彩色多普勒超声对肝门部胆管癌的诊断价值

目的 评价彩色多普勒超声对肝门部胆管癌的诊断价值。方法 对４２例经手术病理证实的肝门部胆管癌患者进行彩色多普勒超声检查,观察肿瘤内供血特点及肿瘤与门静脉之间的关系,并对误诊病例进行分析。结果 肝门部胆管癌的彩色血流显示率为６４．３％,彩色血流显示率、门静脉受侵率与肿瘤大小无统计学相关性,本组病例超声诊断符合率为７１．４％。肝门部胆管癌需与原发性硬化性胆管炎、Ｍｉｒｉｚｚｉ综合征、胆囊癌侵犯肝门部胆     

肝门部胆管癌的超声影像诊断

目的　探讨肝门部胆管癌的超声影像特点及早期诊断的临床价值。方法　对１２例经病理学证实为肝门部胆管癌患者的临床及超声影像资料进行回顾性分析。结果　超声直接征象分为乳头型（１例）、团块型（５例）、截断型（４例）和狭窄型（２例）四型, 并可显示肝内胆管扩张、肝叶萎缩及肝门肿大淋巴结等间接征象。结论　超声显像对肝门部胆管癌的诊断及鉴别诊断有重要价值, 早期诊断应得到进一步重视     

超声对肝门部胆管癌的术前评估

目的：分析肝门部胆管癌的超声表现,探讨肝门部胆管癌术前超声评估的可行性。材料和方法：３０例经手术和病理证实的肝门部胆管癌,术前均行彩超检查,并对其超声表现进行分析。结果：超声显示肝门区肿物２６例（８７％）,其中结节型１３型（５０％）,弥散型８例（３１％）,乳头型５例（１９％）。按Ｂｉｓｍｕｔｈ分型判断胆管受累范围,２６例中,２４例（９２％）与术中分型相符。超声对门静脉侵袭、肝动脉侵袭和肝脏转移诊断     

肝门胆管癌超声影像学检查与评价

目的：应用二维及彩色多普勒超声检查对肝门胆管癌(Klatskin's肿瘤)作出综合评价。方法：回顾性研究111例Klatskin's肿瘤术前超声图像表现与同期开腹探查手术及病理图所见进行对照分析。结果：：Klatskin's肿瘤声像图表现与分型在获得病变检出率97％和超声诊断符合率94．5％基础上，大致分为中等回声肿块型(含乳头或结节型)63例；强回声浸润型(含截断狭窄型)43例。按Bismuth分型，肿瘤部位判断符合率：Ⅰ、Ⅱ型为98％，Ⅲ型或Ⅳ型为81％；肿瘤浸润范围判断符合率，包括肝实质、门静脉、肝动脉、肝门淋巴结分别为87％、83％、69％、41％。术前进行了切除可行性判断。结论：评价Klatskin's肿瘤，就单纯运用而言，超声检查仍然是目前最好的影像学方法之一。然而，提高肝门胆管癌的诊断及治疗水平，超声影像医生与外科医生将同等重要。     

肝门部胆管癌12例分析

目的 分析肝门部胆管癌的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2007年10月收治的12例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料,复习近年来肝门部胆管癌的诊治文献.肝门部胆管癌无临床特异性,肝门部胆管癌切除者行高位胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术.未切除者行姑息性治疗或内引流、外引流术.结果 12例患者中9例行根治性切除,2例行姑息性切除(胆肠内引流),1例因肿瘤广泛转移,阻塞肝门,胆总管中段只有1cm范围组织较软,行T型管外引流术.结论 肝门部胆管癌外科手术治疗是主要手段.根治性切除的原则是:两切断端无癌残留,肝内无转移,无淋巴结转移.术前正确评价可切除性,术中选择正确的术式是获得较好预后的关键.     

超声对胆管癌淋巴结转移的诊断价值

目的 完善超声对胆管癌TNM分期的诊断研究。方法 观察73例胆管癌患者肿大淋巴结声像图特征，并根据胆管肿瘤部位将肿大淋巴结的部分为四个区域。结果 超声显示淋巴结肿大31例，转移23例，炎症6例；诊断敏感性71.8%，特异性80.4%，诊断正确率76.7%。转移淋巴结多边缘不清晰（65.2%)，炎症淋巴结边缘多清晰（83.0%)，在大小、回声、形态方面两组无明显差异。结论 超声为诊断胆管癌淋巴结转移的良好手段，重视淋巴结边缘形态及浸润征象有助于鉴别诊断，超声能准确地判断巴结部位及分区，为术前分期诊断提供依据。     

肝外胆管癌的超声诊断价值

目的探讨肝外胆管癌的超声诊断价值及漏误诊原因。方法结合手术病理结果,分析肝外胆管癌的声像图特点,总结其超声漏误诊原因。结果86例肝外胆管癌,位于肝门部39例,其中肿块型25例,非肿块型14例;超声诊断正确36例,诊断正确率为92．3％。位于胆总管47例,其中胆管逐渐变窄型21例,管壁不规则增厚型18例,肿块型8例;超声诊断正确41例,诊断正确率为89．3％。超声诊断肝外胆管癌共77例,诊断正确率为89．5％,漏误诊9例,漏误诊率为10．5％。结论超声能较准确地判断胆管癌的形态、大小及周围淋巴结肿大等异常回声,对治疗方案的制定有一定意义。     

肝门区胆管癌的CT诊断

目的评估CT对18例肝门部胆管癌的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析18例经病理证实的肝门部胆管癌的CT表现，评价其对病灶的显示情况及定性诊断的准确率。结果18例肝门部胆管癌中肝总管癌8例，肝管分叉部癌10例；浸润型12例，肿块型6例。增强检查能更清楚显示肝内外胆管扩张和胆管壁增厚。结论CT是检查肝门部胆管癌的有效手段。     

30例肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗体会

目的：探讨肝门部胆管癌外科手术治疗的方法。总结外科手术治疗肝门部胆管癌的经验和教训。方法：对30例肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗进行回顾性研究。结果：本组30例肝门部胆管癌病人中，19例行肝门部胆管癌根治切除术，手术切除率为63．33％，11例因肝外转移只行简单的姑息减黄手术。根治切除组及姑息减黄组1、3、5年生存率分别为94．44％、55．56％、22．22％；9．09％、0、0。结论：根据肝门部胆管癌侵犯的部位不同。采用不同的手术方法；争取一次切除，进行（肝十二指肠韧带）骨骼化淋巴清扫，避免肿瘤残留，是提高术后病人生存质量。延长生存时间的关键。     

肝门部胆管癌的CT与MRI对照研究

目的:评估CT与MRI在肝门部胆管癌的诊断价值。材料与方法:回顾性分析16例经CT与MRI检查且为手术病理证实的肝门部胆管癌的CT与MRI表现,比较两种检查手段对病灶的显示情况及定性诊断的准确率。结果:16例肝门部胆管癌CT与MRI均表现为肝内胆管不同程度的扩张,其中14例肝门部见软组织肿块,2例MRI见胆管壁增厚呈鼠尾状改变,4例门脉受累,6例 CT发现淋巴结肿大。CT与MRI定性诊断的准确率及对病灶的显示无明显差异。结论:CT与MRI是检查肝门部胆管癌的有效手段。MRI在显示肝门部肿块的大小、范围及沿胆管壁浸润方面比CT优越,尤其对早期肝门部胆管癌诊断更具价值。     

Staging of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with ultrasound

The preoperative assessment of the extent of biliary and vascular involvement by hilar cholangiocarcinoma is clinically important because resectability may be limited by tumor extension along the bile ducts into the hepatic parenchyma or to the adjacent hilar vessels. Thirty-five patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma were studied with ultrasound, and the results were compared with operative findings and other diagnostic modalities. The level of intrahepatic biliary obstruction was determined in 100% of patients with ductal ectasia, and a tumor mass was shown in 37.1%. Imaging and Doppler ultrasound proved accurate in detecting the neoplastic involvement of the portal vein. Both correctly diagnosed portal occlusion and wall infiltration in 4 of 4 and 15 of 18 (83%) patients, respectively, without any false-positives. On the contrary, imaging ultrasound had poor sensitivity in detecting infiltration of the hepatic artery (43%) and metastases in regional lymph nodes (37%), liver (66%), and peritoneum (33%). In conclusion, ultrasound may be valuable in the preoperative staging of hilar cholangiocarcinoma, specially in predicting ductal and portal involvement. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Gallbladder cancer: can ultrasonography evaluate extent of disease?

This study reviews the spectrum of sonographic findings in patients with gallbladder cancer, attempts to determine if sonography can identify patients with potentially resectable disease, and emphasizes the limitations of ultrasonography in the evaluation of -gallbladder cancer. Thirty-five consecutive patients with histologically proven gallbladder carcinoma who had preoperative abdominal ultrasonography and surgery were identified. Involvement of the gallbladder and gallbladder fossa, metastases, bile ducts, portal vein, and adjacent lymph nodes was assessed sonographically. The extent of disease and staging as revealed by sonography was compared to operative and surgical pathologic findings. Masses in the gallbladder or gallbladder fossa were present at surgery in 26 patients; 22 (85%) of these masses were shown by sonography. Sonography identified six (67%) of nine cases of pathologically confirmed liver metastases, 11 (79%) of 14 cases of bile duct involvement, and two (67%) of three cases of portal venous involvement by tumor. Sonography revealed lymph node metastases in only five (36%) of 14 patients. None of the 12 cases with peritoneal metastases was identified sonographically. By surgical staging 16 (46%) patients had potentially resectable disease (stage III or less), and 19 (54%) patients had unresectable stage IV disease. Sonography correctly identified 15 (94%) of 16 patients with potentially resectable disease and seven (37%) of 19 patients with advanced disease. Twelve patients with advanced disease were under-staged: nine had peritoneal metastases, two had liver metastases, and one had celiac adenopathy, which was not shown by sonography. In conclusion, sonography is reliable in the detection of a primary gallbladder mass or of local extension of tumor into the liver. However, sonographic findings do not accurately reflect the full extent of disease, and sonography is particularly limited in the diagnoses of metastases to the peritoneum and lymph nodes.     

Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound combined with elastography in evaluating cervical lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma

BACKGROUND Cervical lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC) affects the treatment and prognosis of patients. Ultrasound is a common imaging method for detecting cervical lymph nodes in PTC patients; however, it is not accurate in determining lymph node metastasis.AIM To evaluate the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound combined with elastography in evaluating cervical lymph node metastasis in PTC.METHODS A total of 94 patients with PTC were recruited. According to pathological results,lymph nodes were divided into two groups: metastatic group(n = 50) and reactive group(n = 63). The routine ultrasound findings, contrast-enhanced ultrasound and elastography data were recorded and compared. Logistic regression was used to generate predictive probability distributions for the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis with different indicators. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to test the efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound combined with elastography based on routine ultrasound in evaluating PTC cervical lymph node metastasis.RESULTS The ratio of long diameter/short diameter(L/S) ≤ 2, irregular marginal morphology, missing lymphatic portal, peripheral or mixed blood flow distribution, peak intensity(PI), non-uniform contrast distribution and elasticity score in the metastatic group were significantly higher than those in the reactive group(P < 0.05). L/S ratio, missing lymphatic portal, PI and elasticity score had a significant influence on the occurrence of PTC cervical lymph node metastasis(P< 0.05). Furthermore, the area under the curve(AUC) for lymph node metastasis diagnosed using the combination of PI ratio, elasticity score, missing lymphatic portal and LS was 0.936, which was significantly higher than the AUC for PI ratio alone. The difference was statistically significant(P < 0.05). The fitting equation for the combined diagnosis was logit(P) =-12.341 + 1.482 × L/S ratio + 3.529 ×missing lymphatic portal + 0.392 × PI + 3.288 × elasticity score.CONCLUSION Based on the gray-scale ultrasound, the combination of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and elastography can accurately assess PTC cervical lymph node metastasis.     

头颈部恶性肿瘤患者颈部肿大淋巴结的超声诊断

目的探讨头颈部恶性肿瘤患者颈部肿大淋巴结的超声诊断价值。方法回顾分析经手术证实的46例头颈部恶性肿瘤患者颈部肿大淋巴结的超声检出情况。二维及彩色多普勒超声观察患者颈部肿大淋巴结的数目、纵横比、形态、边界、内部回声、有无微小钙化及内部血流状态等。结果46例患者中甲状腺癌22例、鼻咽癌15例、恶性淋巴瘤9例。超声检查共探及颈部肿大淋巴结93枚。术后经病理诊断为肿瘤淋巴结转移者75枚,非淋巴结转移18枚。肿瘤转移淋巴结纵横比〈1．5者占84．9％,内部回声不均者占75．3％,边界欠规则者占74．0％、淋巴结内可见微小钙化者占32．9％。转移性和非转移性淋巴结组间上述超声指标比较,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。转移性淋巴结血流分布较丰富,多普勒血流速度（PSV）和阻力指数（RI）也高于非转移性淋巴结（P〈0．05）。结论超声是诊断头颈部恶性肿瘤颈部淋巴结转移的一种简便、有效的方法。     

彩色多普勒超声显像在肝移植术前的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声显像在肝移植术前的诊断价值。方法术前应用CDFI对77例欲实施肝移植病人的门静脉、肝动脉、肝静脉、下腔静脉进行检测，测量其内径、血流速度、血流方向，并检测肝肿瘤的部位、形态、大小、血管、胆道受侵情况及远处转移情况。结果肝动脉未显示5例，2例为肝动脉变异；下腔静脉栓塞1例；门静脉栓子9例，其中血栓3例，瘤栓6例；1例将周围开放的侧支循环误认为门静脉，出现假阴性。肝肿瘤阻塞胆管引起肝内胆管扩张1例。腹膜后淋巴结肿大1例。结论CDFI在肝移植术前能准确评估肝动脉、门静脉、下腔静脉、胆道情况，并发现远处转移情况，为临床手术提供重要依据。     

Transrectal and transvaginal ultrasonic diagnosis of rectal cancer

In 48 patients with rectal carcinoma diagnostic means for ultrasound investigation USU were tested. The high quality of transrectal and transvaginal ultrasound scanning (US) facilitated a detailed evaluation. The stage of the malign tumor was correctly evaluated in 95.8% of the cases. In one case a false negative evaluation of the function of the muscular layer was given and in another inflammatory infiltration was seen as a tumour. Changes of the pararectal lymph nodes were found in 62% of the patients, of the regional lymph nodes in 5 patients (10.3%). Their metastatic status was proven with fine needle puncture aspiration biopsy (FNPAB) under sonographic and lymphographic control. In 10 patients with US-scanning the found focuses in the liver parenchyma. In 90% of the cases by aspiration biopsy the malignity was cytologically and histologically proven.     

螺旋CT增强扫描对进展期胃癌的局部浸润和淋巴结转移的研究

目的:探讨螺旋CT增强扫描在判定进展期胃癌局部浸润和胃周淋巴结转移上的应用价值。材料与方法:对56例进展期胃癌的局部浸润和胃周淋巴结转移情况进行螺旋CT诊断,并与手术病理对照。结果:依据癌肿对应局部浆膜面征象、脂肪间隙征象、癌肿局部突出征象判定癌肿穿透浆膜的准确度分别为82.14%,60.71%和55.36%。动脉期癌肿线状强化、不均匀强化和团块状强化的穿透浆膜率分别为7.14%,52.17%和89.47%。静脉期癌肿线状强化、不均匀强化和团块状强化的穿透浆膜率分别为7.14%,53.85%和93.75%。螺旋CT增强扫描判定胰腺、横结肠及其系膜、脾受累的准确度分别为87.5%,87.5%和92.86%。支持以直径9mm作为螺旋CT增强扫描诊断胃周淋巴结转移的直径标准(P<0.05)。多种胃癌生物学行为CT影像特征与癌肿对应淋巴结转移率密切相关(P均<0.05)。结论:应用螺旋CT增强扫描检查进展期胃癌的局部浸润和淋巴结转移情况,对于指导手术和制定综合治疗方案具有重要意义。     

Endoscopic ultrasonography assessment for ampullary and bile duct malignancy

From 1989 through 1992, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) was undertaken preoperatively to evaluate the extent of primary tumor, involvement of regional lymph nodes, and distant metastases in 22 patients with ampullary carcinoma and 18 patients with bile duct carcinoma. The results were compared with histopathological findings according to the TNM staging system. The accurate rate in assessing the extent of cancer invasion was 82% for ampullary carcinoma, 66% for common hepatic duct carcinoma, and 78% for common bile duct carcinoma. The accuracy of EUS in predicting regional lymph node metastasis was 59% for ampullary carcinoma, 56% for common hepatic duct carcinoma, and 67% for common bile duct carcinoma. Invasion of the portal vein was correctly predicted by EUS in 2 of 3 patients. None of the 3 patients with liver metastasis was detected by EUS. Therefore, endoscopic ultrasonography is an effective method in the evaluation of the extent of cancer invasion of ampullary and bile duct carcinoma as well as the involvement of regional lymph nodes preoperatively. However, due to its limited penetration depth, EUS is inadequate in the assessment of liver metastasis.     

Ultrasound scanning of the pelvis and abdomen for staging of gynecological tumors: a review

This Review documents examination techniques, sonographic features and clinical considerations in ultrasound assessment of gynecological tumors. The methodology of gynecological cancer staging, including assessment of local tumor extent, lymph nodes and distant metastases, is described. With increased technical quality, sonography has become an accurate staging method for early and advanced gynecological tumors. Other complementary imaging techniques, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, can be used as an adjunct to ultrasound in specific cases, but are not essential to tumor staging if sonography is performed by a specialist in gynecological oncology. Ultrasound is established as the method of choice for evaluating local extent of endometrial cancer and is the most important imaging method for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant ovarian tumors. Ultrasound can be used to detect early as well as locally advanced cancers that extend from the vagina, cervix or other locations to the paracolpium, parametria, rectum and sigmoid colon, urinary bladder and other adjacent organs or structures. In cases of ureteric involvement, ultrasound is also helpful in locating the site of obstruction. Furthermore, it is specific for the detection of extrapelvic tumor spread to the abdominal cavity in the form of parietal or visceral carcinomatosis, omental and/or mesenteric infiltration. Ultrasound can be used to assess changes in infiltrated lymph nodes, including demonstration of characteristic sonomorphologic and vascular patterns. Vascular patterns are particularly well visualized in peripheral nodes using high resolution linear array probes or in the pelvis using high-frequency probes. The presence of peripheral or mixed vascularity or displacement of vessels seems to be the sole criterion in the diagnosis of metastatic or lymphomatous nodes. In the investigation of distant metastases, if a normal visceral organ or characteristic diffuse or focal lesions (such as a simple cyst, hepatic hemangioma, renal angiomyolipoma, fatty liver (steatosis)) are identified on ultrasound, additional examinations using complementary imaging methods are not required. If, however, less characteristic findings are encountered, especially when the examination result radically affects subsequent therapeutic management, an additional examination using a complementary imaging method (e.g. contrast-enhanced ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography) is indicated.     

肝硬化胆囊壁的高频超声分型与门静脉主干及右支血流动力学的关系

目的 探讨肝硬化胆囊壁的不同分型与门静脉主干及右支血流动力学变化的关系.方法 采用高频超声联合二维及彩色超声观察肝硬化组(69例)和对照组(30名)的胆囊壁分型、厚度、门静脉主干内径(D_(pv))、门静脉主干血流速度(V_(pv))、门静脉主干血流量(Q_(pv))、门静脉右支内径(D_(rpv))、门静脉右支血流速度(V_(rpv))、门静脉右支血流量(Q_(rpv)).同时根据胆囊壁的不同分型将69例肝硬化患者分为胆囊壁不厚亚组、单纯增厚亚组和双边亚组,对比肝硬化各组与对照组以上检测指标的差异.结果 各组间胆囊壁厚度均存在差异(P<0.05);D_(pv)除胆囊壁不厚亚组与单纯增厚亚组间差异无统计学意义外,其余各组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);V_(pv)仅单纯增厚亚组与对照组、双边亚组与对照组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);Q_(pv)在双边亚组与其余各组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).D_(rpv)、Q_(rpv)各组间差异均无统计学意义;V_(rpv)对照组分别与单纯增厚亚组及双边亚组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).肝硬化组与对照组Q_(rpv)/Q_(pv)比值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).胆囊壁厚度与D_(pv)呈正相关(r=0.886,P<0.01).结论 肝硬化时高频超声下胆囊壁的不同分型与门静脉主干血流动力学变化关系密切,而与门静脉右支血流动力学变化无相关性;胆囊静脉回流受阻并非肝硬化门静脉高压胆囊壁变化主要的血流动力学原因,其发生可能有更内在的机制.