Intramasseteric hemangioma: therapeutic problems

Intramuscular localization of hemangioma is rare, especially the intramasseteric one. With regard to three recent cases, the authors review the literature and discuss different treatments available: sclerosing agents, compression, surgery or embolization. New trends favor a modern combined approach: embolization associated with surgery.     

婴幼儿腮腺血管瘤的手术治疗

目的 :探讨治疗婴幼儿腮腺血管瘤的有效方法。方法 :19例婴幼儿腮腺血管瘤 ,行腮腺浅叶切除 15例 ,全腮腺切除 3例 ,腮腺浅叶切除加深叶瘤体缝扎术 1例。 6例皮肤受累均同期切除 ,3例拉拢缝合 ,3例缺损较大 ,行颈项皮瓣转移修复 ,术中采用“假包膜”外剥离法及顺行解剖面神经主干法。结果 :3例出现轻度面瘫 ,均在 3～ 6个月内恢复。术中仅 1例输血 2 0 0ml。所有病例随访 1年以上 ,无肿瘤复发。结论 :外科手术中采用“假包膜”外剥离法 ,顺行面神经解剖及受累皮肤切除后缺损行颈项皮瓣转移修复等治疗 ,是根治婴幼儿腮腺血管瘤的有效方法     

Intramuscular hemangioma of masseter muscle with prominent formation of phleboliths: a case report

A 14-year-old girl was referred for evaluation and management of progressive, painful swelling of the right cheek. Swelling had been present since 3-year old and had gradually increased in size. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a well-circumscribed, brighter mass in the right masseter muscle with numerous rounded areas of signal hypointensity. Preoperative diagnosis was intramuscular hemangioma of the masseter muscle and surgery was performed. The tumor was completely removed except for a few, small phleboliths. Pathological examination of resected tissue led to a high suspicion of cavernous hemangioma with phlebolithiasis. Nine months postoperatively, the patient developed another painful mass in the right masseter muscle. MRI indicated recurrent hemangioma and further surgery was performed. Careful exploration resulted in completely removal of residual phleboliths accompanied with fibroadipose tissue. Part of the buccal branch of the facial nerve was excised to achieve complete resection of the lesion. Histological examination revealed distinct venous formation in phleboliths adjacent to fibroadipose tissue, demonstrating that both phleboliths and feeding vessels had been left by the previous operation. The present report reviews the literature on intramuscular hemangiomas of the masseter muscle, and discusses diagnostic methods and optimal surgical treatment.     

Cavernous hemangioma of the internal auditory canal arising from the inferior vestibular nerve: case report and review of the literature

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of cavernous hemangioma arising from the inferior vestibular nerve, limited to the internal auditory canal. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case review and review of literature. SETTING: A tertiary referral clinic. INTERVENTIONS: Extended middle cranial fossa surgery. RESULTS: The hemangioma was completely resected through the extended middle cranial fossa approach. No serious complications occurred, and the hearing and the facial nerve function were preserved. CONCLUSIONS: Originating from the capillary plexus surrounding Scarpa's ganglion, this hemangioma has to be differentiated from intratemporal hemangioma at the geniculate ganglion. Because of extrinsic growth pattern, the potential for preservation of the facial nerve function is high if surgery is performed early. Complete resection through the extended middle fossa approach is the treatment of choice for cavernous hemangioma with limited extension into the cerebellopontine angle. It remains difficult to distinguish preoperatively from the more common tumors, and surgery is usually planned on assumption of vestibular schwannoma.     

Three-dimensional virtual operations can facilitate complicated surgical planning for the treatment of patients with jaw deformities associated with facial asymmetry:a case report

This article describes a case we experienced in which good postsurgical facial profiles were obtained for a patient with jaw deformities associated with facial asymmetry,by implementing surgical planning with SimPlant OMS.Using this method,we conducted LF1 osteotomy,intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy(IVRO),sagittal split ramus osteotomy(SSRO),mandibular constriction and mandibular border genioplasty.Not only did we obtain a class I occlusal relationship,but the complicated surgery also improved the asymmetry of the frontal view,as well as of the profile view,of the patient.The virtual operation using three-dimensional computed tomography(3D-CT)could be especially useful for the treatment of patients with jaw deformities associated with facial asymmetry.     

Facial palsy following fine needle aspiration biopsy of parotid hemangioma: a case report and review of the literature.

We present here a case of cavernous hemangioma of the parotid which presented as an acute emergency with sudden pain, trismus and swelling. The patient subsequently developed a complete lower motor neuron facial palsy a few hours after a fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed. Total parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve relieved the patient of all his symptoms with complete recovery of facial function in six weeks.     

Facial nerve hemangioma: A rare case involving the vertical segment

This case report and literature review reports on a rare case of facial nerve hemangioma (FNH) involving the vertical facial nerve (FN) segment, and discusses the clinical presentation, imaging, pathogenesis, and management of these rare lesions. A 53‐year‐old male presented with a 10‐year history of right hemifacial twitching and progressive facial paresis (House‐Brackmann grading score V/VI). The computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies confirmed an expansile lesion along the vertical FN segment. Excision and histopathologic examination demonstrated FNH. FNHs involving the vertical FN segment are extremely rare. Despite being rare lesions, we believe that familiarity with the presentation and management of FNHs are imperative. Laryngoscope, 2012     

鼻内窥镜下射频热凝治疗鼻腔血管瘤

目的：探讨鼻内窥镜下射频热凝治疗鼻腔血管瘤的优越性。方法：将鼻内窥镜与射频联合应用治疗鼻腕血管瘤患者１５例。结果：１５例均一次成功摘除血管瘤,术中出血少,无并发症发生,随访０．５￣４年无复发。结论：鼻内窥镜下射频热凝治疗鼻腔血管瘤,具有视野清晰、出血少、手术安全彻底、患者痛苦少及不遗留面部瘢痕等优点。     

Large intraosseous hemangioma of the temporal bone in a child

Hemangiomas of the temporal bone are extremely uncommon tumors, predominantly arising in the area of the geniculate ganglion and the internal auditory canal and affecting mainly middle-aged adults. We present a 6-year-old boy who had suffered from recurrent infections of the left ear associated with a slight conductive hearing loss, but without facial nerve dysfunction. Using high-resolution computed tomography and gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, we detected an unusually large 32 x 32 x 24-mm mass of the left temporal bone occupying the entire mastoid. Histopathologically, a capillary hemangioma was diagnosed. The tumor was removed surgically by a transmastoid approach. We present a thorough review of the literature, focusing on the clinical and radiologic features, as well as the pathogenesis of intratemporal vascular lesions.     

Quantification of facial motion for objective evaluation using a high-speed three-dimensional face measurement system--a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate asymmetry in normal and pathological facial functions using an established computer generated objective evaluation technique. METHODS: Analysis was performed on three-dimensional (3-D) data captured using a specially designed 3-D face shape measurement system. Six healthy volunteers and six patients with Bell's palsy were analyzed for forced eye closure and grinning actions. The asymmetry was computed at locations that had the greatest effect in each action on both the left and right sides of the face, in reference to a relaxed condition. The patients' data were captured and analyzed repeatedly for a period of three days for an average interval of four weeks, and the results were compared with the Yanagihara scale. RESULTS: The control set of a normal sample exhibited a low standard deviation and a high correlation coefficient in both facial actions, and this contributed to a robust evaluation. The patients showed a higher standard deviation than the healthy subjects because of the larger degree of scatter of the data points in their respective data distributions. During the three clinical examinations, our proposed quantification method produced a continuous grading scheme, as opposed to the discrete scheme of the House-Brackmann grading. CONCLUSION: Our proposed system shows advantages over the existing methods in that it does not rely on reference points nor does it use markers to analyze facial deformation. In addition, our estimations are very robust and accurate because our approach directly evaluates 3-D spatial variations in normal and pathological facial functions.     

内听道海绵状血管瘤的临床资料分析

摘要：目的探讨内听道海绵状血管瘤的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2006年1月~2013年12月6例内听道海绵状血管瘤患者的临床资料,对患者的临床表现、影像学表现、手术方法及效果进行分析。6例患者均进行了CT与MRI检查,其中5例患者伴有面神经功能障碍,对此5例患者进行了手术治疗,对1例面神经功能正常的患者采取严密随访策略。结果6例患者术前均出现了听力下降与耳鸣,其中5例手术患者病理确诊为内听道海绵状血管瘤。手术径路包括4例迷路径路与1例颅中窝径路,术中发现肿瘤与面神经和（或）前庭蜗神经粘连,难以分离,其中3例由于肿瘤无法与面神经分离行面神经切除重建术,2例患者面神经解剖保留。术后5例患者患侧听力均丧失,术后1年行MRI复查肿瘤无残留,面神经功能均有不同程度提高。随访患者行MRI检查示肿瘤未生长。结论内听道海绵状血管瘤术前可以根据临床表现与特征性影像学表现作出诊断;相较于内听道其他常见肿瘤,海绵状血管瘤更易侵犯神经,因此手术时机的选择应更加积极;迷路径路相较于乙状窦后径路或颅中窝径路在处理内听道海绵状血管瘤上有优势,比较容易进行面神经定位与重建。     

Perineural invasion of the facial nerve by a cutaneous squamous cell cancer: a case report

We report a case of perineural invasion of the facial nerve by a cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in a 59-year-old man who presented with a slowly progressive facial paralysis. We performed a distal facial nerve dissection and a simple mastoidectomy with facial recess exposure for resection to negative margins. We also performed a simultaneous facial reconstruction and reanimation procedure with excellent results. External-beam radiation completed the treatment regimen. In addition to describing this case, we review current concepts in diagnosis and therapy, as well as the historical background of malignant perineural invasion of the cranial nerves.     

Ectopic parotid gland in the mandible and masseter muscle

An unusual case of double salivary ectopy of parotid gland is described into the masseter muscle and the mandibular ramus in a 45 year-old patient. He first was seen for a slow course tumefaction of the cheek. Imaging demonstrated the intramasseteric localization of the tumefaction and revealed a bone defect in the upper medial part of the mandibular ramus. The intramasseteric salivary ectopy has been confirmed by histologic examination.     

Facial nerve hemangioma of the geniculate ganglion: An endoscopic surgical approach

Facial nerve hemangiomas are rare benign tumors arising from the venous plexus surrounding the facial nerve. Surgical management of these tumors is controversial. The goal of surgery is complete tumor removal with restoration of facial nerve function and preservation of hearing, wherever possible. The approaches most used are the translabyrinthine and middle cranial fossa approaches. In this report, we describe the first facial hemangioma treated with an endoscopic transcanal approach, combined with a retroauricular transmastoid minicraniotomy for closure of the dural defect. A great auricular nerve graft was used to reconnect interrupted nerve segments. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a hemangioma of the first genu of the facial nerve. With magnification of the structures, the transcanal endoscopic approach allowed a radical excision of the neoplasm permitting hearing function preservation, with the possibility to work with a minimally invasive approach with respect to the labyrinthine block and cochlea. Compared to a middle cranial fossa approach, the transcanal endoscopic approach avoided labyrinthine block removal and brain retraction.     

Malar augmentation: a 5-year retrospective review of the silastic midfacial malar implant.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness and safety of the Silastic midfacial malar implant and to review indications, patient selection, technique, and complications of malar augmentation. DESIGN: Five-year retrospective review of clinical cases with at least 2-year follow-up. PATIENTS: A cohort of 60 consecutive private patients with complaints of malar hypoplasia or facial asymmetry. SETTING: A plastic surgery clinic. INTERVENTION: Silastic midfacial malar implants were fitted in each patient. Most underwent implantation via the canine fossa approach and in conjunction with another facial plastic procedure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjective patient satisfaction, photographic grading using a visual analog scale, and complications. RESULTS: Of the 60 patients, 51 (85.0%) reported an excellent result after at least a 2-year follow-up. Ten patients (16.7%) had some form of undesirable sequelae; however, only 4 (3.4%) of 118 implants had to be revised. Photographically, all 60 patients graded postoperative improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the contention that the Silastic midfacial malar implant is a safe and effective alloplastic alternative to treat malar hypoplasia and facial asymmetry. The complication and revision rates are acceptable. Relative technical ease of insertion makes malar augmentation an excellent adjunct for rhytidectomy and rhinoplasty.     

Isolated hemifacial hypertrophy: a case with upper airway obstruction and sensorineural hearing loss

Hemifacial hypertrophy is an uncommon developmental disorder characterized by facial asymmetry that involves abnormal bone development and facial enlargement. Many cases of hemihypertrophy have been reported since the first case was reported by Wagner in 1839. We identified a child diagnosed with hemifacial hypertrophy and sensorineural hearing loss who presented with upper airway obstruction and cyanosis. We discuss treatment selection and review the associated head and neck symptoms.     

外耳血管瘤8例报告

目的：搪塞外耳血管瘤的诊治方法,提高其诊治水平,方法：对８便外耳血管瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。８例均为单侧血管瘤,５例于术前行数字减影血管造影术（ＤＳＡ）,其中３例同时行栓塞术。７例行血管瘤切除术,１例未手术。结果：随访１￣５年５例治愈,２例控制,１例未手术者仍带瘤生存,结论：手术是治疗成人血管畸形血管瘤有铲的措施,而 行ＤＳＡ并给予栓塞术 术中行供血动脉动结扎是控制术中出血和取得手术成功的     

Facial translocation approach to infratemporal fossa and cranial base in extensive angiofibroma: A review of 7 cases

Angiofibroma extending to infratemporal fossa, orbit and middle cranial fossa is a difficult problem for a surgeon to tackle. Traditional extracranial excision with radiotherapy for the intracranial extension was practiced for a long time with variable results. Different approaches to remove such a tumour are described but most of them are not free from resultant morbidity in the form of facial asymmetry and incomplete tumour removal. Facial translocation approach facilitates complete tumour removal without cutting through the tumour thereby reducing per-operative blood loss. It also avoids facial asymmetry as the zygomatico-orbito-maxillary bony complex is replaced after the tumour removal. We present a review of seven cases with the results. The surgical steps, advantages, disadvantages and the complications are discussed.     

A case report of facial nerve hemangioma

Facial nerve hemangioma is a rare benign tumor that originates from the venous plexus surrounding the facial nerve. A case of facial nerve hemangioma in the geniculate ganglion was reported.

A 47-year-old man was referred with a left progressive facial palsy over 1 year. There were no complaints of associated hearing loss, tinnitus, headache, dizziness or otalgia. He had a left-side grade VI (House and Brackmann) facial palsy. Audiometry revealed normal hearing thresholds in conversation area bilaterally. CT imaging demonstrated a tumor at the left first genu of the facial nerve with expansion to the cochlea wall and middle skull base. MRI imaging demonstrated a centrally enhancing lesion measuring 5 mm × 10 mm in the geniculate ganglion. The tumor was totally removed by the middle cranial fossa approach. At the time of surgery the facial nerve was destroyed by the tumor in the geniculate ganglion. Histopathological examination diagnosed a hemangioma.     

An intraosseous hemangioma in the perpendicular lamina of the ethmoid bone

The incidence of intraosseous hemangiomas is very low. Most of them occur in adult females. The mandible,the zygoma,the maxilla, and the frontal and nasal bones are the areas of most frequent localization in the facial region.The intraosseous hemangioma is a benign, slowly growing,bony hard tumor causing facial deformity.It is diagnosed histologically. We report a case of an 18-year-old male with an intraosseous cavernous hemangioma located in the perpendicular lamina of the ethmoid bone. Intraosseous hemangioma often has characteristic signs on a CT scan, with either coarsened trabeculae lying adjacent to the vascular channels or multifocal lytic areas creating a honeycomb pattern.Because of the age of the patient we considered a midline granuloma and a chondrosarcoma. The therapy of choice is surgical excision; radiation is done in exceptional cases only.