Batch and fixed bed adsorption of levofloxacin on granular activated carbon from date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) stones by KOH chemical activation

Granular activated carbon (KAC) was prepared from abundant Phoenix dactylifera L. stones by microwave- assisted KOH activation. The characteristics of KAC were tested by pore analyses, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The adsorption behavior of levofloxacin (LEV) antibiotic on KAC with surface area of 817 m²/g and pore volume of 0.638 cm³/g were analyzed using batch and fixed bed systems. The equilibrium data collected by batch experiments were well fitted with Langmuir compared to Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. The effect of flow rate (0.5–1.5 ml/min), bed height (15–25 cm), and initial LEV concentration (75–225 mg/l) on the behavior of breakthrough curves was explained. The fixed bed analysis showed the better correlation of breakthrough data by both Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models. High LEV adsorption capacity of 100.3 mg/g was reported on KAC, thus being an efficient adsorbent for antibiotic pollutants to protect ecological systems.     

Adsorptive removal of Bisphenol A by biomass activated carbon and insights into the adsorption mechanism through density functional theory calculations

Activated carbon was synthesized from Tithonia diversifolia biomass using potassium hydroxide as the chemical activating reagent. Taguchi's experimental design approach was applied to determine the best preparation conditions. An optimum 2:1 impregnation ratio and 700 °C activation temperature produced the best carbon with a high 854.44 m²g^-1 surface area, 0.445 cm³g^-1 total pore volume and 18.3% yield. From the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the impregnation ratio was found to be the most influential factor in preparing activated carbon with the maximum surface area. SEM and XRD studies revealed the porous microcrystallite structure of the obtained activated carbon. Batch adsorption studies were performed to test the efficiency of Tithonia diversifolia activated carbon for the removal of Bisphenol A (BPA) from aqueous solution. A maximum 98.2% removal percentage was attained at optimum conditions of 0.2 g adsorbent dose, pH 7, 80 min contact time and 40 mg L^?1 initial BPA concentration. The Langmuir isotherm model described the equilibrium adsorption of BPA well with a maximum adsorption capacity(q_m) of 15.69 mg g^?1 while the kinetic adsorption study indicated a pseudo second order model. A theoretical investigation suggested that the adsorption of BPA onto the activated carbon mainly proceeds via chemisorption and the presence of a carboxyl functional group on the activated carbon surface yielded a greater adsorptive impact on BPA. This study indicates that Tithonia diversifolia could be used as a potential raw material for preparing activated carbon for removing of BPA from water.     

新型活性炭微球的制备及其对内源性分子的体外吸附性能研究(英文)

制备一类新型的沥青基活性炭微球并考察其对内源性分子的吸附性能。采用乳化法制得沥青原球,经氧化、炭化和水蒸气活化,制得孔径不同的活性炭微球。通过体外吸附实验筛选,得到BET比表面积为1566 m~2/g,孔容量为0.653 cm~3/g,微孔容量为0.478 cm~3/g的活性炭微球,对葡萄糖或肌酐的吸附率高;与药用活性炭粉末相比,其对消化酶类分子的吸附率显著降低。总之,制得的比表面积大、微孔隙结构发达的活性炭微球,具有良好的选择性吸附内源性分子的特性,可能作为候选药物,用于选择性吸附经肠道吸收的内源性分子。     

Biomass-derived activated carbon for removal of 222Rn from air

Radon (²²²Rn) and its decay products are considered harmful to humans because of their toxicity and is regard as a prior cause of lung cancer in non-smokers. This research thus focuses on the application of activated carbon synthesised from pinecone for mitigating the risk of radon in indoor environments. Characterization of the prepared carbon was evaluated using FESEM, TGA, and BET surface area and total pore volume analyzer. BET surface area of the prepared carbon was found to be 839 m² g^-1 and a total pore volume of 0.476 cm³ g^-1. Fixed-bed adsorption method was used to estimate the adsorbent efficiency by varying process parameters such as bed length, bed diameter and flow rate. On the basis of these parameters, breakthrough curves were generated to calculate the breakthrough time for obtaining the adsorption coefficient(K) of the prepared carbon which was found to be in the range of 3.05–4.90 m³ kg^-1. Regeneration studies were done at different temperatures for 50 min which showed that heating at 70–90 °C resulted in complete degassing of the adsorbed ²²²Rn, with K equivalent to that of the pristine carbon.     

Adsorption of hexavalent chromium in aqueous solution on activated carbon prepared from apple peels

In the present study, activated carbon prepared from apple peels (ACAP) was used to remove chromium (VI) from aqueous solution. The characterization of this ACAP has been performed using different analytical techniques such as FTIR and SEM. The adsorption parameters studied were: pH [2- 7], adsorbent dose [0.025–0.15 g/50 mL], initial Cr(VI) concentration [10–50 mg/L] and temperature [10–40 °C]. Maximum Cr(VI) adsorption of 36.01 mg/g was achieved using Cr(VI) concentration of 50 mg/L, pH of 2, adsorbent dose of 0.05 g/50 mL, contact time of 4 h and temperature of 28 °C. This ACAP gave a Cr(VI) adsorption capacity better than a commercial activated carbon. The experimental data fitted well to Freundlich isotherm (R² = 0.99) and kinetics followed the pseudo-second order model. Thermodynamic parameters, ΔG < 0, ΔH° = 1.99 (Kcal/mol) and ΔS° = 0.0079 (Kcal/K mol) indicate that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic.     

正交设计研究活性炭对甲硝唑葡萄糖注射液含量的影响

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of activated carbon on consentration of glucose metronidazole injection.METHODWith orthogonal design the conscntration of glucose metronidzole injection was determined by UV-1200 spectr photometer.RESULTSThere is very effect     

Individual and competitive adsorption of ibuprofen and caffeine from primary sewage effluent by yeast-based activated carbon and magnetic carbon nanocomposite

Pharmaceuticals enter water bodies mainly through urban effluents harmful to the biota, inducing microbial resistance, and impacting hydric security. Activated carbon has been used for effluent treatment and associated with ferromagnetic nanoparticles can facilitate the separation of this adsorbent from an aqueous medium and improve the adsorption capacity. A yeast-based carbon (YC) prepared from the residue of the ethanol industry and a magnetic composite prepared from YC (NP-YC) were used to remove ibuprofen (IBU) and caffeine (CAF) from deionized water and primary sewage effluent (PE). A minimum of 51 and 90 mg/g of IBU and CAF were removed by NP-YC, respectively, whereas YC removed a minimum of 107 and 106 mg/g for such contaminants. The removal of both contaminants was favored for competitive studies using NP-YC as adsorbent (removals >70% for deionized water, and >60% and >75% for IBU and CAF, respectively, for PE). The values of q_max obtained for YC in the competitive assays were about the sum of both q_max for the individual experiments suggesting that each molecule adsorbs in a different site. Successive adsorption cycles using the same mass of adsorbent removed higher amounts of IBU and CAF by exposing the adsorbents to new volumes of a solution containing equal or increasing concentrations of contaminants than those exposed to a single high concentration solution. This behavior is probably due to the driving force effect. It suggests that the reuse of synthesized adsorbents was possible without previous desorption, increasing the usability of the synthesized adsorbents.     

活性炭对核黄素磷酸钠含量的吸附考察

目的考察活性炭用量、温度、吸附时间、溶液pH值对注射液中核黄素磷酸钠含量的影响.方法用分光光度法测定核黄素磷酸钠的含量.结果随活性炭用量的增加,注射液中核黄素磷酸钠的含量下降越大;温度越高,核黄素磷酸钠含量下降幅度越大;吸附时间越长,核黄素磷酸钠含量下降也越大;pH值对活性炭吸附核黄素磷酸钠影响不明显.结论制备核黄素磷酸钠注射液时,活性炭用量在0.05%～0.1%,搅拌温度为60℃,吸附时间为20～30min?ml-1,pH值5.5～6.5为宜.     

Adsorption of quinolone,tetracycline, and penicillin antibiotics from aqueous solution using activated carbons: Review

Antibiotics, an important type of pharmaceutical pollutant, have attracted many researchers to the study of their removal from aqueous solutions. Activated carbon (AC) has been widely used as highly effective adsorbent for antibiotics because of its large specific surface area, high porosity, and favorable pore size distribution. In this article, the adsorption performance of AC towards three major types of antibiotics such as tetracyclines, quinolones, and penicillins were reviewed. According to collected data, maximum adsorption capacities of 1340.8, 638.6, and 570.4 mg/g were reported for tetracyclines, quinolones, and penicillins, respectively. The values of 1/n for Freundlich isotherm were less than unity, suggesting that the adsorption was nonlinear and favorable. Adsorption kinetics followed closely the pseudo-second-order model and analysis using the Weber-Morris model revealed that the intra-particle diffusion was not the only rate controlling step. AC adsorption demonstrated superior performance for all selected drugs, thus being efficient technology for treatment of these pollutants.     

Rakicidin B1发酵提取液活性炭脱色工艺的研究

目的 研究rakicidin B1发酵提取液的脱色工艺条件,提高纯化后rakicidin B1样品的质量。方法 以UV和HPLC为检测方法,以脱色率和rakicidin B1保留率为指标,先通过单因素实验考察活性炭用量、脱色时间、脱色温度以及pH值对指标的影响。在单因素基础上,采用4因素3水平正交试验分析各因素与两个指标的关系。结果 Rakicidin B1发酵提取液采用活性炭脱色最佳条件为活性炭用量0.5%、脱色时间40min、脱色温度50℃、pH7.0,在该条件下活性炭脱色率达74.53%,rakicidin B1保留率为85.66%。结论 该脱色工艺简单可靠,脱色效果较好,适合于工业化生产。     

Efficient adsorption of chlorpheniramine and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from water system using agronomic waste material

In present study, we report Cornulaca-monacantha stem (CS) and its activated carbon (CS-AC) for the removal of Cr(VI) and chlorpheniramine (CP) from aqueous system. The chemical composition and surface characteristics of samples were investigated using instrumental techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The surface area was determined by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) method. The BET surface area of CS-AC (288.67 m²/g) was found higher as compared to CS adsorbent (47.58 m²/g). The adsorption behavior of adsorbates was extremely dependent on the solutions pH. The maximum uptake for Cr(VI) and CP were observed at pH of 2.0 and 8.0, respectively. The equilibrium data adequately follow the Langmuir isotherm (R² = 0.98–0.99), suggesting the monolayer sorption of adsorbate molecules. Kinetic investigations indicated that sorption behavior of Cr(VI) follow the pseudo-second-order model. While in case of CP, both pseudo-second-order and Elovich model provides the higher value of regression coefficient (R²). This revealed the chemical adsorption of adsorbate molecules. Thermodynamic study indicated the feasible, spontaneous and endothermic sorption of adsorbate molecules. The regeneration study implies that adsorbent was efficiently recovered from Cr(VI) and CP under different desorbing agents.The CS-AC adsorbent was possess 89.19% and 88.45% uptake for Cr(VI) and CP after 5th cycles of desorption-adsorption, respectively. Finally, we summarize that prepared adsorbent (CS-AC) is highly proficient, versatile and cost-effectively explored for Cr(VI) and CP decontamination from water system.     

载药纳米炭在结肠癌手术中的应用

目的 探讨纳米炭-丝裂霉素在结肠癌手术中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2003年在我院行根治术的结肠癌病例共68例.手术中应用纳米炭-丝裂霉素24例为研究组,同期另44例为对照组.将两组病理标本所检出的淋巴结数量、术后化疗所引起的不良事件及术后3年生存率相比较.结果 研究组有20例(83.3%)发现前哨淋巴结;病理标本中所检出的平均淋巴结数量(11.75±4.12)个明显高于对照组的(7.64±3.04)个(P＜0.05);术后3年生存率(79.2%)高于对照组(54.5%,P＜0.05);无由于使用丝裂霉素所引起的不良事件发生.结论 在手术中使用纳米炭-丝裂霉素可有利于结肠癌的综合治疗,使患者的生存率提高.     

活性炭对3种氟喹诺酮注射液吸附作用影响因素的研究

目的：探讨活性炭吸附诺氟沙星（ Ｎ Ｆ Ｘ） 、氧氟沙星（ Ｏ Ｆ Ｘ） 、环丙沙星（ Ｃ Ｐ Ｘ） 的影响因素。方法：通过实验考察各因素对吸附作用的影响,计算了饱和吸附量。结果： Ｆ 检验表明,上述各因素及各因素的交互作用对活性炭吸附氟喹诺酮类药物有显著性或非常显著性的影响。活性炭对 Ｎ Ｆ Ｘ、 Ｏ Ｆ Ｘ、 Ｃ Ｐ Ｘ 的饱和吸附量分别为３７４ ,２９０ ,３２０ ｍｇ·ｇ － １ ,吸附平衡常数 Ｋ 值随溶液ｐ Ｈ 和温度值的升高而增大。结论：在生产制备过程中,应注意配制液浓度、温度、ｐ Ｈ 值和等渗调节剂对活性炭吸附作用的影响。     

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of medicinal carbon granules and tablet on the adsorption of acetaminophen

Medicinal carbon (MC) granules were prepared by wet granulation using maltitol (MT), and the MC tablet was produced by compression of the granules. The physical properties and the in vitro adsorption capacity for AA of the formulations were examined. Further, the effects of MC alone and the granules on gastrointestinal absorption of AA were examined in rats when they were administered intragastrically at 15 or 45 min after the intragastrical administration of AA. AA was rapidly adsorbed by MC, and the maximum adsorption capacity of MC was 0.329g AA per gram MC. The granules and tablet exhibited adequate strength, and the tablet disintegrated rapidly. The granules and tablet showed similar adsorption profiles, but somewhat lower adsorption capacity than MC alone. MC alone and granules administered at 15 min reduced the AUC(0-infinity) significantly against the control (no treatment); however, the suppression effect on the plasma concentration was lower with the granules than with MC alone. Thus, granules and tablet are useful as a compact dosage form of MC; though the reduced adsorption capacity must be taken into account in order to expect efficacy equivalent to that of MC alone.     

灌服活性碳对有机磷中毒动物血清胆碱脂酶的影响

目的：通过选择适宜的洗胃方法，减少中毒病人的毒素吸收，从而提高中毒病人初始抢救的效果，方法：经食管向一组DDV中毒威斯特大鼠胃内灌入活性碳混悬液与另一组不做处理中毒大鼠的对比观察，对测定的不同时段血中的胆碱酯酶活力，进行了比较分析，结果：测得的胆碱酯酶活力比较，在灌入毒剂20min和3h后差异不显著，2d和3d差异显著。结论说明活性碳胃内灌注可以减少有机磷毒物的吸收，提高初始抢救的效果。     

新型口服活性炭微球对链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病模型大鼠治疗作用的研究(英文)

制备并表征了孔径不同的活性炭微球,考察其对糖尿病模型大鼠的治疗作用。通过制备工艺的改良,制得了直径在0.2-0.3mm的活性炭微球。通过对葡萄糖的吸附实验,筛选最优的活性炭微球。采用雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素诱导制得糖尿病大鼠模型。两组大鼠采用每天两次口服灌胃活性炭微球,连续给药30天。通过离体肠段外翻实验法,测定葡萄糖的跨膜透过量。与糖尿病组相比,在服药2周以后,活性炭微球治疗组的血糖水平明显降低,改善血糖耐受量。在肠粘膜侧有活性炭微球存在时,葡萄糖分子的渗透清除率显著增大,尤其是当浆膜侧的葡萄糖浓度较高时(10mg/mL)。筛选得到的活性炭微球BET比表面积为1566m2/g,微孔含量高(0.478cm3/g),球形良好,对葡萄糖吸附率高。作为口服微球制剂,活性炭微球对链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病大鼠有治疗作用。     

Magnesium modified activated carbons derived from coconut shells for the removal of fluoride from water

Fluoride presence in water has been recognized as one of the major water related global problems, rendering the development of effective technologies for its removal as a very significant issue, for improving human health and well-being in the affected areas. Among the commonly applied technologies for fluoride removal, adsorption has gained great attention because it offers efficiency, low-cost treatment and simple operation. The present study aimed at developing novel adsorbents, namely activated carbon modified by magnesium or/and lanthanum and silica for fluoride removal. The structure and the morphology of resulted modified activated carbons (AC-Mg and AC-Si-Mg-La) were studied in detail by the application of BET, XRD, FTIR and SEM techniques. The proposed adsorbent materials were tested for the treatment of fluoride containing waters. The effects of the adsorbent's dosage, initial concentration of pollutant, pH value of the water and regeneration efficiency were examined. According to the obtained results, the maximum adsorption was observed at pH 8, after 4 h of reaction and 0.2 g/L of adsorbent dose. Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second order kinetic model fitted the experimental data sufficiently. At pH 8 a maximum adsorption capacity of 36.56 mg/g for AC-Mg and 54.48 mg/g for AC-Si-Mg-La, was found. Repeated adsorption and regeneration studies showed only a 10% decrease of adsorption capacity after 4 regeneration cycles of operation.     

Targeted delivery of docetaxel to the metastatic lymph nodes: A comparison study between nanoliposomes and activated carbon nanoparticles

The objective of this study is to compare the targeting ability of activated carbon nanoparticles and nanoliposomes, which are used as carriers for delivering docetaxel (DTX) to the metastatic lymph nodes. In this study, we first prepared the DTX-loaded activated carbon nanoparticles (DTX-AC-NPs) by modifying the activated carbon with nitric acid oxidation and absorbing DTX in the concentrated nitro-oxide nanocarbon. We then prepared DTX-loaded nanoliposomes (DTX-LPs) by the proliposome method. The physiochemical properties of DTX-AC-NPs and DTX-LPs were carefully evaluated in vitro. The metastatic lymph node uptake and the injection site retention were investigated by analyzing the DTX concentration in metastatic lymph nodes and injection sites. The result showed that DTX-AC-NPs and DTX-LPs with suitable and stable physicochemical properties could be used for in vivo lymph node targeting studies. DTX-AC-NPs significantly increased DTX-AUC_(0–24) and prolonged DTX-retention in metastatic lymph nodes compared to DTX-LPs and non-modified activate carbon in vivo. This study demonstrated activated carbon nanoparticles may be potential intralymphatic drug delivery system to preferentially target regional metastatic lymph nodes.     

淋巴靶向制剂——吸附抗癌药毫微粒活性炭的研究进展

目的介绍新型淋巴靶向制剂———吸附抗癌药毫微粒活性炭的研究进展。方法依据近年来的文献 ,对活性炭的制备工艺及体内外性质等方面进行了综述。结果活性炭具有很强的吸附功能 ,普通市售活性炭仅用作脱色、吸附热原与除味等。以微粒球磨机为粉碎器械 ,可加工制备粒径达1 0 0nm左右的纳米炭微粒 ,具有优越的淋巴趋向性。结论吸附抗癌药毫微粒活性炭在临床治疗癌症方面具有良好的运用前景