臂丛神经阻滞在动静脉内瘘成形术中的应用

目的观察臂丛神经阻滞在动静脉内瘘成形术中的效果。方法拟行动静脉内瘘成形术患者152例,随机均分为臂丛神经阻滞组和局部浸润麻醉组。臂丛神经阻滞组手术中采用臂丛神经阻滞法进行麻醉,局部浸润麻醉组术中给予局部浸润麻醉法。比较两组术中VAS疼痛评分、术中血管直径、术后4h内瘘血流量、手术时间、术后24h和术后2年的手术成功率及麻醉安全性。结果臂丛神经阻滞组VAS疼痛评分、手术时间明显低于局部浸润麻醉组(P0.01);臂丛神经阻滞组术中动脉直径、术中静脉直径和内瘘血流量明显高于局部浸润麻醉组(P0.01)。臂丛神经阻滞组术后24h手术成功率为98.68%,与局部浸润麻醉组的92.11%差异无统计学意义;但臂丛神经阻滞组术后2年手术成功率为88.16%,明显高于局部浸润麻醉组的75.00%(P0.05)。两组均未见明显药物不良反应。结论臂丛神经阻滞可减轻术中疼痛,提高动静脉内瘘成形术手术成功率。     

Continuous axillary brachial plexus block

Continuous axillary brachial plexus block was performed in 597 patients undergoing prolonged operations on the hand. The technique required placement of a 5 cm 23 gauge teflon intravenous catheter in the axillary perivascular sheath. Lidocaine 1.5 per cent or mepivicaine 1.5 per cent (20-40 ml) were used for the initial block dose. Surgery was completed in 77.2 per cent of patients (460) with the axillary block alone while in 19.1 per cent of patients (114) supplementary narcotic administration or additional regional blocks were required. In 3.7 per cent of patients (22) the technique was considered a complete failure. Complications included local anaesthetic toxic reactions (2.85 per cent, 17 cases), nerve injury (0.50 per cent, three cases) and one case of major haematomaformation. The advantages of this technique and the possible complications are discussed.     

Ropivacaine-induced toxicity with overdose suspected after axillary brachial plexus block

Ropivacaine has a high threshold for systemic toxicity. We report and highlight a rare case in which an overdose of ropivacaine was suspected of leading to a generalized convulsion following the injection of this agent for axillary brachial plexus block (ABPB). A 25-year-old woman (height, 153 cm; weight, 48 kg; American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I) was scheduled for finger surgery with ABPB. The perivascular sheath was identified by fascial clicks. We administered 300 mg (6.25 mg·kg⁻¹) ropivacaine, while confirming that no blood flow was observed in the injection line by repeated negative aspiration tests. Ten minutes after the injection, most sensory and motor nerves were blocked effectively. Thirteen minutes after the administration, the patient lost consciousness and convulsed suddenly. No severe symptoms of cardiovascular toxicity occurred. The concentration of ropivacaine in a venous blood sample taken 28 min after the ropivacaine injection was 3.65 μg·ml⁻¹. She recovered with no sequelae. Limited cases have indicated high efficacy and sufficient safety for the use of 300 mg ropivacaine for ABPB. However, the toxic threshold of ropivacaine remains unclear, and the dose should be calculated in relation to the weight of the patient to prevent severe toxic complications.     

Quality of axillary brachial plexus block

A perivascular catheter technique (PVT) and a nerve stimulator technique (NST) for axillary brachial plexus block were compared in terms of quality: complete, incomplete or failed blocks. In a randomised series, 30 PVT blocks and 30 NST blocks were performed by three staff anaesthetists. In the NST group, surgical anaesthesia was always achieved, whereas in the PVT group, four blocks required supplementation with general anaesthesia. In both groups eight patients needed supplementation with additional conduction blocks of 1-3 peripheral nerves. It is concluded that a nerve stimulator technique may increase the success rate of axillary brachial plexus block to some extent.     

Axillary and midhumeral approach for plexus block

Many variations of the axillary approach for blocking of the brachial plexus have been described. The axillary approach tends to be the technique with the lowest risk of serious complications; in particular, there is no risk of pneumothorax. A fairly high failure rate and an onset time of 20-40 minutes is why this technique, first described by Hirschel in 1911, is still discussed. Ideally, axillary brachial plexus blockade would be achieved using a technique that was easy and quick to perform with a fast onset time, a 100% success rate and without any risk for the patient; but, as all studies show, this goal is still far away.     

Transient vascular insufficiency after axillary brachial plexus block in a child

Axillary block is used in children for procedures on the hand and forearm. We report on a child with an amputation of the thumb in whom an axillary block was given, after which the limb became pale and pulseless. The pulses returned spontaneously in 15 min. The awareness of this possibility and chances of spontaneous recovery should be considered. IMPLICATIONS: Transient vascular insufficiency of the upper limb may happen as a rare complication after axillary block. Knowledge of this complication can help the anesthesiologist in the management of this problem.     

超声引导下肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经阻滞麻醉效果的临床研究

目的探讨超声引导下肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的效果与安全性。方法随机将48例拟在超声引导下行臂丛麻醉的上肢手术患者分为2组,各24例。M组使用0.5%的罗哌卡因30 m L行单纯肌间沟臂丛阻滞;U组各使用0.5%的罗哌卡因15 mL行肌间沟联合腋路臂丛阻滞。行腋路臂丛阻滞时,各用5 mL局麻药依次注射在尺神经、正中神经和桡神经周围。记录2组神经阻滞操作时间,评估2组主要神经的痛觉阻滞情况、运动阻滞程度。评价麻醉效果,记录操作相关并发症。结果注药30 min后,U组正中神经、尺神经完全阻滞例数显著多于M组,2、3、4、5级运动阻滞程度均显著高于M组,麻醉效果优良率(100%)显著高于M组(75.0%),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。M组发生Horner综合征2例、声音嘶哑1例,U组未发生相关并发症。结论超声引导下肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经阻滞麻醉用于上肢手术,安全可行,麻醉效果良好。     

Severe paralysis of the upper limb after axillary brachial plexus block]

A case is reported of a severe neurological deficit occurring after axillary blockade. The 37-year-old ASA I patient underwent an axillary block for hand surgery using 20 ml of lignocaine 1% with adrenaline and 20 ml of lignocaine 2%. In order to elicit paraesthesia, several attempts were required. Injection of the local anaesthetic was not painful. The tourniquet remained at 250 mmHg for only 35 min. The following day, the patient's arm remained numb. As there was no improvement, epineurotomy was carried out on day 19, to liberate the median nerve which was severely stenosed at the axilla. The patient then started to improve slowly, so that he was able to return to part-time work 6 months later. Prevention of such an accident relies on avoiding intraneural injection and repeated punctures when searching for paraesthesia. When using axillary blockade in day-care surgery, the patient's must be informed upon the possibility of persistent paraesthesia. Should such a rare incident occur, rapid consultation with the anaesthesiologist is essential.     

周围神经刺激器引导腋路臂丛神经阻滞用于肘部尺神经松解术

目的 评价周围神经刺激器（peripheral nerve stimulator，PNS）引导的腋路臂丛神经阻滞用于肘部尺神经松解术的临床效果，并比较不同的注药方法（2点注药或3点注药）对神经阻滞成功率的影响。方法 对60例肘管综合征拟行肘管切开尺神经松解前置的手术患者，随机分成2点注药组（30例）和3点注药组（30例）。2点注药组定位在桡神经和肌皮神经，3点注药组定位增加正中神经。臂丛神经阻滞成功被定义为肘部远端5支神经（肌皮神经、桡神经、正中神经、尺神经和前臂内侧皮神经）感觉阻滞完全，比较2组在臂丛神经阻滞成功率和并发症等方面的差异。结果 3点注药组的阻滞成功率（95．5％）要高于2点注药组（54．5％，P〈0．01），两组间差异主要由于2点组的正中神经阻滞率较低。但2组的外科麻醉完全率并无显著差别。结论 神经刺激器辅助的多点腋路臂丛神经阻滞可有效地用于肘部尺神经松解前置术，对于这一术式，定位肌皮神经和桡神经2支神经足以满足外科手术的需要。