Neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room: educational process and evaluation]

Based upon a three necessities basis: public health, biological and medico-legal, this article presents the state of the art about teaching neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room. The educational process is present worldwide; main experiences are described. Evaluation of these actions varies in the literature. We analyze the evaluation of the process of the trained professionals, their satisfaction, the changes in their practices, their theoretical and practical levels, and the impact on newborns' health. We propose a few measures to make official this kind of teaching in France, with a certificate for instructors and trained professionals.     

Neonatal monitoring during delivery room emergencies

Fetal to neonatal transition after birth is a complex, well-coordinated process involving multiple organ systems. Any significant derangement in this process increases the risk of death and other adverse outcomes, underlying the importance of continuous monitoring to promptly detect and correct these derangements by effective resuscitative support. In recent years, there has been increasing efforts to move from subjective and discontinuous monitoring to more objective and continuous monitoring of different physiological parameters. Some of them like pulse oximetry for arterial oxygen saturation and electrocardiography for heart rate monitoring are now part of resuscitation guidelines whereas others like respiratory function monitoring, near infrared spectroscopy, or amplitude integrated electroencephalography are being evaluated.In this review, we describe some of the physiological parameters that can be monitored during delivery room emergencies and review the evidence for some of the monitoring technologies currently being evaluated.     

产房内新生儿复苏的几个相关问题

窒息复苏国际联络委员会(ILCOR)公布的文件[1]对几个有争议的问题已达成共识:仍强调在窒息新生儿初始复苏时用100%氧;不再强调在产时对有羊水胎粪污染的新生儿进行常规的口咽和鼻咽胎粪的吸引;证实塑料口袋保温可减少＜28孕周的极低出生体重儿热丢失;     

Anticipation and preparation for every delivery room resuscitation

A majority of babies initiate spontaneous respirations shortly after birth. Up to 10%, however, require resuscitative measures to make the transition from fetus to newborn. Ideally, the need for resuscitation at birth would be predicted before delivery, and a skilled neonatal resuscitation team would be available and ready. This is not always possible. Therefore, neonatal resuscitation teams must be prepared to provide lifesaving resuscitation at every delivery. In this report, we examine risk factors for resuscitation at birth, discuss the importance of communication between obstetric and newborn teams, review key questions to ask before delivery, and investigate antenatal counseling methods. We also investigate ways to prepare for newborn deliveries, including personnel and equipment preparation, and pre-delivery team briefing. Finally, we explore ways in which neonatal resuscitation teams can improve their preparedness through the use of simulation and post-resuscitation debriefing. This report will help neonatal resuscitation teams to anticipate and prepare for every delivery room resuscitation.     

Preterm resuscitation I: clinical approaches to improve management in delivery room

Delivery room (DR-) management has a great potential to optimise quality of long term outcome in extremely preterm infants. However, a new conceptual framework that focuses on an individualised ‘support of transition’ rather than on ‘resuscitation’ is necessary.Video-recordings of DR-management represent a valuable tool to improve care. Recording combined with a structured feed-back should be introduced in step-wise approach in clinical routine.To describe the postnatal condition of groups of infants or to compare interventions in a research setting, a numerical score – representing the sum of several objective findings – is required. The conventional Apgar-Score has severe limitations that restrict its applicability. The Specified-Apgar allows an assessment of infant's condition independent of interventions and regardless of gestational age. The Expanded-Apgar quantifies the interventions needed to achieve the condition described by the Specified-Apgar.In summary, beside a new conceptual framework an individualised monitoring and an objective assessment of DR-management are required.     

Practical procedures for the delivery room resuscitation of micropreemies

There are no standardized procedures for the resuscitation of micropreemies but respiratory and circulatory stabilization immediately after birth should be prioritized. Without aggressive support by positive pressure ventilation, establishing effective respiration among micropreemies is not possible. The first step in postnatal stabilization is initiated by positive airway pressure with a bag and mask. Once the heart rate increases above 100 beats/m, intratracheal intubation should be achieved because it is unusual for a micropreemie to breathe spontaneously or by non-invasive respiratory support for a protracted duration. Until further information is available, initial FiO₂ should be between 0.3 and 0.6, and titrated to achieve SpO₂ obtained from healthy term infants for the first 10 min of life. Temperature control of infants is also critical for successful resuscitation and heat-loss minimizing procedures should be used e.g. with insulating bags. After securing the intratracheal tube, the infants should be transferred to the NICU for further procedures, including pulmonary surfactant installation and umbilical cord catheterization. Procedures in a delivery room under a radiant warmer should be limited to the initial resuscitation. In NICUs, the infants should be placed into a closed incubator to maintain high environmental temperature and humidity as well as decrease exposure to intervention and noise. Increased number of staff will also be needed to stabilize the infants further in the NICU. Finally, appropriate equipment (e.g. appropriate sized laryngoscopes) should be made readily available, along with regular practical training and education, whether in person or through SIM courses which are essential for all staff to achieve competence in successful resuscitation of the newborn micropreemie.     

New cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines 2010: managing the newly born in delivery room

Most newborns are born vigorous and do not require neonatal resuscitation. However, about 10% of newborns require some type of resuscitative assistance at birth. Although the vast majority will require just assisted lung aeration, about 1% requires major interventions such as intubation, chest compressions, or medications. Recently, new evidence has prompted modifications in the international cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines for both neonatal, paediatric and adult patients. Perinatal and neonatal health care providers must be aware of these changes in order to provide the most appropriate and evidence-based emergency interventions for newborns in the delivery room. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the main recommended changes in neonatal resuscitation at birth, according to the publication of the international Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) in the CoSTR document (based on evidence of sciences) and the new 2010 guidelines released by the European Resuscitation Council (ERC), the American Heart Association (AHA), and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).     

Effective ventilation: The most critical intervention for successful delivery room resuscitation

Lung aeration is the critical first step that triggers the transition from fetal to postnatal cardiopulmonary physiology after birth. When an infant is apneic or does not breathe sufficiently, intervention is needed to support this transition. Effective ventilation is therefore the cornerstone of neonatal resuscitation. In this article, we review the physiology of cardiopulmonary transition at birth, with particular attention to factors the caregiver should consider when providing ventilation. We then summarize the available clinical evidence for strategies to monitor and perform positive pressure ventilation in the delivery room setting.     

Neonatal resuscitation

At birth approximately 10 % of term or near-term neonates require initial stabilization maneuvers to establish a cry or regular breathing, maintain a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute (bpm), and good color and muscular tone. About 1 % requires ventilation and very few infants receive chest compressions or medication. However, birth asphyxia is a worldwide problem and can lead to death or serious sequelae. Recently, the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) and the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) published new guidelines on resuscitation at birth. These guidelines review specific questions such as the use of air or 100 % oxygen in the delivery room, dose and routes of adrenaline delivery, the peripartum management of meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and temperature control. Assisted ventilation in preterm infants is briefly described. New devices to improve the care of newborn infants, such as the laryngeal mask airway or CO2 detectors to confirm tracheal tube placement, are also discussed. Significant changes have occurred in some practices and are included in this document.