腺苷对营养性大鼠肥胖及肠系膜微循环的影响

目的:探讨腺苷对营养性大鼠肥胖及肠系膜微循环的影响。方法:大鼠分为普通饲料喂养组(A组),高能饲料喂养肥胖模型组(B组),CPA+高能饲料喂养模型组(C组)。检测大鼠体重、小肠肠系膜微循环的血管口径、流速和流态,计算Lee’s指数。结果:⑴B组大鼠体重增长率大于A组(P<0.01),C组大鼠体重增加小于B组(P<0.01),但明显高于A组(P<0.05);⑵B组Lee’s指数大于A组(P<0.05),而C组小于B组(P<0.05);(3)大鼠小肠肠系膜微循环变化:B组微血管口径大于A组(P<0.05),C组微血管口径明显小于B组(P<0.05),A组和C组血流速度均快于B组(P<0.01)。结论:腺苷可干预大鼠肥胖发生,可能与腺苷改善微循环有关。     

营养性肥胖大鼠肠系膜微循环变化

目的探讨高能饲料喂养肥胖大鼠体质量变化和对肠系膜微循环的影响。方法Wistar大鼠30只分为普通饲料喂养组 ,高能饲料喂养组 ,分别观测体质量及肠系膜微循环的变化。结果实验性肥胖大鼠组与普通饲料喂养组相比1.平均体质量增加率由22.57±0.55升高至40 .09±0.21(P<0.01)。2.大鼠肠系膜毛细血管管径由(4.28±0.69)μm增大为(7.93±0.90)μm(P<0.05),;血流速度从(381.73±88.88)μm/s降至(270.92±49.73)μm/s(P<0.01) ,并且毛细血管的血流流态由线流改变为粒线流。结论营养性肥胖可导致大鼠小肠肠系膜微循环障碍。     

复方茯苓制剂对营养性肥胖大鼠体重、血糖、血脂及小肠肠系膜微循环的影响

目的：观察复方茯苓制剂(CPP)对肥胖大鼠体重、血流动力学、血糖、血脂、小肠肠系膜微循环的影响,探讨防治肥胖症的新途径。 方法： Wistar大鼠45只分为普通饲料喂养组（A组）、高能饲料喂养组（B组）、高能量饲料喂养+复方茯苓制剂组（C组），分别观测体重、血压、右心房压、血糖、血脂及肠系膜微循环的变化。 结果： B组用CPP治疗后平均体重由(313.00±17.29)g降至(217.50±17.50)g（P＜0.01);体动脉平均血压由(173.88±2.97)mmHg降至(101.73±3.35)mmHg（P<0.01）,右房平均压从（13.58±3.59）mmHg下降为（11.32±0.68）mmHg(P<0.05);大鼠肠系膜毛细血管管径由（7.93±0.90）μm降为（3.93±0.90）μm(P<0.05)；血流速度从（270.92±49.73）μm/s增至（410.13±76.54）μm/s（P<0.01）；血浆极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL）由（3.18±0.01）mmol/L增加至（4.55±0.01）mmol/L;总胆固醇（T-Chol）从（7.87±0.01）mmol/L降至（5.56±0.01）mmol/L（P<0.05），血糖由（12.87±0.04）mmol/L下降至（8.97±0.07）mmol/L(P<0.05)。上述指标参数与普通饲料喂养组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。 结论： 复方茯苓制剂能使肥胖大鼠减肥及改善小肠肠系膜微循环。     

不同浓度腺苷对肥胖症大鼠离体空肠平滑肌活动及肠系膜微循环的影响

目的:探讨腺苷对肥胖症大鼠离体空肠平滑肌活动及肠系膜微循环的影响。方法:实验分为普通饲料喂养大鼠组(A组)和高能量饲料喂养肥胖大鼠模型组(B组)。检测腺苷干预时肥胖症大鼠脂肪/体重比(L/W)?血清甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)水平?空肠平滑肌活动幅度(-dT)?主动张力最大舒张速率(-dT/dt-max)、Lee′s指数以及肠系膜微循环指标的变化。结果:(1)B组大鼠体重?L/W?Lee′s指数?TG、TC及腺苷浓度在200μmol/L时-dT/dtmax均高于A组(P<0.05～0.01)。(2)B组大鼠空肠平滑肌-dT低于A组(P<0.05)。(3)B组大鼠腺苷干预前微血管口径大于A组(P<0.05);血流速度小于A组(P<0.01),腺苷干预(浓度200μmol/L)后血流速度明显大于腺苷干预前(P<0.01),血液流态改善为线流。结论:腺苷可明显改善肥胖症大鼠空肠平滑肌活动和肠系膜微循环。     

缺血后处理对小肠缺血-再灌注损伤大鼠肠系膜微循环的影响

目的:观察缺血后处理对小肠缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠肠系膜微循环变化的影响。方法:64只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术(Sham)组、缺血/再灌注(I/R)组、缺血后处理(I-postC)组及缺血预处理(IPC)组,分别于再灌注2h、12h观测肠系膜微循环、肠壁血流量和血流动力学的变化,并按Hackel氏分度法判定肠道出血损伤情况。结果:与Sham组比较,I/R组平均动脉压、±dp/dtmax明显降低(P<0.05),小肠明显水肿、出血,Hackel氏分度显著升高(P<0.01);I-postC组与IPC组动脉压和±dp/dtmax明显高于I/R组(P<0.05),上述小肠病理变化明显减轻(P<0.05);I-postC明显减轻I/R所致的细动静脉收缩(P<0.05)、血流速度减慢(P<0.05)和微血管内白细胞贴壁滚动、粘附;肠缺血再灌注2h时,I-postC组肠壁血流量降低程度较I/R组减轻(P<0.05),与IPC的保护效果接近。结论:I-postC通过改善微循环减轻小肠I/R损伤。     

几种血管活性药物对失血性休克大鼠肠系膜微循环的影响

目的:比较几种血管活性药物对失血性休克大鼠肠系膜微循环的影响。方法:选取SD大鼠,随机分为正常对照组(A组),失血性休克模型组(B组),生理盐水处理组(C组),多巴胺处理组(D组),去甲肾上腺素处理组(E组),山莨菪碱处理组(F组)。实验采用动脉放血至动脉血压为60mmHg左右,同时观察肠系膜微循环状态改变来复制失血性休克大鼠模型;各组行相应药物处理后,分别测量动脉血压和检测肠系膜微循环相关指标,并进行比较分析。结果:B组大鼠动脉血压、肠系膜微血管出/入口管径、血流速度明显低于A组(P<0.05或P<0.01),血液流态由线流改变为粒流。与B组比较,几种血管活性药物(D、E、F组)对失血性休克大鼠动脉血压均有显著升高作用,依次为去甲肾上腺素>多巴胺>山莨菪碱(P<0.05或P<0.01),多巴胺对微血管出/入口管径恢复明显(P<0.01),山莨菪碱和多巴胺对肠系膜血流速度有明显改善(P<0.01或P<0.05),山莨菪碱还能使肠系膜血流流态恢复为线流。结论:实验性治疗失血性休克需适度补充血容量,同时选用山莨菪碱改善肠系膜微循环,有利于休克复苏。     

电针不同穴位对肠易激综合征模型大鼠内脏敏感性及肠系膜微循环的影响

目的:观察电针天枢、足三里穴对肠易激综合征(IBS)模型大鼠内脏敏感性及肠微循环的影响。探讨针刺治疗IBS的部分机制。方法:将Wistar幼鼠分为正常组、模型组、天枢组、足三里组,每组6只。天枢组和足三里组从实验第6周开始电针介入,隔日1次,共7次。模型组只束缚不针刺,正常组不作任何处理。治疗结束第二天采用XW-B-3冷光源微循环显微仪观察各组大鼠肠系膜微循环不同时点管径和血流速度的变化。结果:(1)内脏敏感性评估:与正常组比较,模型组大鼠腹部抬起、背部拱起值明显降低(P<0.01),与模型组比较,电针天枢、足三里组大鼠腹部抬起、背部拱起值明显升高(P<0.01)。(2)肠系膜微循环检测:①血管直径:与正常组比较,模型组大鼠肠系膜微血管明显收缩(P<0.05);与模型组比较,电针天枢组、足三里组大鼠肠系膜微血管明显扩张(P<0.05或P<0.01);②血流状态:与正常组比较,模型组大鼠肠系膜微循环血流速度明显减慢或停止(P<0.01)。结论:针刺天枢、足三里可明显提高IBS大鼠内脏敏感性阈值,降低IBS大鼠内脏敏感性;明显改善肠系膜微循环血流状态和血管痉挛,从而缓解肠黏膜缺血、缺氧,缓解腹部疼痛。     

体外反搏对高胆固醇血症猪动脉粥样硬化病理形态及核因子κB表达的影响

目的探讨使用增强型体外反搏器(EECP)提高血流剪切应力对高胆固醇血症实验猪血管病理形态、血管内皮形态与功能及核因子κB(NFκB)表达的影响。方法健康雄性家猪随机分为普通饲料组、高脂对照组、高脂反搏组。后两组同量持续高胆固醇饲料喂养建立高胆固醇血症及早期动脉粥样硬化动物模型。高脂反搏组在高胆固醇喂养2个月后进行体外反搏。15周后取出冠状动脉、胸主动脉和腹主动脉行病理形态学观察和NFκB免疫荧光激光共聚焦扫描。结果高脂对照组及高脂反搏组血脂水平较普通饲料组显著升高(P<0.01),而高脂对照组与高脂反搏组之间血脂水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。主动脉大体苏丹Ⅲ染色示高胆固醇血症猪斑块形成较普通饲料组增多;而高脂反搏组斑块/内膜面积比[(3.33±2.40)%]显著少于高脂对照组[(12.03±7.12)%](P<0.05)。扫描电镜示高脂对照组内皮细胞排列紊乱,大量破坏脱落,有较多血小板黏附;高脂反搏组内皮细胞较完整,沿血流方向梭形排列,血小板黏附较少。透射电镜示高脂对照组内皮细胞变性凋亡脱落显著,内皮下大量泡沫细胞积聚,平滑肌细胞呈合成型改变,大量增生并向内膜移行;而高脂反搏组上述改变明显减轻。冠状动脉HE染色及弹力纤维染色示高脂对照组弹力纤维紊乱断裂,内膜较普通饲料组增厚[(24.36±9.72)μm比(9.97±4.02)μm,P<0.05];而高脂反搏组的内膜增厚比高脂对照组明显减少[(11.87±5.95)μm比(24.36±9.72)μm;P<0.05]。免疫荧光激光共聚焦扫描示高胆固醇血症猪冠脉内皮细胞及平滑肌细胞的细胞核NFκB荧光强度较普通饲料组增高,但高脂反搏组荧光强度较高脂对照组减少(P<0.05)。结论通过体外反搏提高血流剪切应力可改善血管内皮细胞形态与功能,减轻内膜增生和血管重塑,从而抑制高胆固醇血症猪早期动脉粥样硬化的形成和进展。其机制可能与下调NFκB的活性表达有关。     

辅酶Q10改善大鼠微循环障碍的实验研究

目的研究辅酶 Q10改善大鼠微循环障碍的作用.方法 SD大鼠 12只,实验组、对照组各 6只.用 10%高分子右旋糖酐( MW>20万)复制大鼠微循环障碍模型( 2～ 3 ml/ 100 g B. W-1· d-1),经口灌服 CoQ 10,剂量 1 mg· 100 g B. W-1· d-1,对照组用等量盐水代替. 3 d后作肠系膜微循环活体观察.用活体微循环显微电视电脑系统观察测量微动脉、微静脉口径、 RBC流速、 RBC聚集、白细胞黏附,并测血浆乳酸含量与乳酸脱氢酶( LDH)活力.结果经口灌服 CoQ 10 3 d后心率明显降低 [实验组 (326± 19)次 /min,对照组 (411± 35)次 /min, P<0. 05], 毛细血管红细胞流速明显加快 [(442± 102)μ m/s与 (210± 80)μ m/s, P<0.05],红细胞聚集积分明显减少( 1. 60± 0. 2与 2. 8± 0. 3, P<0.05).白细胞黏附数降低 [( 10. 2± 4.0)个 /min与 (18. 6± 4. 8)个 /min, P<0.05].与此同时血浆乳酸含量 [( 2. 02± 0.15)mmol/L与 (10. 57± 0.17)mmol/L]和 LDH[(1431. 55± 376. 87)μ /L与 (4641.67± 193. 42)μ /L]均有非常显著降低.结论 CoQ 10具有治疗微循环障碍,改善细胞缺氧,减轻细胞损伤的作用.     

急性肺泡缺氧对大鼠活体肺微循环的影响

本实验采用胸壁开窗术及显微录像电视系统,活体内观察了Wistar大鼠(n=60)在急性肺泡缺氧时(FiO_2=0.1,3 min)肺表面微循环的变化。结果如下:急性肺泡缺氧时,(1).肺细动脉内径(ID)明显缩小,A_1组(ID≥60μm)平均减少18.00%,A_2组(40～59μm)减少15.10%,A_3组(20～39μm)减少0.59%(与缺氧前比较P<0.001),肺细静脉内径(20～100μm)缩小12.43%(P<0.001),提示这两类肺微血管都有收缩,但细静脉收缩程度轻于细动脉;(2).细动脉(平均ID为55μm)内平均血流速度由0.27±0.02cm/s减慢至0.18±0.01cm/s,平均血流量由0.04±0.005ml/min减少至0.02±0.002ml/min(P<0.001);(3).肺动脉平均压由2.84±0.06kPa上升到3.33±0.07kPa(P<0.001)。本实验结果提示,肺泡缺氧既引起肺细动脉收缩,也诱发肺细静脉的收缩反应,二者都参与缺氧性肺动脉高压的形成。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.