide,CTX)复制免疫功能低下小鼠模型,并考察不同剂量火棘果红色素提取物对免疫抑制小鼠胸腺指数、脾脏指数、腹腔吞噬细胞吞噬功能、血清溶血素生成及溶血空斑形成的影响。结果火棘果红色素提取物中、高剂量组能显著提高免疫功能低下小鼠的脏器指数,增强腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能,促进溶血素水平及溶血空斑的形成。结论火棘果红色素提取物具有良好的免疫活性。     

扶正除疫颗粒对免疫功能低下动物免疫调节的影响

目的:观察扶正除疫颗粒对免疫功能低下实验动物免疫调节的影响。方法:以腹腔注射环磷酰胺(CTX)建立免疫功能低下小鼠模型。采用分光光度法、细胞计数法分别观察其单核吞噬细胞吞噬功能、血清溶血素、溶血空斑形成及淋巴细胞转化率结果:扶正除疫颗粒可显著提高免疫功能低下小鼠网状内皮系统(RES)吞噬细胞的功能,促进溶血素水平升高及溶血空斑形成,提高淋巴细胞转化率结论:扶正除疫颗粒对免疫功能低下动物非特异性免疫、体液免疫及细胞免疫功能有正性调节作用。     

贞芪扶正胶囊对免疫力低下小鼠免疫功能的影响研究

目的:研究贞芪扶正胶囊(ZQFZ)对免疫力低下小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法:用环磷酰胺复制小鼠免疫功能低下模型,通过测定腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能、迟发型超敏反应和溶血素抗体等指标,观察ZQFZ对小鼠非特异性免疫、细胞免疫和体液免疫功能的影响。结果:ZQFZ可显著促进小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能,提高吞噬率和吞噬指数;显著增强二硝基氯苯所致迟发型超敏反应;提高血清溶血素抗体水平。结论:ZQFZ对免疫力低下小鼠免疫功能有显著促进作用。     

合成鱼腥草素对环磷酰胺模型小鼠免疫功能的影响

对于环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下模型小鼠 ,灌胃给予合成鱼腥草素 6 0mg/kg、12 0mg/kg能明显增加环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下模型小鼠的脾脏指数、外周血淋巴细胞ANAE阳性百分率 ;增强单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能、迟发型超敏反应强度及ConA诱导的脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖能力 ;对胸腺指数则无明显影响 ;合成鱼腥草素 12 0mg/kg还能明显增强环磷酰胺模型小鼠血清溶血素的生成及脾脏空斑形成细胞溶血能力 .     

薏苡仁水提液对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的探讨薏苡仁水提液对免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫调节作用。方法先给予小鼠腹腔注射环磷酰胺以建立小鼠免疫功能低下模型,然后将薏苡仁水提液按10、5和2.5 g.kg-1三种剂量连续给三组小鼠灌胃10 d,观察薏苡仁水提液对免疫低下小鼠免疫器官重量指数、白细胞数量、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率与吞噬指数、T淋巴细胞酯酶阳性率和血清溶血素HC50值等实验指标的影响。结果薏苡仁水提液能显著拮抗环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫器官重量减轻和白细胞数量减少,明显增加小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率及吞噬指数,显著增加血清溶血素含量,且能明显促进T淋巴细胞酯酶阳性率。结论薏苡仁水提液对机体免疫功能具有较好的增强作用。表现为体液免疫、细胞免疫和非特异免疫功能的改变。     

脑忆清胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:观察脑忆清胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法:采用显微镜观察腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率和吞噬指数,用分光光度测定血清溶血素含量,用³H-TdR掺入法测定脾细胞淋巴细胞增殖率。结果:脑忆清胶囊能明显增加正常小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率及吞噬指数,显著拮抗环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫器官重量减轻,显著增加血清溶血素含量,且能明显促进ConA诱导的脾T淋巴细胞增殖反应。结论:脑忆清胶囊对小鼠的免疫功能有较好的改善作用     

脑忆清胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的：观察脑忆清胶囊对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法：采用显微镜观察腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率和吞噬指数，用分光光度测定血清溶血素含量，用^3H-TdR掺入法测定脾细胞淋巴细胞增殖率，结果：脑忆清胶囊能明显增加正常小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分率及吞噬指数。显著拮抗环磷酰胺所致免疫功能低下小鼠的免疫器官重量减轻，显著增加血清溶血素含量，且能明显促进ConA诱导的脾T淋巴细胞增殖反应。结论：脑忆清胶囊对小鼠的免疫功能有较好的改善作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.