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1.
Background
Although the sociomedical importance of epilepsies has been extensively investigated, data regarding social long-term outcome and quality of life of people with idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) are lacking.Objectives
Predictors for the psychosocial outcome and the quality of life in patients with IGE are identified and discussed.Materials and methods
The findings of existing studies on the social outcome in patients with various IGE syndromes are analyzed and discussed.Results
Patients with absence epilepsy or juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) are reported to have an unfavorable psychosocial outcome. While in JME a lower seizure frequency or remission of the epilepsy correlates with a favorable psychosocial outcome and a higher quality of life, remission of epilepsy is not predictive for a better social outcome among patients with absence epilepsy. Compared to other IGE syndromes, IGE with generalized, tonic–clonic seizures on awakening appears have a more favorable psychosocial outcome.Conclusion
Several predictors for the psychosocial outcome and the quality of life have been identified and may potentially increase the clinicians’ ability and confidence to recommend different treatment options to patients with IGE.2.
Christopher P. Salas-Wright Michael G. Vaughn Trenette Clark Goings 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2017,52(10):1325-1328
Purpose
To examine the prevalence of self-reported criminal and violent behavior, substance use disorders, and mental disorders among Mexican immigrants vis-à-vis the US born.Methods
Study findings are based on national data collected between 2012 and 2013. Binomial logistic regression was employed to examine the relationship between immigrant status and behavioral/psychiatric outcomes.Results
Mexican immigrants report substantially lower levels of criminal and violent behaviors, substance use disorders, and mental disorders compared to US-born individuals.Conclusion
While some immigrants from Mexico have serious behavioral and psychiatric problems, Mexican immigrants in general experience such problems at far lower rates than US-born individuals.3.
Jaspreet Johal Marios Loukas Christian Fisahn Jens R. Chapman Rod J. Oskouian R. Shane Tubbs 《Child's nervous system》2016,32(11):2105-2109
Purpose
The purpose of this paper was to comprehensively review hemivertebrae in regard to their classification, embryology, etiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and management of this developmental anomaly.Methods
This subject review of hemivertebrae was composed after conducting a thorough review of the available literature on this topic using PubMed and other standard search engines.Results
Hemivertebrae are incomplete vertebral column segments that can result in congenital scoliosis and be associated with a range of other structural anomalies. Presentations may differ and based on location and classification, treatments may vary.Conclusion
Hemivertebrae are structural anomalies of the vertebral column that can potentially disrupt the spine’s normal curvature. Their clinical impact depends on factors such as degree of segmentation and concurrence with other structural anomalies. It is hoped that this review will provide the clinician who treats patients with hemivertebrae a resource in better understanding this finding and its subsequent pathological effects.4.
Background
Few studies have examined potential disparities in access to transportation infrastructures, an important determinant of population health.Purpose
To examine individual- and area-level disparities in access to the road network, public transportation system, and a public bicycle share program in Montreal, Canada.Methods
Examining associations between sociodemographic variables and access to the road network, public transportation system, and a public bicycle share program, 6,495 adult respondents (mean age, 48.7 years; 59.0 % female) nested in 33 areas were included in a multilevel analysis.Results
Individuals with lower incomes lived significantly closer to public transportation and the bicycle share program. At the area level, the interaction between low-education and low-income neighborhoods showed that these areas were significantly closer to public transportation and the bicycle share program controlling for individual and urbanicity variables.Conclusions
More deprived areas of the Island of Montreal have better access to transportation infrastructure than less-deprived areas.5.
Waleed A. Azab Radovan M. Mijalcic Saleh Ben Nakhi Mohammad H. Mohammad 《Child's nervous system》2016,32(5):775-780
Background
Shunts are generally associated with a smaller post-treatment ventricular size in comparison to endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV).Methods
To determine whether such a difference in ventricular size has neurocognitive implications, we reviewed the current literature pertaining to the (1) neurocognitive sequelae of hydrocephalus, (2) neurocognitive outcome after ETV, (3) extent of reversal of neurocognitive changes associated with hydrocephalus after shunting, and (4) data on correlation between post-treatment ventricular volume and neurocognitive outcome after ETV.Results
Collectively, the results of the available studies should call into question the correlation between the residual postoperative ventricular volume and neurocognitive outcome.Conclusion
The available literature is so far in support of ETV as a valid and effective treatment modality in hydrocephalic patients. No sufficient evidence is available to justify resorting to shunting on the premise that it is associated with a better neurocognitive outcome.6.
Background
Most work testing links between emotional competencies and health has focused on self-reported and/or trait assessments. However, more objective assessments of skills and knowledge may also predict health relevant outcomes.Purpose
The current study investigated whether performance-based tests of emotional knowledge and expressive skill predicted symptoms of depression and anxiety, self-reported physical symptoms, perceived health, and a range of immunoregulatory molecules.Methods
Eighty females aged 18–35 completed self-report assessments before attending a testing session in which they provided blood samples and completed performance-based assessments of expressive skill and emotional knowledge.Results
Greater expressive skill predicted better self-reported outcomes, but links to immunoregulatory molecules were mixed. Expressive skill for contempt and anger predicted higher, whereas skill for happiness predicted lower, concentrations of immunoregulatory molecules.Conclusions
These data highlight the need to extend research beyond self-reported emotional competencies and suggest that performance-based skill and knowledge metrics may be associated with health relevant outcomes.7.
Hua Bai Sonja A. Wilhelm Stanis Andrew T. Kaczynski Gina M. Besenyi 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2013,45(1):39-48
Background
Parks are important resources for physical activity (PA), yet few studies have examined how perceptions of park characteristics relate to PA and health.Purpose
This study investigated associations between perceptions of neighborhood park quality and overall moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), park-based PA, and body mass index (BMI).Methods
Data were collected via questionnaire from 893 households in Kansas City, Missouri.Results
The newly developed neighborhood park quality scale demonstrated good test–retest and internal reliability. Residents’ perceptions of neighborhood park quality were related to PA and health outcomes. Perceiving parks as a benefit was positively related to overall MVPA and park-based PA and negatively related to BMI. Perceptions of well-used parks were positively related to BMI, while perceived cleanliness was negatively related to park-based PA.Conclusions
Better measuring and understanding how perceptions of local parks are associated with PA and health can improve appreciation of how parks facilitate active living.8.
Lara Hilton Susanne Hempel Brett A. Ewing Eric Apaydin Lea Xenakis Sydne Newberry Ben Colaiaco Alicia Ruelaz Maher Roberta M. Shanman Melony E. Sorbero Margaret A. Maglione 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2017,51(2):199-213
Background
Chronic pain patients increasingly seek treatment through mindfulness meditation.Purpose
This study aims to synthesize evidence on efficacy and safety of mindfulness meditation interventions for the treatment of chronic pain in adults.Method
We conducted a systematic review on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with meta-analyses using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random-effects models. Quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Outcomes included pain, depression, quality of life, and analgesic use.Results
Thirty-eight RCTs met inclusion criteria; seven reported on safety. We found low-quality evidence that mindfulness meditation is associated with a small decrease in pain compared with all types of controls in 30 RCTs. Statistically significant effects were also found for depression symptoms and quality of life.Conclusions
While mindfulness meditation improves pain and depression symptoms and quality of life, additional well-designed, rigorous, and large-scale RCTs are needed to decisively provide estimates of the efficacy of mindfulness meditation for chronic pain.9.
Background
The high heritability of adiposity combined with its shifting distribution over time suggests that genetic and environmental influences interact in the etiology of adiposity.Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine evidence that genetically determined differences in appetite underlie variation in susceptibility to obesogenic environments.Methods
Summary of a program of published research.Results
Recent behavioral and psychometric studies demonstrate that appetitive characteristics such as responsiveness to internal satiety signals and external food cues not only differentiate obese and normal-weight groups, but are quantitatively associated with weight. Twin analyses show that variation in these appetitive traits is highly heritable. Sensitivity to internal satiety cues is linked with the FTO gene and mediates the association between FTO and weight.Conclusions
These results indicate that sensitivity to internal and external appetitive signals are heritable phenotypes that increase the risk of overeating in “obesogenic” environments. A behavioral susceptibility model helps to explain how weight is both highly heritable and highly responsive to environmental characteristics.10.
Background
Diet-related environmental and policy interventions are being advocated at a population level because individual change is more likely to be facilitated and sustained if the environment within which choices are made supports healthful food options.Purpose
This study aims to review research that examines factors having an influence on food choices in social environments, physical environments, and macroenvironments.Methods
A snowball strategy was used to identify relevant peer-reviewed studies and reviews, with a focus on research completed in the US and published within the past 10 years.Results
Research has identified a number of environmental factors associated with dietary intake; however, the majority of completed studies have methodological limitations which limit their credibility to guide interventions and policy changes.Conclusions
Future research will need to emphasize multilevel investigations, examine how associations vary across population subgroups, develop a standard set of measures for assessing food environments and policies, and improve dietary assessment methodology.11.
Sven G. Bremberg 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2017,52(5):559-562
Purpose and methods
The aim of this study was to investigate, with multiple regression analyses, the effect of selected characteristics on the rate of decrease of suicide rates in 21 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) nations over the period 1990–2010, with initial levels of suicide rates taken into account.Results
The rate of decrease seems mainly (83%) to be determined by the initial suicide rates in 1990. In nations with relatively high initial rates, the rates decreased faster. The suicide rates also converged.Conclusion
The study indicates that beta convergence alone explained most of the cross-national variations.12.
Ming Wen Xingyou Zhang Carmen D. Harris James B. Holt Janet B. Croft 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2013,45(1):18-27
Background
Little national evidence is available on spatial disparities in distributions of parks and green spaces in the USA.Purpose
This study examines ecological associations of spatial access to parks and green spaces with percentages of black, Hispanic, and low-income residents across the urban–rural continuum in the conterminous USA.Methods
Census tract-level park and green space data were linked with data from the 2010 U.S. Census and 2006–2010 American Community Surveys. Linear mixed regression models were performed to examine these associations.Results
Poverty levels were negatively associated with distances to parks and percentages of green spaces in urban/suburban areas while positively associated in rural areas. Percentages of blacks and Hispanics were in general negatively linked to distances to parks and green space coverage along the urban–rural spectrum.Conclusions
Place-based race–ethnicity and poverty are important correlates of spatial access to parks and green spaces, but the associations vary across the urbanization levels.13.
14.
Background
“Bath salts” or synthetic cathinone toxicity remains a potentially deadly clinical condition. We report a delayed leukoencephalopathy with persistent minimally conscious state.Methods
Case report.Results
A 36-year-old man presents with delayed encephalopathy, dysautonomia, fulminant hepatic failure, and renal failure from severe rhabdomyolysis after consuming bath salts. MRI showed diffusion restriction in the splenium of the corpus callosum and subcortical white matter.Conclusions
The combination of acute leukoencephalopathy, rhabdomyolysis and fulminant hepatic failure may point to bath salt inhalation and should be known to neurointensivists.15.
Katherine B. Vaughan Andrew T. Kaczynski Sonja A. Wilhelm Stanis Gina M. Besenyi Ryan Bergstrom Katie M. Heinrich 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2013,45(1):28-38
Background
Parks are key community assets for physical activity, but some evidence suggests these resources are not equitably distributed.Purpose
This study examined disparities by income and race/ethnicity in the availability, features, and quality of parks across Kansas City, Missouri.Methods
All parks and census tracts (CTs) were mapped using geographical information systems, and park features and quality were determined via audits. Multivariate analyses of covariance analyzed differences in park availability, features, and quality across low-, medium-, and high-income and race/ethnicity CT tertiles.Results
Low-income CTs contained significantly more parks, but also had fewer parks with playgrounds and more quality concerns per park. High minority CTs had more parks with basketball courts, but fewer parks with trails. Medium-income CTs contained more aesthetic features per park.Conclusions
Future research should examine policies that contribute to and that might rectify disparities in park features and quality, especially in low-income and high minority areas.16.
District and School Physical Education Policies: Implications for Physical Education and Recess Time
Monica A. F. Lounsbery Thomas L. McKenzie James R. MorrowJr. Shannon M. Monnat Kathryn A. Holt 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2013,45(1):131-141
Background
The relationship between physical education (PE) policies and children’s PE and recess time is not well understood.Purpose
The purpose of this study is to assess the association of district and school PE policies, the PE environment, and PE and recess time.Methods
Key informants in 65 schools from 9 states completed instruments assessing district and school PE policies, the school PE environment, and time in PE and recess.Results
Few significant associations were found between PE policies and PE or recess minutes; no policies were associated with both. A number of PE environmental variables were associated with both policies and time in PE and recess.Conclusions
PE policies, their implementation, and PE environmental variables can have important implications for recess time. Some school PE environment measures designed to improve PE may result in PE time limitations. Deficiencies in PE and recess time are not likely to be effectively addressed through policy adoption alone.17.
Loic Sigwalt Emeline Bourgeois Ahmad Eid Chantal Durand Jacques Griffet Aurélien Courvoisier 《Child's nervous system》2016,32(5):873-876
Purpose
Giant cell tumors (GCT) are benign primary bone tumors, locally aggressive, affecting in long bones in young adults during the third decade. It is rare to experience this lesion in skeletally immature patients. GCT are related to a risk of local recurrence and malignant transformation.Method
We report a rare case of a giant cell tumor of the thoracic spine in a skeletally immature girl presenting with a painful right scoliosis.Results
MRI, CT scan, and bone scintigraphy were discordant and the percutaneous biopsy non-contributive.Conclusion
A marginal “en bloc” resection was performed and revealed the GCT. Based on a literature review, the diagnosis and the surgical management of this case are discussed.18.
19.
Eloise Crush Louise Arseneault Helen L. Fisher 《Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology》2018,53(12):1413-1417
Purpose
To investigate whether social support is protective for psychotic experiences similarly among poly-victimised adolescent girls and boys.Methods
We utilised data from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally-representative sample of 2232 UK-born twins. Participants were privately interviewed at age 18 about victimisation, psychotic experiences, and social support during adolescence.Results
Perceived social support (overall and from friends) was found to be protective against psychotic experiences amongst poly-victimised adolescent girls, but not boys. Though boys were similarly protected by family support.Conclusions
Social support-focused interventions targeting psychotic phenomena amongst poly-victimised adolescents may be more effective for girls.20.
Cheryl M. Kelly Jeffrey S. Wilson Elizabeth A. Baker Douglas K. Miller Mario Schootman 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2013,45(1):108-112