结节硬化症相关性癫痫治疗进展

结节硬化症(TSC)患者癫痫发生率非常高,多始于婴儿期。mTOR信号通路的过度活化及局灶性皮质发育不良是TSC相关性癫痫重要的发生机制。癫痫样异常脑电活动能够有效预测后续癫痫的发生。脑电图是记录癫痫样异常脑电活动的主要手段。预防性应用氨己烯酸能够有效抑制TSC相关性癫痫发作,保护神经功能。抗癫痫药物、mTOR抑制剂、癫痫手术、生酮饮食、迷走神经刺激术是目前TSC相关性癫痫常用的治疗方案。文章围绕TSC相关性癫痫治疗的最新研究进展作一综述。     

The natural history of cardiac rhabdomyoma with and without tuberous sclerosis

The aim of the present study is to contribute to the knowledge of the natural history of cardiac rhabdomyoma in children with and without tuberous sclerosis. In a retrospective study, 33 children with cardiac rhabdomyoma were collected from three pediatric cardiology centres. In 30/33 patients tuberous sclerosis was associated. High prevalence of cardiac rhabdomyoma was found in infancy, with 21/23 detected before the age of 1 year, and 11/33 before 1 month of age. Cardiac manifestations were present in 19 patients: cardiac rhythm disturbances were detected in 13; in 6/33 a Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was documented, of which 4 presented paroxysmal arrhythmias. Obstructive or regurgitative phenomena were present in 5; and in 2 patients surgical removal proved necessary. With the exception of one tumoural mass in the right atrium, all 77 tumours were located somewhere in the ventricles, including at atrioventricular valve level. Because of spontaneous regression of most of the tumoural masses, treatment should at first be symptomatic, while surgical removal is required only in life-threatening conditions, as documented in 2 of our 33 patients.     

Selective epilepsy surgery in tuberous sclerosis

Abstract A patient with tuberous sclerosis diagnosed at the age of 5 years developed an intractable seizure disorder characterized by complex partial seizures numbering 10-20/day. Interictal electroencephalograms (EEG) showed a right frontal epileptogenic focus. A computerized tomography scan demonstrated calcification in the right frontal region at two sites, periventricular calcification and multiple low density lesions. Neuropsychological assessment showed a verbal intelligence quotient (IQ) of 69 and a performance IQ of 88. Telemetry and video monitoring recorded 10 seizures during which the EEG showed flattening of ongoing sharp wave activity in the right frontal region. Electrocorticography further identified and localized epileptogenic tissue in the right frontal cortex and surgical removal of involved tissue and the adjacent two tubers was carried out. Twelve months after surgery the patient has had only two brief seizures.     

Two unusual tumours of the gastrointestinal tract in a patient with tuberous sclerosis

A 16 year old girl with an established diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis presented with a 1 year history of swelling of the left cheek. A 2 cm diameter tumour was excised which showed histological features of a solid variant of a minor salivary gland basal cell adenoma. One year later during laparotomy and excision of multiple renal angiomyolipomas, a 5 cm diameter subserosal tumour was found at the hepatic flexure of the colon. Examination of biopsy material revealed a leiomyoma. This case is presented to demonstrate two tumours that have not to the authors' knowledge been previously described in a young patient with tuberous sclerosis. Although the association may be coincidental, these tumours could represent two rare associations of tuberous sclerosis.     

Tachyarrhythmia, cardiac rhabdomyomata and fetal hydrops in a premature infant with tuberous sclerosis

An hydropic infant was delivered at 32 weeks gestation by emergency Caesarean section for acute polyhydramnios. A diagnosis of cardiac rhabdomyomata was made on echocardiography. The baby survived 10 days, during which time repeated episodes of supraventricular tachycardia occurred. She eventually died of cardiac failure following an episode of septicaemia, convulsions and aspiration pneumonia. Necropsy showed multiple cardiac rhabdomyomata and numerous cerebral germinal layer and periventricular white matter nodules. This case stresses the importance of clinical investigations and perinatal necropsy in non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) in determining the causes of clinical presentation and the underlying pathology.     

Pre-excitation syndrome secondary to cardiac rhabdomyomas in tuberous sclerosis

Rhabdomyomas are not uncommon in infants with tuberous sclerosis. We describe a neonate who presented with hydrops fetalis arising from a tachyarrhythmia during fetal life related to rhabdomyomas. After reversion of the arrhythmia, pre-excitation was noted on an interval electrocardiogram. Following regression of the tumours, the delta wave disappeared with no further arrhythmias noted.     

Cardiac tumour in a neonate with tuberous sclerosis: echocardiographic demonstration and magnetic resonance imaging

In a neonate with tuberous sclerosis, cardiac tumours were diagnosed by two-dimensional echocardiography and evaluated by electrocardiogram-gated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The tumour size, shape and mobility in the ventricular cavities were more precisely determined by two-dimensional echocardiography than electrocardiogramgated MRI, while the extent of tumour mass at the apex was more clearly delineated by MRI. As two-dimensional echocardiography provides real-time imaging of cardiac anatomy without sedation, it is useful for initial evaluation of cardiac masses in neonates with genetic predisposition to tuberous sclerosis.Abbreviation MRI magnetic resonance imaging     

结节性硬化症儿童智力障碍高危因素研究

目的探讨致结节性硬化症(TSC)智力障碍的临床高危因素。方法回顾分析2016年12月至2020年11月TSC专病队列6～16岁患儿的临床资料,采用韦氏智力测试量表评估智商(IQ),应用儿童青少年简易国际神经心理学访谈量表(MINI-KID)筛查、诊断TSC相关的神经精神障碍性疾病。采用多因素logistic回归寻找智力障碍高危因素。结果入组患儿共95例,85例(89.4%)检出TSC1/TSC2基因变异,其中TSC1基因变异27例,TSC2变异58例。67例(70.5%)合并智力障碍(IQ70);76例(80.0%)发生癫痫;79例(83.2%)共患神经精神障碍性疾病,共筛查出16种神经精神障碍性疾病。TSC相关神经精神障碍性疾病、癫痫、抗癫痫药物(≥2种)、较早的癫痫发病年龄(2岁)、较频繁的癫痫发作频率(每月发作1次以上)与智力障碍显著相关。结论智力障碍是TSC最常见和最主要的特征之一;神经精神障碍性疾病和癫痫是TSC患儿智力障碍的高危因素。     

Partial seizures in a newborn with tuberous sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis is characterized by the potential for hamartomatous growth in multiple organs. Common manifestations are hypomelanotic spots, facial angiofibromas, subependymal hamartomas, cortical tubers, cardiac rhabdomyomas, retinal hamartomas, and so on. Seizures and mental retardation are frequent. It is an autosomal dominant disease but there is a high percentage of spontaneous mutations. Neonatal diagnosis is exceptional. We report a case of a female term newborn who presented partial motor seizures at the third day of life. Physical examination revealed only a disturbance of cardiac rhythm. Echocardiography showed ventricular intramural rhabdomyomas. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed periventricular subependymal nodules and cortical tubers. A retinal hamartoma was found in the right eye. At the age of 1 month, hypomelanotic spots were evident on the back skin. The patient had infantile spasms, followed by poorly controlled partial complex seizures together with severe psychomotor retardation. Examination of both parents was normal. We discuss the uncommon diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis during the neonatal period, as well as the exceptional mode of presentation of our patient, with seizures in the early neonatal period, a phenomenon rarely reported in the literature.     

Utility of scalp-recorded ictal electroencephalograms in childhood epilepsy with complex partial seizures

BACKGROUND: The authors evaluated the usefulness of scalp-recorded ictal electroencephalograms (EEG) in diagnosing the epileptogenic area in epilepsy with complex partial seizures. METHODS: The authors analyzed the ictal EEG of 395 seizures in 43 patients with complex partial seizures. Based on EEG findings the patients were classified according to the degree of localization of their onset areas. The results were then compared with neuroimaging findings. RESULTS: Only 10 patients fell into the category 'discrete', meaning that all the onset areas (as measured by ictal EEG) were localized in the same lobe of the same hemisphere. Seven patients were categorized as 'lateralized', meaning that all the onset areas were clearly lateralized in the same hemisphere but without consistent localization. Eleven patients were classified as 'localized', meaning that the onset area were localized simultaneously in bilateral same lobes, or changed consistently from one lobe in one hemisphere to the same lobe in the opposite hemisphere. The onset area could not be defined in 15 patients and these were categorized as 'not defined'. No patient who underwent seven or more ictal recordings was categorized as discrete. However, when confined only to those patients in whom over 75% of the ictal recordings showed the same onset area, there was a high correlation between the epileptogenic lesions detected by ictal EEG and those detected by neuroimaging techniques. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study indicate that ictal EEG recordings are useful for determining the epileptogenic area in epilepsy with complex partial seizures, provided that more than 75% of the ictal recordings show the same ictal onset area.     

结节性硬化伴难治性癫痫19例mTORC1信号通路活性检测及治疗

目的 评估监测结节性硬化(TSC)伴难治性癫痫患者的mTORC1信号通路活性,以及雷帕霉素血药浓度对治疗效果的影响。方法 收集2019年5月至2020年10月就诊的19例TSC伴难治性癫痫患儿的临床资料,分析血细胞mTORC1信号通路活性,检测雷帕霉素血药浓度以评估治疗效果。结果 19例患儿,男11例、女8例,年龄8个月～13岁(中位年龄6岁),检测TSC基因,4例TSC1变异、12例TSC2变异;其中无义变异6例,移码变异4例,错义变异4例,剪切位点变异2例。19例患儿的mTORC1活性均高于正常对照。使用雷帕霉素治疗后,血药浓度3.0～10.7ng/mL,平均浓度为(6.87±2.01)ng/mL。用药后随访半年以上,12例患儿惊厥控制,7例患儿惊厥发作次数减少50%以上,血药浓度和惊厥控制无相关性。通过监测外周血中mTORC1活性调整用药剂量,发现惊厥控制患儿6例血药平均浓度在6.87ng/mL以下。结论 雷帕霉素血浓度变化波动大,单纯依靠血浓度变化调整剂量不能满足个体化精准用药方案,结合患儿mTORC1活性变化、用药后惊厥控制情况、药物不良反应调整用药剂量,对有效控制发病并避免...