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1.
Background
Although recent estimates of the HIV/AIDS burden in South Africa show the particular vulnerability of youth to HIV, HIV testing and its determinants are largely understudied in this age group.Objective
To investigate the prevalence and determinants of HIV testing among young people aged 18 to 24 years, as part of an evaluation of the impact of loveLife.Methods
South Africa''s national HIV prevention campaign for young people, on HIV and related risk behaviours. A cross-sectional population-based household survey was conducted using a multistage stratified cluster sampling approach. The total sample included 3123 participants, aged 18–24, 54.6% men and 45.4% women, from four provinces (Eastern Cape, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga).Results
The results indicated that over half (52.2%) of the youth reported testing for HIV, with more young females (60.1%) testing for HIV compared to their male counterparts (39.9%). In the multivariate analysis, older age, being female, HIV knowledge, having ever talked to the mother or female guardian about HIV and having ever been pregnant or made someone pregnant were found to be associated with testing for HIV.Conclusion
There is still room for improving the low proportion of young people who test for HIV. Specific attention needs to be paid to younger males, with lack of HIV knowledge, having never talked to the mother or female guardian about HIV and having never been pregnant or made someone pregnant were less likely to be tested. Outreach at individual and community levels and public health messages targeting these youth should be implemented. 相似文献2.
3.
Rapid screening for co-infection of HIV and HCV in pregnant women in Benin City,Edo State,Nigeria
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Background
Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) are both major global health concerns as they cause high mortality and morbidity in the developing countries. However, while data exists for the co-infection in other countries, little or no information can be found with regard to the sero-prevalence of HIV and HCV co-infection in Nigeria, albeit in pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics in Benin City, Nigeria.Objective
The objective of the study was to determine the sero-prevalence of HIV and HCV among pregnant women seeking antenatal care in Benin City.Methods
In determining the sero-prevalence in a cross-sectional study, 200 pregnant women, aged between 15 and 49 years were screened for HIV and HCV using rapid screening test kits. Using closed ended structured questionnaires; the respondents volunteered socio-demographic information associated with risk factors of HIV and HCV acquisition.Results
Results indicated sero-prevalence of HIV and HCV in the sampled population was 3% and 5% respectively. Thirty three percent of the pregnant women that were HCV positive were co-infected with HIV-1 infection. HIV sero-prevalence was highest in the age group, 25–29 representing 5.1%, while HCV sero-prevalence was noted highest among the women in the age group 30–34 years, representing 7.9%. Two percent of the pregnant women had equivocal (ambivalent) HIV-1 results.Conclusion
The study has shown a prevalence of HIV-HCV co-infection among the tested pregnant women in Benin City and more epidemiological surveys are needed in larger scale to decipher the prevalence in other states of Nigeria. 相似文献4.
Background
Despite its importance in HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, HIV/AIDS Counseling and Testing (HCT) is low in sub-Saharan Africa, where the disease continues to be a serious public health problem. This has in part been attributed to HIV/AIDS related stigma.Objective
To assess the level of HIV/AIDS related stigma and its impact on uptake of HCT in a high HIV prevalence population in Uganda.Methods
The paper used cross-sectional data on 135 men and 185 women in reproductive ages. Data were analyzed using the Pearson''s chi-square statistic and the random intercept binary logistic regression model to identify significant predictors of uptake of HCT.Results
The result shows that only 18.4% of the respondents, most of them men expressed highly stigmatizing attitudes against PLHA and 59%, men and women alike, received HCT. Uptake of HCT was higher among men (OR=1.89, p<0.01) and women (OR=4.48, p <0.001) who expressed least stigmatizing attitudes. Secondary/higher education, work in the informal sector and being ever married were significant predictors of uptake of HCT. Compared to men, women aged 25–34, 35+ and with one sexual partner were more likely to have received HCT.Conclusions
The low level of stigma, older age, higher level of education, being ever married and monogamous sexual relationships are significant predictors of increased uptake of HCT. 相似文献5.
Background
Malaria during pregnancy causes severe anaemia, placental malaria or death to the mother while the fetus may be aborted or stillborn.Objective
To establish the prevalence and factors associated with Insecticide Treated Net (ITN) utilisation among pregnant women in a post conflict Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camps of Gulu district.Methods
We conducted cross-sectional study in 20 IDP camps in which 769 pregnant women were interviewed for ITN utilisation the night before the survey. The 20 IDP camps were selected using simple random sampling technique as clusters. Households that had pregnant women were then consecutively selected. Data were entered in EpiData 3.1 and analyzed using STATA11.Results
35% of pregnant women (95% CI 31% – 38%) had utilised ITNs. Factors that promoted ITN utilisation includes: antenatal visit (AOR 1.90, p-value 0.000); ITN awareness (AOR 1.57, p-value 0.011), and willingness to purchase ITN (AOR 2.12, p-value 0.000). Factors which hinder ITN utilisation were: hours taken to reach health centre (AOR 0.64, p-value 0.050) and being single/widow/divorced (AOR 0.22, p-value 0.000).Conclusion
Majority of the respondents were not utilising ITN. Therefore, leaders in Gulu district should encourage pregnant woman to acquire and use ITN to reduce their vulnerability to malaria. 相似文献6.
The dilemma of safe sex and having children: challenges facing HIV sero-discordant couples in Uganda
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Jolly Beyeza-Kashesya Frank Kaharuza Florence Mirembe Stella Neema Anna Mia Ekstrom Asli Kulane 《African health sciences》2009,9(1):2-12
Background
Sixty percent of new HIV infections in Uganda occur in stable relationships between HIV discordant couples. Given the importance of fertility in Uganda, we hypothesized that unsafe sexual practices may be used to found a family/replace a dead child. Thus, we explored sexual practices to understand to what extent these are influenced by the desire to have children and the implications for HIV transmission among discordant couples.Methods
A cross-sectional survey of 114 HIV discordant couples in Kampala, and in-depth interviews with 15 purposively selected couples. Quantitative data were analysed using STATA. Multivariate logistic regression analysis done to identify factors associated with consistent condom use. Thematic content analysis of qualitative data was done using NVIVO 2.Results
Participants wanting children and those with multiple sexual partners were less likely to use condoms (Adj OR 0.51, and 0.36 respectively). Three of the five types of sexual practices used by couples do not allow pregnancy to occur. Main reasons for wanting a child included: ensuring lineage continuity and posterity, securing relationships and pressure from relatives to reproduce. Challenges included: risk of HIV transmission to partner and child, lack of negotiating power for safer sex, failure of health systems to offer safe methods of reproductionConclusions
HIV sero-discordant couples with strong desire for childbearing have a dilemma of risking HIV infection or infecting their spouse. Some risk transmission of HIV infection to reproduce. We need to address gender issues, risky behaviour and reproductive health services for HIV sero-discordant couples. 相似文献7.
Shakira Choonara Clifford Obby Odimegwu Bob Charlestine Elwange 《African health sciences》2015,15(2):413-419
Background
In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, which, during pregnancy, is associated with adverse health outcomes for both mother and foetus. Utilization of Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) and Intermittent Preventive Therapy (IPTp) is advocated to prevent malaria during pregnancy.Objective
To examine factors which influence the use of different types of malaria prevention methods among pregnant women in Kenya.Methods
This study used 2008–09 Kenya Demographic and Health survey. Pregnant women aged 15–49 years were included (622 women). Distribution of the study population was assessed in frequency tables. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed.Results
Fifty-two percent of women used ITNs and 38.5% reported uptake of IPTp. In multivariate analysis age, malaria risk areas, religion, education and income influenced ITN usage, whereas only age, malaria risk areas and marital status were found to influence IPTP uptake.Conclusions
ITN use and IPTp uptake were well below the 80% Kenya Malaria Strategy 2006 target. In an effort to increase uptake it is vital for future research to understand reasons for low usage and uptake of malaria prevention programmes so as to enable policy-makers to make informed decisions. 相似文献8.
BN Mayanja E Kabunga B Masiira R Lubega P Kaleebu J Seeley 《African health sciences》2013,13(2):311-319
Background
Although good adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is essential for successful treatment outcomes, some patients may have specific personal barriers to ART adherence.Objectives
To study specific personal barriers to ART adherence.Methods
Quantitative data on patients'' health status, ART adherence, CD4 cell counts and viral loads were collected, and qualitative data on life experiences of five patients with poor ART outcomes and adherence were also collected.Results
Out of 35 patients with poor immunological and virological ART outcomes, 17 (49%) also had poor ART adherence. Patient 1 had no living child and did not disclose her HIV serostatus to her spouse because she wanted to have a child. Patient 2 was an orphan with neither social nor family support. Patient 3 stopped ART when she conceived, returned to the study clinic when pregnant again and was sickly. She was switched to second-line ART with satisfactory outcomes. Patient 4, a 14 year old orphan had missed ART for 2 months when his treatment supporter was away. Patient 5 aged 66 years stopped ART which he blamed for his erectile dysfunction.Conclusion
ART adherence counselling should target specific personal barriers to ART adherence like: lack of family support, health and sexual life concerns, desire to have children and family instability. 相似文献9.
Background
Children living with HIV worldwide majority are infected through mother to child transmission of HIV (MTCT) acquired during pregnancy. Knowledge, attitude and behavioral changes are pivot tools towards success of any interventions.Objectives
To determine the effectiveness of counseling on HIV done in primary health facilities (PHF), level of knowledge gained and attitude changes towards PMTCT.Methods
A cross sectional study assessing pregnant women''s knowledge and their attitude towards PMTCT was conducted in Temeke district from October 2010 to Jan 2011 using a structured questionnaire.Results
A total of 383 antenatal attendees were referred to Temeke district for management after counselled and tested for HIV in PHFs. Majority (86.9%) had primary education and good knowledge on MTCT. Correct timing of ARVs prophylaxis (15.7%) as preventive measures for MTCT was poor. Education and employment were associated with good knowledge on MTCT of HIV. Women had positive attitudes towards HIV counseling and testing, but stigma was a barrier to disclosure of one''s serostatus.Conclusion
There is knowledge gap in routine PMTCT counseling among antenatal attendees in our PHFs. Effective counseling on PMTCT in the PHFs will bridge the identified knowledge gap and help in reduction of pediatric HIV. 相似文献10.
Background
Children living with HIV worldwide majority are infected through mother to child transmission of HIV (MTCT) acquired during pregnancy. Knowledge, attitude and behavioral changes are pivot tools towards success of any interventions.Objectives
To determine the effectiveness of counseling on HIV done in primary health facilities (PHF), level of knowledge gained and attitude changes towards PMTCT.Methods
A cross sectional study assessing pregnant women''s knowledge and their attitude towards PMTCT was conducted in Temeke district from October 2010 to Jan 2011 using a structured questionnaire.Results
A total of 383 antenatal attendees were referred to Temeke district for management after counselled and tested for HIV in PHFs. Majority (86.9%) had primary education and good knowledge on MTCT. Correct timing of ARVs prophylaxis (15.7%) as preventive measures for MTCT was poor. Education and employment were associated with good knowledge on MTCT of HIV. Women had positive attitudes towards HIV counseling and testing, but stigma was a barrier to disclosure of one''s serostatus.Conclusion
There is knowledge gap in routine PMTCT counseling among antenatal attendees in our PHFs. Effective counseling on PMTCT in the PHFs will bridge the identified knowledge gap and help in reduction of pediatric HIV. 相似文献11.
Background
Adolescent pregnancy, occurring in girls aged 10–19 years, remains a serious health and social problem worldwide, and has been associated with numerous risk factors evident in the young people''s family, peer, school, and neighbourhood contexts.Objective
To assess the prevalence of adolescent pregnancy and associated factors in the South African context, as part of a population-based household survey that formed part of an evaluation of the impact of loveLife, South Africa''s national HIV prevention campaign for young people.Methods
A cross-sectional population-based household survey was conducted using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling approach. The total sample included 3123 participants, aged 18–24, 54.6% men and 45.4% women, from four of nine provinces in South Africa (Eastern Cape, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga).Results
Among female youth 19.2% said that they had an adolescent pregnancy, while 5.8% of male youth indicated that they had impregnated a girl when they were an adolescent (12–19 years), 16.2% of the women indicated that they ever had an unwanted pregnancy and 6.7% had ever terminated a pregnancy. In multivariable analysis among women it was found that being employed or unemployed, greater poverty, having higher sexually permissive attitudes and scoring higher on the contraceptive or the condom use index was associated with adolescent pregnancy, and among men wanting the pregnancy and having a sense of the future were associated with adolescent pregnancy.Conclusion
Adolescent pregnancy was found to be high in this sample of South African youth. Multiple factors contributing to adolescent pregnancy have been identified which can be used in targeting young people on the prevention of adolescent pregnancy. 相似文献12.
Background
The World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines for the control of malaria during pregnancy include prompt and effective case management of malaria combined with prevention of infection by insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp). Despite this the uptake is poor.Objective
To describe the malaria prevention measures utilized by these women in this environment.Methods
Information was obtained from consented pregnant and newly delivered women on their socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and use of malaria chemoprophylaxisResults
One Thousand three hundred thirty (1330) pregnant and newly delivered women in 132 facilities within the Ibadan metropolis were surveyed. The mean age of the respondents was 29. 67 years (±5.21). The modes of prevention most commonly reported as being effective were the use of insecticide spray, window nets and ITN. Only 28.2% were using ITNs in the index pregnancy, and 67.2% of the women had had a drug administered for prophylactic purposes in the index pregnancy.Conclusion
This study demonstrates awareness but poor use of control measures. Additionally, there is poor use of the recommended agent for IPT. The factors militating against the use of these preventive measures need to be urgently explored and addressed. 相似文献13.
Elisabeth Darj Jennifer J Infanti Beth Maina Ahlberg Jecinta Okumu 《African health sciences》2015,15(4):1074-1080
Background
Skin bleaching is a widespread phenomenon in spite of their potentially toxic health effects.Objectives
This study aimed to determine if such products are used in Sweden in particular by pregnant women, furthermore to explore immigrant women''s view skin bleaching.Methods
455 pregnant women completed a questionnaire, which were statistically analysed. Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with immigrant women, content analysis was used to assess the data.Results
Skin bleaching products were used by 2.6% of pregnant women, significantlly more by women born in non-European countries. Motivating factors were associated with the concept of beauty together with social and economic advantages. The women had low awareness of the potential health risks of the products. Regulations on the trade of skin bleaching products have not effectively reduced the availability of the products in Sweden nor the popularity of skin bleaching.Conclusion
There is need for further research especially among pregnant women and possible effects on newborns. Products should be tested for toxicity. Public health information should be developed and health care providers educated and aware of this practice, due to their potential negative health implications. 相似文献14.
Background
Primary Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during pregnancy is a frequent and serious threat to the fetus. As there is no vaccine alternative measures are needed to prevent congenital CMV infection.Objective
This study determined CMV Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody among pregnant women in order to ascertain the immune status of mothers to guide policy makers.Methods
A semi-structured questionnaire was initially administered to obtain information on demographic details, stage of pregnancy and risk factors. Blood was collected by venipuncture from 180 women attending the antenatal clinic in Murtala Mohammed Specialist Hospital Kano, Kano State, Nigeria. Sera samples were screened using CMV IgG ELISA kit (Dialab, Austria).Results
Out of 180 pregnant women, 164 (91.1%) were seropositive. Based on stages of pregnancy 6/6(100%), 52/60(86.7%) and 106/114(93.0%) were seropositive among women in the first, second and third trimesters respectively.Conclusion
Seroprevalence of pregnant women to CMV Ig G is high, hence the need for CMV - IgM screening to know the extent of active infection. There is also need for public enlightenment on the methods of transmission, effective prevention and control strategies. 相似文献15.
16.
Background
Disclosure of HIV positive sero-status to sexual partners, friends or relatives is useful for prevention and care. Identifying factors associated with disclosure is a research priority as a high proportion of persons living with HIV/AIDS (PHA) never disclose.Objective
To identify factors associated with disclosure among PHAs in Mityana district of Uganda.Methods
Using a case control design, we compared 139 PHAs who had disclosed to 139 PHA who had not disclosed regarding socio demographic characteristics, sexual behaviour, individual experiences and perceptions about disclosure, as well as on health facility/community correlates of disclosure.Results
The independent factors that favour disclosure are not fearing negative outcomes of disclosure adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 7.00, 95 % confidence interval (95% CI) 3.03–16.95, having communication skills to disclose (AOR 12.08, 95% CI 4.94–29.51), having initiated anti-retroviral therapy (AOR 7.51, 95% CI 3.42–16.49), not having tested for HIV during ante-natal clinic (AOR 5.07, 95% CI 1.95–13.10), receiving ongoing counselling (AOR 4.33, 95% CI 1.50–12.51) and having ever seen a PHA publicly disclose his/her HIV status AOR 2.73, 95% CI 1.24–6.02).Conclusions
PHAs that have not initiated anti-retroviral therapy (ART), test for HIV in ante-natal clinic and fear negative outcomes need more help in disclosure. Measures that empower PHA to disclose such as those that lead to improved communication skills should be reinforced during ongoing counselling. 相似文献17.
M Kagimu D Guwatudde C Rwabukwali S Kaye Y Walakira D Ainomugisha 《African health sciences》2012,12(1):17-25
Background
Utilization of religious institutions is one of the strategies for HIV prevention in Uganda. There is limited data on the association between religiosity and HIV infection rates.Objective
To determine the association between religiosity and HIV prevalence rates among Christians.Methods
An unmatched case-control study was done. Data from 106 HIV positive cases and 424 HIV negative controls between 15– 24 years were analyzed.Results
Lower religiosity was associated with higher HIV infection rates when the following dimensions were analyzed: feeling guided by God in daily activities (odds ratio 1.90, 95%CI 1.03–3.50, p=0.035), feeling thankful for God''s blessings (odds ratio 1.76, 95%CI 1.01–3.11, p=0.042), praying privately (odds ratio 2.02, 95%CI 1.30–3.11, p=0.001), trying hard to be patient in life (odds ratio1.74, 95%CI 1.07–2.84, p=0.024) and trying hard to love God (odds ratio 1.57, 95%CI 1.01–2.42, p=0.039).Higher HIV infection rates were associated with having multiple life-time sexual partners (odds ratio 5.37, 95%CI 1.86–15.47, p<0.001), ever drinking alcohol (odds ratio 2.28, 95%CI 1.43–3.65, p<0.001) and ever using narcotics for recreation (odds ratio 2.49, 95%CI 1.14–5.44, p=0.018).Conclusion
Lower levels of several dimensions religiosity are significantly associated with higher HIV infection rates. This data supports strengthening religiosity in HIV prevention strategies. 相似文献18.
P Mithra B Unnikrishnan T Rekha K Nithin K Mohan V Kulkarni V Kulkarni D Agarwal 《African health sciences》2013,13(4):880-885
Background
Anaemia is highly prevalent among pregnant women and iron deficiency is the most important cause. Like many other countries, India has policies to give pregnant women iron supplements. Non-compliance is one important challenging factor in combating anaemia.Objective
To estimate the compliance for IFA tablets among pregnant women and to study the social factors influencing it.Methodology
This study included 190 pregnant women seeking ante-natal care in tertiary health centres in the Mangalore city in south India. After Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) approval, data was collected by personal interview. Missing >2 doses consecutively was considered non-compliance. The data was analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 11.5.Results
The mean age of the study population was 25.8 years (SD: 4.1). Most of the subjects consumed mixed diet and 72.1% belonged to lower socioeconomic status. Overall, compliance with IFA tablets was 64.7%. Compliance increased with the increase in age, birth order and single daily dose. Forgetfulness and both perceived as well as experienced side effects of IFA therapy were the important factors for non-compliance.Conclusion
There was a moderate level of compliance towards IFA tablets with key social and demographic factors playing an important role. 相似文献19.
P Mithra B Unnikrishnan T Rekha K Nithin K Mohan V Kulkarni R Holla D Agarwal 《African health sciences》2014,14(1):255-260
Background
Anaemia is highly prevalent among pregnant women and iron deficiency is the most important cause. Like many other countries, India has policies to give pregnant women iron supplements. Non-compliance is one important challenging factor in combating anaemia.Objective
To estimate the compliance for IFA tablets among pregnant women and to study the social factors influencing it.Methodology
This study included 190 pregnant women seeking ante-natal care in tertiary health Centres in the Mangalore city in South India. After Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) approval, data was collected by personal interview. Missing ≥2 doses consecutively was considered non-compliance. The data was analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 11.5.Results
The mean age of the study population was 25.8 years (SD: 4.1). Majority of the subjects consumed mixed diet and 72.1% belonged to lower socioeconomic status. Overall, compliance with IFA tablets was 64.7%. Compliance increased with the increase in age, birth order and single daily dose. Forgetfulness and both perceived as well as experienced side effects of IFA therapy were the important factors for non-compliance.Conclusion
There was a moderate level of Compliance towards IFA tablets with key social and demographic factors playing important role. 相似文献20.
Nansera D Bajunirwe F Kabakyenga J Asiimwe PK Mayanja-Kizza H 《African health sciences》2010,10(4):312-319