强制隔离戒毒男性人格特征与自我控制及复吸倾向的关系

目的:探讨强制隔离戒毒男性的人格特征、自我控制与复吸倾向之间的关系。方法:选取甘肃某强制戒毒所强制隔离戒毒男性635名,采用复吸倾向性调查表(RTQ)、中国大五人格问卷(CBF-PI-B)、自我控制量表(SCS)测量复吸倾向、人格特征和自我控制水平。结果:强制隔离戒毒男性的RTQ总分为(31.5±13.8);SCS总分、吸毒年限与RTQ总分正向关联(β=0.26、0.17,均P0.001),人格特征中的严谨性、宜人性得分和年龄与RTQ总分负向关联(β=-0.12、-0.08、-0.09,均P0.05)。结论:强制隔离戒毒男性的人格特征和自我控制与复吸倾向关系密切。     

自我反思与洞察力量表中文版在精神障碍患者中应用的效度和信度

目的:考察自我反思与洞察力量表中文版(SRIS)在精神障碍患者群体中的效度及信度,为测量精神障碍患者对自我的认知提供一个有效的工具。方法:选取精神分裂症患者140例,抑郁症患者92例,健康对照131例;以多伦多述情障碍量表(TAS-20)为效标检验效标效度。间隔2周后,随机选取其中20例患者进行重测以检验重测信度。结果:探索性因子分析中设定2个维度,解释总变异量的48.87%,各条目载荷在0.34~0.81之间;SRIS的自我反思得分与TAS-20外向型思维得分呈负相关(ICC=-0.31,P0.01);SRIS的洞察力得分与TAS-20识别情绪困难、表达情绪困难、外向型思维维度得分均呈负相关(ICC=-0.66、-0.23、-0.21,P0.01或P0.05)。SRIS总量表的内部一致性Cronbachα系数为0.83,两维度的α系数为0.86和0.65;总量表的重测信度为0.80,两维度的重测信度为0.81和0.61。结论:自我反思与洞察力量表中文版(SRIS)在精神障碍群体中的效度和信度均较符合心理测量学要求,可作为评估元认知,如自我反思和洞察力的工具。     

海洛因渴求问卷的初步编制

目的:编制海洛因渴求问卷。方法:参考国内外文献,结合研究小组在戒毒临床所见,拟出38个条目作为海洛因渴求问卷的初稿。选择符合入组标准的海洛因依赖患者140人作为调查对象,进行了初步信效度检验。结果:海洛因渴求问卷经过因素分析,共抽取四个因素,分别命名为用药意向、用药渴望、效果期待、自我控制因子,涵盖25个条目,可解释59·23%的变异;量表的Crobachα系数为0·93,四个因子的α系数0·75-0·89;稽延性戒断期的重测信度相关系数为0·57-0·79,总量表的相关小数为0·75(P<0·01);成瘾不同时期渴求水平不同。结论:所编海洛因渴求问卷具有良好信度及结构效度,可作为临床应用并进一步完善。     

大学生健康人格问卷的编制

目的:编制适合我国大学生的健康人格问卷.方法:根据访谈、开放式问卷施测结果及理论假设,编制大学生健康人格问卷;检验了问卷的同质性信度、重测信度、结构效度等.结果:探索性因素分析确定量表含自我和谐、自我-社会和谐、实践活动能力三个因素,解释总变异的54.8％.三个维度和总问卷的内部一致性系数为0.82-0.94,分半信度为0.70-0.85,重测信度为0.73-0.84.验证性因素分析表明问卷的三因素模型各项参数(RMSEA=0.07,NFI=0.95,NNFI=0.96,CFI=0.94,GFI=0.95)均达到可以接受的水平.三个维度及总问卷与自尊、主观幸福感有显著正相关;与SCL-90有显著负相关.结论:该问卷具有较好的信度和效度,可用于大学生健康人格的测试.     

毒品复吸高危量表的初步修订

目的:初步修订适合我国文化背景的毒品复吸高危量表,探讨引起毒品复吸的高危因素.方法:随机选取中国某戒毒所344名被试进行测试,并进行信度、效度、探索性因素分析及验证性因素分析.结果:毒品复吸高危量表包括21个题目,探索性因素分析抽取了4个因素,即"线索引诱"、"强迫性"、"孤独无聊"、"含无助感的负面情绪",4个因子解释的总方差变异为55.24%;验证性因素分析表明,x2/df=1.54,CFI=0.90、IFI=0.90、RMSEA=0.025;信度分析表明量表整体内部一致性系数α为0.84,重测信度为0.76.结论:该问卷的结构清晰,信度、效度良好.     

大学生网络利他行为量表的编制

目的:编制大学生网络利他行为量表。方法:通过开放式问卷调查,形成57个项目的量表初稿,然后采用探索性和验证性因素分析对量表结构进行检验。结果:量表包含30个项目,分为4个因子,解释了总变异的54.647%;总量表的α系数、分半信度和重测信度分别为0.937、0.891和0.859,各维度的α系数在0.800～0.878之间,分半信度在0.781～0.858之间,重测信度在0.711～0.813之间;验证性因素分析显示各拟合指数达到要求。结论:大学生网络利他行为量表具有较好的信度和效度,可以作为进一步研究的工具。     

简版老年抑郁量表(GDS-15)在中国老年人中的使用

目的:考察简版老年抑郁量表(GDS-15)在中国老年人群中的信度和效度,特别关注量表的内部结构。方法:利用2006年中国城乡老年人口状况追踪调查10%数据进行分析。结果:量表内部一致性Cronbach’sα系数为0.793,一周重测信度为0.728;量表与生活自理能力量表间存在显著相关,不同照料需求的老年人在量表得分上存在显著差异。但原量表内部结构不佳,删除四个项目后,在总样本、农村样本和城镇样本中均获得抑郁体验和积极情绪两个因子,可解释43.21%的方差变异;量表内部一致性Cronbach’sα系数为0.763,重测信度为0.712。结论:GDS-15具有较好的信度和区分效度,基本可用于中国城乡老年人抑郁症状的测量,对项目进行删改后的GDS-11结构更为合理且适合中国老年人群。     

损耗敏感性量表中文版的修订与信效度研究

目的:对损耗敏感性量表(DSS)中文版进行修订并检验其信效度。方法:选取北京市某高校499名研究生,随机分为两部分,一部分(n=249)用于条目分析与探索性因子分析,另一部分(n=250)用于验证性因子分析与信效度检验;以自我调节疲劳量表(SRF-S)、自我控制双系统量表(DMSCS)与青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)为效标检验效标效度;2周后随机选取其中280名研究生进行重测以检验重测信度。结果:量表中文版包含8个条目,分为认知与行为2个维度,共解释60.7%的方差变异;验证性因素分析显示,双因素模型具有良好的拟合(χ~2/df=4.18,RMSEA=0.09,NFI=0.95,NNFI=0.94,CFI=0.96,IFI=0.96,GFI=0.96,SRMR=0.05)。量表总分及2个维度得分与SRF-S的各分量表得分、DMSC-S冲动系统分量表得分、ASLEC的各分量表(除学习压力外)得分均呈正相关(r=0.13~0.55,均P0.001)。总量表的Cronbachα系数为0.80,2个维度的Cronbachα系数为0.79、0.73;总量表的重测信度为0.52,2个维度的重测信度为0.46、0.58。结论:损耗敏感性量表中文版具有良好的心理测量学指标,适宜在研究生群体中使用。     

两种淡漠评定量表知情者版的汉化及效度信度检验

目的:引进里尔淡漠评定量表知情者版(LARS-i)、淡漠评定量表-知情者版(AES-I),并对其信效度进行初步评价。方法:使用LARS-i、AES-I对186名社区初筛为轻度认知障碍(MCI)老年人的家属进行调查,通过内容效度(CVI)、探索性因子分析和相容效度评价其效度,通过内部一致性和重测信度评价其信度。结果:中文版LARS-i量表的CVI平均值为1;包含33条目,分为9个维度,共解释58.76%的方差变异,9个维度进而可提取3个公因子,累积方差贡献率为54.76%;量表的Cronbachα为0.82,各条目Cronbachα系数为0.79~0.81,重测信度为0.80。中文版AES-I量表的CVI平均值为0.94;因子分析共提取4个公因子,累积贡献率为53.15%;量表的Cronbachα为0.85,各条目Cronbachα系数为0.77~0.80;重测系数为0.76。LARS-i与AES-I的相容效度系数为0.59(P0.01)。结论:中文版LARS-i、AES-I量表具有较好的信效度,可为评估M CI患者淡漠表现的工具。     

马萨诸塞州综合医院认知及躯体功能量表中文版测评抑郁症患者的效度和信度

目的:引进Fava编制的马萨诸塞州综合医院认知及躯体功能量表(CPFQ),并检验中文版在抑郁症患者中的效度和信度。方法:采用连续入组的方法,对111例符合精神障碍诊断与统计手册第5版(DSM-5)重性抑郁障碍诊断标准的成年患者进行施测,选取汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、淡漠评估量表-医生版(AES-C)、简明疲劳量表(BFI)、持续操作测验(CPT)作为效度指标,与133例正常被试对比进行实证效度研究,2周后对其中42例患者进行重测以评价其信度。结果:中文版CPFQ包含7条目,量表符合原单因素模型,共解释67.6%的方差变异;量表总分与HAMD得分呈正相关(r=0.60,P0.01),条目1~3得分分别与AES-C、HAM D睡眠障碍因子、BFI得分呈正相关(r=0.41~0.60,P0.01),2周重测后CPT与条目4~7总分的分数变化呈负相关(r=-0.28,P0.05);抑郁组CPFQ各条目分及总分均高于正常对照组(P0.001);总量表内部一致性系数为0.92,重测信度为0.68。结论:中文版CPFQ测评抑郁症患者有良好的效度和信度。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.