老年期痴呆和心理社会危险因素的人群归因百分比分析

目的 分析老年期痴呆心理社会危险因素的人群归因百分比（PARP）。方法 对象为55岁及以上的城市社区人群，1987年首次调查非痴呆4396名老人多方面的心理社会因素资料，1997年再访同一批老人，按DSM－Ⅲ-R，NINCDS-ADRDA和Hachinski缺血指数作出老年期痴呆（SD），Alzheimer病（AD）和血管性痴呆（VD）的临床诊断，先以Logistic回归分析得出10年前的心理社会因素与10年后发生痴呆的关系，再计算这些危险因素的PARP。结果 10年后访到1206名老年人中新发生痴呆124例中（AD81例，VD36例，其他痴呆7例）。SD心理社会的危险因素（RR＞1）有22项，其中社会因素17项，心理因素5项。PARP＞20％的SD和AD中各有15例，VD仅3项。结论 心理社会危险因素在老年期痴呆的发生和发展中可能有一定的影响作用，其中PARP较高的心理社会危险因素可能影响作用更大。     

长沙地区≥55岁人群老年痴呆的流行病学调查与分析

目的 了解长沙地区≥55岁人群痴呆的患病率并分析其危险因素.方法 采用简易精神状态检查量表（MMSE）,日常生活能力量表（ADL）,生活方式,饮食结构,吸烟、饮酒等问卷和一般状况测查表进行调查,再用DSM-4诊断标准进行痴呆的诊断.结果 长沙地区≥55岁10 026名老人痴呆的患病率为4.96％,年龄越大,文化程度越低,有遗传史和严重躯体疾病史的老人痴呆患病率越高;农村居民患病率明显高于城市居民,农村劳动者和无职业老人患病率明显高于在职和离退休人员;已婚和与家人同居的老人患病率明显低于未婚,离婚和丧偶和独居老人;年收入≤2万元老人患病率明显高于年收入＞2万元老人;在生活方式方面,饮食结构差,业余生活单调,缺乏锻炼,睡眠无规律或差的老人痴呆患病率明显更高;生活能自理和躯体活动自如的老人痴呆患病率更低;男女性别和饮酒吸烟老人患病率无明显差异.结论 在社区开展健康宣教,让更多人知晓患病相关的各类危险因素,同时在社区开展各类体育文娱活动,促进老人的社会交往,提高老人的生活质量,以利于降低老年痴呆患病率,减轻社会和家庭的负担.     

老年期痴呆及Alzheimer病心理社会危险因素初探

目的 对老年期痴呆及Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ病（ＡＤ）的心理社会危险因素进行初步探索。方法 在城市社区中分层整群抽样，５年间进行两次二阶段法调查。分析５年前心理社会因素对痴呆及ＡＤ发生的影响作用。结果 ５年中新发痴呆病人１４１名，其中ＡＤ９２名，经相对危险度ＲＲ分析，发现与痴呆及ＡＤ有关的心理社会危险因素有健康感不良，情绪不良，睡眠过多，不照顾家人，不访亲问友，不工作，不参加闲暇活动和缺乏教育项（ＲＲ〉     

Alzheimer病与血管性痴呆的认知及生活功能变化的随访研究

目的　探讨Alzheimer病(AD)与血管性痴呆(VD)的认知功能和生活功能的衰退模式。方法　入组时、1年后,采用痴呆严重程度临床评定量表(CDR)、简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)、生活功能量表(ADL)对住院的Alzheimer病与血管性痴呆患者进行检查。患者出院1 年后对原有样本进行面检随访研究,并同时进行上述量表的测查,并分析对认知功能及生活功能的影响因素。结果　1年后AD病死率为3.45%(2/58)、VD病死率为12.12%(4/33)。入组时AD与VD组比较,各痴呆严重程度之间、MMSE总分差异无显著意义(均P>0.05),两者均以记忆力的减退最为明显, 1年后AD组MMSE总分及地点定向、图形描述因子分下降较为显著(P<0.05),而VD组MMSE总分及个因子分下降不明显(均P>0.05),AD组ADL总分及躯体生活功能、工具性生活功能因子分均有不同程度的升高(P<0.05),而VD组ADL总分及躯体生活功能、工具性生活功能因子分没有明显的变化(均P>0.05)。MMSE分与年龄、病程、GDS评级正相关,与ADL总分负相关,ADL总分与年龄、病程、GDS评级正相关,与MMSE分负相关。反映VD患者的空间感知能力损害较AD患者更为明显。结论　AD与VD患者的认知功能和日常生活能力减退各具其特点,这些特点有助于AD和VD的诊断和治疗。     

社区高龄老人社会功能的动态变化

目的 了解75岁以上老人社会功能衰退的变化特点及其与痴呆的关系。方法 1988年和1997年应用门诊病人社会功能活动调查表（POD）对140名1988年时无痴呆证据的社区高龄老人进行两次调查，以1997年调查按DSM－Ⅲ-R诊断分痴呆组（46例）和无痴呆组（94例），分析两组10年间的POD总分及其变化情况。结果 10年间两组老人POD民分均增高，以痴呆组增高显著；性别，年龄和教育影响高龄正常老人的POD得分，一般为女性高于男性，高龄和低教育高于低龄和高教育，但痴呆组老人无上述规律，且痴呆组老人10年前就有高POD得分现象，POD“注意和理解”项进入了预测痴呆的Logistic回归方程。结论 高龄老人正常老化和痴呆的社会功能衰退模式可能有所不同，痴呆组在痴呆发生前似已存在低社会功能倾向。病前的注意和理解功能可能是预测高龄老年痴呆发生的有用指征。     

上海社区老年人阿尔茨海默病相关因素分析

目的:分析上海社区老年人发展为阿尔茨海默病(AD)的影响因素。方法:对2005年2月至2007年2月期间入组的695名65岁以上、无伴随痴呆的社区老人,进行入组时和间隔2年后的2次访谈,同时完成简易智能量表(MMSE)、日常生活功能量表(ADL)的评估。根据美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版AD的诊断标准,695名老人经过2年随访后被诊断为AD的有103例(AD组:男45例,女58例),正常老年人(正常对照组)535名。分析两组在性别、年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、职业、居住情况、躯体疾病及治疗情况、吸烟史、饮酒史、MMSE和ADL方面的差异,并且应用逐步多元回归分析AD的独立危险因素。结果:与AD独立相关的危险因素是年龄(OR=1.074,P<0.001)、受教育程度(OR=1.734,P<0.05)、认知功能损害(OR=2.112,P<0.01)、ADL体力功能状态(OR=2.296,P<0.01)。结论:年龄、受教育程度、MMSE及ADL是AD发生的独立危险因素,可以作为AD的预测指标。     

上海市卢湾区一个社区老年期痴呆患病率分析

目的 分析本地老年期痴呆患病情况。方法 采用简易智力状态检查量表（MMSE）作为调查筛选工具,对本社区55岁以上人群进行老年痴呆患病率的调查。结果 AD和VD的患病率分别为2．31％和4．87％,痴呆总 患病率为3．67％。痴呆总患病率与国内报道相近,但VD患病率高于AD。本组男女二性患病率无显著性差异。结论 高龄、文化程度低可能是AD和VD的共同易患因素和重要危险因素。     

阿尔茨海默病与血管性危险因素

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease,AD)是一种多因素致病疾病,涉及遗传、环境和社会心理等诸多方面以及不同因素之间复杂的相互作用。研究结果显示,血管性危险因素不仅与认知损害和血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)有关,     

血管性认知功能障碍危险因素的研究进展

血管性认知功能障碍(VCI)是指血管因素导致的从轻度认知功能障碍到痴呆的一大类综合征,包括血管性非痴呆性认知功能障碍( VCI-ND),血管性痴呆(VD)和混合型痴呆(MD)[1].VCI概念的提出弥补了VD概念的滞后性,体现了早期预防和早期干预的新观念.VD是迄今为止惟一可以预防的痴呆,早期治疗具有可逆性,在日常生活受到影响前进行干预,可避免发展到不可逆的VD晚期阶段[2,3].并且,近年来研究[4-6]发现,VCI与Alzheimer病(AD)具有许多共同的病理基础、危险因素和可能的相互作用机制,因此,有关参与VCI进展的危险因素的资料对于痴呆的一级和二级预防具有至关重要的作用.鉴于此,现就近年来VCI危险因素的研究进展综述如下.     

电针智三针对血管性痴呆患者认知功能和行为能力的影响

目的探讨电针智三针对血管性痴呆的疗效,为临床应用提供依据。方法采用随机数字表法将56例血管性痴呆(VD)患者随机分为电针组(电针治疗4周)和药物组(尼莫通,30mg,3次/d,治疗4周),治疗前后进行简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)、长谷川痴呆修改量表(HDS)、日常生活能力(ADL)和P300等监测,观察2组治疗前后的变化。结果MMSE、HDS、ADL评分和P300监测均显示2组治疗后比治疗前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);电针组的疗效优于药物治疗组(P0.01)。结论电针智三针可改善VD患者的认知功能和生活行为能力,疗效优于尼莫通。     

Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of vascular dementia: the Hisayama study]

We studied the type-specific prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of vascular dementia in elderly persons from a Japanese community of Hisayama. In 1985, we performed a screening survey of dementia among 887 Hisayama residents > or = 65 years or older (screening rate, 95%), using clinical information and Hasegawa's dementia scale, and consequently, determined 59 subjects as demented. Of these, 58 cases underwent brain examinations at autopsy and/or computed tomography during the subsequent 12.5 years. Among the 58 cases of dementia, the frequency of vascular dementia (VD) was 43%: the rate was 2 times higher than that for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the subjects of VD, the most frequent type of stroke was due to small-artery disease, which caused multiple lacunar infarction (40%) and Binswanger's disease (12%). We also followed the 826 nondemented subjects for 7 years starting in 1985 in order to determine the type-specific incidence of dementia and its risk factors in the general population. The age-adjusted total incidence (per 1,000 person-years) of dementia was 19.3 for men and 20.9 for women. The corresponding rates of VD were 12.2 for men and 9.0 for women, and for AD 5.1 for men and 10.9 for women. Among the VD subjects whose brain morphology was examined, the most frequent type of stroke was multiple lacunar infarcts (42%), but half these subjects lacked a stroke episode in their histories. Multivariate analysis showed that age, prior stroke episodes, systolic blood pressure, and alcohol consumption were significant risk factors for the occurrence of VD.     

Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia,Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging

BACKGROUND: Conflicting results have been reported about the status of diabetes mellitus as a risk for Alzheimer's disease. We investigated the relationship between diabetes and incident dementia (including Alzheimer's disease and vascular cognitive impairment) in a 5-year longitudinal study. METHODS: Secondary analysis of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging, a representative cohort study of dementia in older Canadians. RESULTS: 5,574 subjects without cognitive impairment at baseline participated in 5-year follow-up. Diabetes mellitus at baseline was associated with incident vascular cognitive impairment (RR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.12-2.33) and its subtypes, vascular dementia (RR: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.15-3.57), and vascular cognitive impairment not dementia (RR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.01-2.78). Diabetes was not associated with mixed Alzheimer's/vascular dementia (RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.34-2.21), incident Alzheimer's disease (RR: 1.30; 95% CI: 0.83-2.03) or all dementias (RR: 1.26; 95% CI: 0.90-1.76). CONCLUSIONS: Despite increased recognition of the role of vascular factors in Alzheimer's disease, we did not find an association between diabetes and incident Alzheimer's disease, even though diabetes was associated with incident vascular cognitive impairment.     

Blood pressure and dementia in persons 75+ years old: 3-year follow-up results from the Kungsholmen Project

A community cohort of 1270 non-demented 75+ years old persons was followed to evaluate the influence of blood pressure on incidence of dementia. Two hundred and eighteen dementia cases were detected during an average of three years of follow-up. Subjects with baseline systolic pressure >/= 180 mm Hg had an age- and gender-adjusted relative risk (RR) of 1.6 (95% to persons with systolic pressure of 141-160 mm Hg. This association persisted, although not statistically significant, when education, vascular diseases, and antihypertensive drug use were entered in the model (RR = 1.4; 95% systolic pressure were not related to dementia incidence. However, individuals with a decrease of 5--19 mm Hg and >/= 20 mm Hg in systolic pressure from baseline to follow-up had a RR of 1.8 (95% 2.6) and 2.5 (95% also found in subjects with diastolic pressure reduction. In conclusion, our findings support an association between high systolic pressure and increased risk of dementia, whereas blood pressure reduction may be secondary to the dementia process itself.     

The Dutch Vascular Factors in Dementia Study: rationale and design

Dementia is a rapidly increasing health problem in the industrialized countries. With the ageing of the population the number of demented persons increases both in relative and absolute terms. Obviously, there is a need for prevention and intervention strategies. We describe the methods and baseline findings of a large study aimed at identifying potentially modifiable vascular, thrombogenic, and metabolic determinants of dementia. The study population consists of subjects 55 years of age or older. Since the vascular wall of the cerebral vessels is different from that of the coronary or peripheral vessels, we formed three subgroups in which vascular risk factors for dementia are studied. Subjects with stroke were distinguished from subjects with coronary or peripheral artery disease, and from subjects without stroke or coronary or peripheral artery disease. To obtain a large enough number of subjects with stroke, cases and controls from a stroke registry were combined with cases and controls of a population-based study from the same region. For the diagnosis of dementia the DSM-III-R criteria were used. Extensive information on cardiovascular risk factors was collected, including indicators of atherosclerosis. Blood and urine were sampled to study platelet function and thrombogenic and metabolic factors. The study population consists of 7,466 subjects, of whom 300 were recruited from a hospital-based stroke registry. Coronary or peripheral artery disease was present in 956 subjects and stroke in 617. Dementia was present in 434 (5.8%) of all subjects. The prevalence of dementia was 3.0, 24.0, and 4.4% in subjects with a history of coronary or peripheral artery disease, a history of stroke, and subjects without a history of coronary or peripheral artery disease or stroke, respectively. The study will allow us to investigate the role of vascular factors in dementia, irrespective of its cause. Received: 11 April 1996 Received in revised form: 22 July 1997 Accepted: 21 August 1997     

Education,occupation, and prevalence of dementia: findings from the Conselice study

Information about the epidemiology of dementia in Italy is still limited, although this cognitive disorder represents a serious public health concern. We estimated the prevalence of dementia and dementia subtypes in the elderly population of a Northern Italian municipality, Conselice, in the Emilia Romagna region (n = 1,016 subjects aged 65-97 years). The associations of dementia with two modifiable risk factors, education and occupation, were also evaluated. Overall dementia prevalence was 5.9% (95% confidence interval 4.3-7.8), exponentially increased with age, and was higher among women. Of the dementia cases, 50% were Alzheimer's disease (AD), but an unusually high prevalence (45%) was found for vascular dementia (VD). After adjustment for age and gender, education but not occupation was associated with both AD and VD. This association could not be explained by occupation, life habits, and previous history of hypertension or cardiovascular disease.     

A PROSPECTIVE POPULATION STUDY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK FACTORS FOR LATE ONSET DEMENTIA

The role of psychosocial risk factors in the development of late onset, severe dementia was examined in a longitudinal prospective study of a representative sample followed from 70 to 79 years of age. Subjects with any signs of dementia at the age of 70 were excluded. Eighteen risk factors occurring before the age of 70 were studied, five from childhood and youth, five from adult age and eight from the age of 65–70. Thirty-eight subjects developed dementia, and they were compared to the other 326 subjects. Death of a parent before the age of 16, previous arduous manual work, physical illness in the spouse after the age of 65 and serious illness in a child after the age of 65 made independent contributions to the prediction of dementia. There was a dose--response relationship: in subjects without exposure 3% developed dementia, in subjects with exposure to one or two risk factors 8% developed dementia, and in subjects with exposure to three or more risk factors 20% developed dementia. The association with psychosocial risk factors was similar in the aetiological subgroups Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. There was no association with education or alcohol abuse. We suggest that the associations between psychosocial risk factors and dementia are due to the effects of stress, but other interpretations are also possible. The results should be regarded as preliminary until confirmed by others.     

Occupation during life and risk of dementia in French elderly community residents

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether principal occupation during life is a risk factor for incident Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, or dementia with parkinsonism. METHODS: This study was carried out from the PAQUID (Personnes Agées QUID) cohort, an epidemiological study on normal and pathological aging after 65 years in the south west of France. At baseline, 2950 non-demented people living at home were identified and re-examined 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 years later with identical standardised neurological and neuropsychological measures. Cox proportional hazards models with delayed entry were used, taking age as the time scale and adjusting for sex, education, tobacco, and wine consumption to estimate the risk ratio (RR) of incident dementia, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and dementia with parkinsonism associated with occupational category. RESULTS: Of the 2950 subjects, 393 became demented, of whom 251 had Alzheimer's disease, 112 had vascular dementia, and 27 had dementia with parkinsonism. The risk of Alzheimer's disease was not related to a given occupation. However the risk of dementia with parkinsonism seemed to be increased in farmers in comparison with professionals and managerials, particularly among women (RR 7.47; 95%CI, 1.80-31.07). CONCLUSION: The data suggest that occupation does not change the risk of Alzheimer's disease, which seems to be more influenced by cognitive abilities in childhood and adolescence than by occupation in adult life. However, being a farmer may increase the risk of dementia with parkinsonism among women; occupation could act by the way of differences in health behaviour or in exposure to environmental factors.     

血管紧张素转换酶基因多态性与血管性痴呆发病关系的研究

目的　探讨血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因多态性与血管性痴呆(VD)的相关性。方法　采用 聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术,检测94例VD患者(VD组)、60例原发性高血压患者(EH组)及60名健康成人 (NC组)的ACE基因型及等位基因的频率,并进行比较分析。结果　有关DD型及D等位基因频率组间比较 结果:(1)VD组比NC组明显增高(均P<0.01)。(2)脑卒中后VD患者高于非脑卒中后VD患者(由于病例 数相差太大,未进行统计学分析)。(3)VD伴EH者高于VD不伴EH者(均P<0.05)。(4)VD的程度与 ACE基因型的分布无关。结论　ACE基因I/D多态性与VD有一定的相关性;DD型及D等位基因可能是 VD的危险因素。     

Prevalence, resource utilization and costs of vascular dementia compared to Alzheimer's dementia in a population setting

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of dementia and to measure the monetary impact and health resources utilization of vascular dementia (VD) compared to Alzheimer's dementia (AD) in persons aged over 64 years in a population setting. METHODS: Retrospective, cross-sectional study. In the initial phase, information was obtained on specific clinical characteristics from the subjects with an active diagnosis of dementia. The second phase consisted of a clinical evaluation and validation of the cases. Mini-Mental State Examination was used to assess cognitive impairment. Dementia and its subtypes were determined using established diagnostic criteria. Information was obtained on the use of health care resources (direct costs) and the number of hours devoted by the primary caregiver (indirect costs) for patients with a documented diagnosis of AD or VD within the last 6 months prior to the interview. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to correct the model. RESULTS: A total of 6,004 subjects were analyzed, 258 with diagnosis of dementia (overall prevalence: 4.3%). An evaluation was made of 224 patients, and gross prevalence of AD and VD was 2.4 and 1.0%, respectively. Cost per patient per semester was EUR 8,086 for AD and EUR 11,039 for VD (p = 0.016). 85.5% of the cost was attributable to primary caregiver time in AD and 84.4% in VD. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of AD and VD increases with age. No sociodemographic differences were seen between AD and VD. Costs associated with health care resource and primary caregiver utilization were high, being higher in VD than in AD.     

成都地区1997年和2000年两次老年期痴呆患病率调查结果的比较

目的了解老年期痴呆和阿尔茨海默病（AD）患病率在不同时间的变化。方法分别于1997年6月至1998年4月（第1次）和2000年11月至2001年3月（第2次），在成都地区用多层分级整群抽样方法，对调查时年龄≥55岁的社区人口进行痴呆患病率调查，两次调查的程序和使用工具相同。采用美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第3版修订本的标准诊断痴呆。结果第1次调查实查5353人，失访202人，漏查率3．64％；诊断痴呆患者143例。第2次调查实查3908人，失访407人，漏查率9．43％；诊断痴呆患者107例。第1次与第2次调查现场诊断不一致的患者6例，均为轻度痴呆。第1次调查的痴呆、AD和血管性痴呆（VD）患病率分别为2．67％、2．04％和0．39％，第2次调查为2．74％、2．00％和0．46％，差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论≥55岁的人口中，痴呆、AD和VD患病率在一定时期内保持稳定。对界于轻微认知功能损害与轻度痴呆之间的患者诊断较为困难，随访对明确诊断是必要的。