Increase in tear film lipid layer thickness after instillation of 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution in healthy human eyes

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of 3% diquafosol ophthalmic solution on tear film lipid layer thickness (LLT) in normal human eyes by tear interferometry.

Toxicological evaluation of micafungin ophthalmic solution in rabbit eyes.

There have been no reports of the topical application of micafungin to the eye. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of topical instillation of 0.1% micafungin ophthalmic solution in rabbit eyes. In New Zealand white rabbits (n = 6), 50 microL of 0.1% micafungin solution was topically instilled to 1 eye, and 50 microL of sterile saline was applied to the other eye. Both eyedrops were administered hourly from 7 A.M. for 7 days. Measurements were conducted on corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, endothelial cell density, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of tear samples. The eyes were examined slit-lamp biomicroscopically and histopathologically. Topical micafungin application for 1 week did not induce any changes in intraocular pressure, endothelial cell density, and tear LDH. Corneal thickness after instillation was slightly, but significantly, smaller in the micafungin group than in the control group (P = 0.0156, paired t test), but this difference disappeared within 24 hours after the final instillation. Biomicroscopy and histopathology revealed no significant toxic influence of micafungin application on the cornea. Topical instillation of micafungin solution had no apparent toxicity to the cornea. These results warrant future studies on the efficacy of micafungin ophthalmic solution against corneal fungal infection.     

Miotic effect of brimonidine tartrate 0.15% ophthalmic solution in normal eyes

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of brimonidine tartrate 0.15% ophthalmic solution (Alphagan P) on pupil diameter in eyes of healthy adults under different luminance conditions. SETTING: Center for Refractive Surgery, Ophthalmology Service, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. METHODS: Using a Colvard pupillometer, the pupil diameter was measured in 15 eyes of 15 healthy adults under 3 luminance conditions (scotopic, mesopic, photopic). The luminance of the room was measured using the Minolta LS-110 Luminance Meter. Pupil diameter was remeasured using the same technique 30 minutes, 4 hours, and 6 hours after administration of 1 drop of brimonidine tartrate 0.15% ophthalmic solution. RESULTS: Under scotopic conditions (luminance 0.0 candelas [cd]/m(2)), the pupil diameter decreased by 1.0 mm or more in 100%, 87%, and 60% of eyes at 30 minutes, 4 hours, and 6 hours, respectively (P<.005); under mesopic conditions (luminance 0.2 cd/m(2)), in 93%, 73%, and 40% of eyes, respectively (P<.005); and under photopic conditions (luminance 150.2 cd/m(2)), in 73%, 87%, and 67% of eyes, respectively (P<.005). CONCLUSIONS: Brimonidine tartrate 0.15% ophthalmic solution produced a significant miotic effect under all 3 luminance conditions. The reproducible miotic effect under scotopic and mesopic conditions may help postoperative refractive patients who report night-vision difficulties related to a large pupil.     

A comparison of morning and evening instillation of a combination travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution

PURPOSE: To compare the intraocular pressure lowering efficacy and side effect profile of travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution dosed in the morning and evening. METHODS: This was a multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-masked, parallel group clinical study of 92 patients with open-angle glaucoma (with or without pseudoexfoliative or pigmentary glaucoma) or ocular hypertension. After a washout of existing glaucoma medications, patients were randomly assigned to receive one drop of travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% in the morning or evening for 6 weeks. The main outcome measures were mean intraocular pressure (IOP) assessed at 9 am, 11 am, and 4 pm, and safety variables. RESULTS: Travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution, dosed in the morning or evening, controlled IOP consistently throughout the day. Mean IOP ranged from 16.5 to 16.7 mmHg in the morning treatment group and from 16.1 to 17.2 mmHg in the evening treatment group. Travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution produced statistically significant and clinically relevant reductions in IOP from baseline; mean reductions ranged from approximately 8 to 10 mmHg (32% to 38%). Travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution was safe and well tolerated with the most frequently reported adverse event being ocular hyperemia, which occurred in 12.5% of patients in the morning treatment group and 13.6% of patients in the evening treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: Travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% given once daily, either in the morning or evening, is a safe and effective treatment for open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. It may be beneficial for patients judged to be inadequately controlled on a prostaglandin analogue or ophthalmic beta-blocker alone.     

Evaluation of 0.4% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution versus 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and patient tolerance of 0.4% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution and 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution after routine phacoemulsification and lens implantation. Setting: The setting for this study was the Storm Eye Institute and Magill Research Center for Vision Correction, Medical University of South Carolina (Charleston, SC). METHODS: This work was a prospective, double-masked study that included 40 eyes of 40 patients randomly assigned to receive topical treatment with 0.4% ketorolac or 0.5% ketorolac, starting 15 min prior to routine phacoemulsification and foldable posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. Following the procedure, patients were instructed to use the assigned treatment agent 4 times a day after surgery for 1 week and twice a day for 3 weeks, when drops were discontinued. Slit-lamp examination, intraocular pressure (IOP), laser cell and flare measurements, and subjective patient tolerance were evaluated postoperatively at 1, 7, and 30 d. Comparisons between the 2 groups were made at each visit, as well as comparisons to baseline. A P=value less than .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: At day 1, a higher percentage of patients (70% vs. 40%) reported symptoms (mainly foreign body sensation and stinging/burning) in the 0.5% ketorolac group, compared to the 0.4% ketorolac group. No significant differences were found between the 2 groups over time regarding best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), IOP, slit-lamp assessment of cells, and cell and flare measured using the laser cell/flare meter. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with 0.4% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution is as effective as 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution in reducing inflammation after routine cataract surgery. Patients reported less discomfort using 0.4% ketorolac.     

Comparison of lodoxamide 0.1% ophthalmic solution and levocabastine 0.05% ophthalmic suspension in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of lodoxamide 0.1% ophthalmic solution with levocabastine 0.05% ophthalmic suspension, each given four times daily (QID) for three months to patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). METHODS: The study was conducted multinationally according to a triple-masked parallel design in 95 VKC patients, with assessments at baseline then monthly during the three months of treatment. The primary efficacy variables were a Physician's Clinical Judgement Scale and a Patient's Overall Judgement Scale of improvements from baseline. Signs and symptoms of VKC were also assessed. RESULTS: Both primary efficacy variables showed significantly greater overall improvement of VKC from baseline with lodoxamide than levocabastine. The superiority of lodoxamide was demonstrated by the Physician's Clinical Judgement Scale at months 2 and 3, with a trend, at month 1, and by the Patient's Overall Judgement Scale at months 1, 2 and 3. All signs and symptoms of VKC improved significantly from baseline at all time points, regardless of treatment (p<0.001). However, relative to levocabastine, conjunctival discharge, photophobia and lacrimation were significantly reduced by lodoxamide at months 1, 2 and 3, itching at months 2 and 3, and bulbar conjunctiva at month 3. The temporal improvement of superior tarsal papillae did not differ significantly between treatments. Both were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Lodoxamide 0.1% and levocabastine 0.05% eye drops, instilled four times daily for three months, were effective, safe and well tolerated by patients with VKC, but lodoxamide was significantly superior to levocabastine.     

Effect of brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution 0.2% on pupil size in normal eyes under different luminance conditions

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution 0.2% (Alphagan) on pupil size in normal eyes. Three luminance conditions were used to assess the potential use of brimonidine in postoperative refractive patients who experience nighttime vision problems related to large pupil size. SETTING: McDonald Eye Associates, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA. METHODS: Pupil size was measured in 16 eyes of 16 participants with the Colvard pupillometer under 3 luminance conditions. One drop of brimonidine 0.2% was administered to each patient. Pupil size was then measured using the same technique 30 minutes and 4 and 6 hours after drop administration. RESULTS: Under scotopic conditions, 100% of the pupils showed significant miosis at 30 minutes (P <.05). The effect continued in all eyes for 4 hours. At 6 hours, a miotic effect was still present in 81.3%. However, under photopic luminance, there was no significant effect on pupil size in all 16 eyes (P >.05). The pupil size in 5 eyes (31.2%) was not affected at 30 minutes or 4 or 6 hours. At 6 hours, 15 eyes (93.8%) had returned to their preinstillation size. CONCLUSION: Brimonidine tartrate 0.2% had a significant effect in decreasing pupil size under scotopic conditions. The results indicate that the drug can decrease night-vision difficulties such as halos, star bursts, glare, and monocular diplopia in postoperative refractive patients.     

Intraocular penetration of cefotiam hydrochloride, a kind of cephalosporin after filtration surgery in rabbit eyes

PURPOSE: In this study, we measured the cefotiam dihydrochloride (CTM) concentration in ocular tissue after filtration surgery in rabbit eyes. METHODS: CTM (20 mg/kg body weight) was administered intravenously 30 min before filtration surgery which was performed by double flap procedure on the right eyes of white rabbits. The aqueous humor and serum were extracted at 10 min after surgery and at 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min. Drug concentration in all of the specimens was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HP-LC). RESULT: The CTM concentrations of aqueous humor in the nonoperated eyes were 0.44 +/- 0.16(mean +/- standard deviation) microg/ml (n = 4) (40 min after intravenous dosage), 0.36 +/- 0.17microg/ml (n = 4) (60 min after intravenous dosage), 0.38 +/- 0.34, microg/ml(n = 3) (90min after intravenous dosage) and 0.27 +/- 0.10 microg/ml (n = 5) (150 min after intravenous dosage). In contrast, CTM concentration in the aqueous humor of the operated eyes was 2.4 +/- 0.95 microg/ml (n = 4) at 10 min after surgery (40 min after intravenous dosage), 2.11 +/- 1.10 microg/ml (n = 4) at 30 min after surgery (60 min after intravenous dosage), 1.18 +/- 0.78 microg/ml (n = 4) at 60 min after surgery (90 min after intravenous dosage) and 0.47 +/- 0.1 microg/ml (n = 5) at 120 min after surgery (150 min after intravenous dosage). The intraocular penetration of CTM at 10 min and at 120 min after filtration surgery was significantly higher in comparison with the drug concentration in the nonoperated eyes (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The intraocular penetration of CTM after filtration surgery was much higher in comparison with the drug concentration in the nonoperated eyes. These results may be useful to predict the intraocular penetration of CTM in human eyes after filtration surgery.     

0.5%左氧氟沙星与0.3%加替沙星及0.3%乳酸左氧氟沙星的房水药物浓度研究

目的 探讨人眼分别滴用0.5%左氧氟沙星、0.3%加替沙星及0.3%乳酸左氧氟沙星后房水中药物浓度差异.方法 采用随机、双盲、平行研究方法.选取2006年8月至2007年2月在浙江大学医学院附属第二医院眼科中心预行白内障超声乳化术的老年白内障患者150例(150只单侧眼),使用随机数字表法分为3个大组:0.5%左氧氟沙星组(50只眼)、0.3%加替沙星组(50只眼)、0.3%乳酸左氧氟沙星组(50只眼),每个大组冉使用随机排列表分为5个亚组,每个亚组10只眼.按不同大组,术前分别局部给予0.5%左氧氟沙星、0.3%加替沙星或0.3%乳酸左氧氟沙星滴眼,总共4次,每次间隔15 min.手术时按不同亚组,分别于最后1次给药后15、30、60、120、180 min时抽取房水多于100 μl,然后用加样器准确定量至100μl置于带塞试管中.全部标本采用高效液相色谱法测定房水中药物浓度.采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)对不同时间点的3种药物浓度进行统计学分析,两两之间差异比较采用t检验进行分析.结果 给药后15、30、60、120、180 min房水内0.5%左氧氟沙星浓度(1.61±0.48)、(2.41±0.80)、(2.93±0.50)、(2.56±0.63)、(1.87±0.88)mg/L分别高于对应时间点的0.3%加替沙星浓度(0.70±0.18)、(1.29±0.54)、(1.59±0.67)、(1.41±0.50)、(1.13±0.28)mg/L及0.3%乳酸左氧氟沙星浓度(0.55±0.39)、(1.15±0.42)、(1.38±0.49)、(1.02±0.33)、(0.55±0.31)m.g/L,差异均有统计学意义(F=23.64,12.82,21.13,25.00,12.22;P均<0.05).0.3%加替沙星和0.3%乳酸左氧氟沙星的房水药物浓度经检验在15、30、60、120 min无明显差异(t=1.09,0.68,0.83,2.00;均P>0.05).在180 min时0.3%加替沙星的房水药物浓度高于0.3%乳酸左氧氟沙星,差异有统计学意义(t=4.36,P<0.05).结论 人眼滴用0.5%左氧氟沙星、0.3%加替沙星及0.3%乳酸左氧氟沙星后,以滴用0.5%左氧氟沙星后房水的药物浓度最高.     

A comparison of therapeutic regimens containing moxifloxacin 0.5% ophthalmic solution and gatifloxacin 0.3% ophthalmic solution for surgical prophylaxis in patients undergoing LASIK or LASEK.

The purpose of these two studies was to compare the safety and tolerability of moxifloxacin 0.5% ophthalmic solution and gatifloxacin 0.3% ophthalmic solution for use with laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and laser-assisted subepithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) patients. Treatment with the two antibiotic regimens was randomly assigned to fellow eyes of each patient. The LASIK study showed no difference between the two therapies in terms of visual acuity, pupil size, SPK, edema, haze, day- and nighttime glare, halos, clarity of day or night vision, and dry eye symptoms up to 1 week after surgery. Patients reported no preference between the two antibiotics on the basis of ease of use, irritation, redness, itching, gritty, sandy or scratchy feeling, speed of recovery, overall vision, or overall comfort up to 7 days after LASIK surgery. Corneal healing after LASEK surgery was equivalent for the antibiotic regimens containing moxifloxacin 0.5% ophthalmic solution and gatifloxacin 0.3% ophthalmic solution. When comparing safety and tolerability, these findings suggest an equivalent role for these fluoroquinolone antibiotics in surgical prophylaxis.     

Efficacy of brimonidine tartrate 0.2% ophthalmic solution in reducing halos after laser in situ keratomileusis

PURPOSE: To quantitatively evaluate the effect of brimonidine tartrate 0.2% (Alphagan) on halo and pupil size in patients who had symptomatic night-vision difficulties after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). SETTING: Nune Eye Hospital, Seoul, Korea. METHODS: This study comprised 28 eyes of 14 patients with symptomatic night-vision difficulties after LASIK. Pupil diameter was measured with a Colvard pupillometer (Oasis Medical, Inc.). Quantitative analysis of halos was performed by measuring the area using a new computerized method. Pupil size and halo size were evaluated under scotopic and normal room light conditions. Alphagan was administered, and the effect was measured after 30 minutes and 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant correlation between pupil size and halo size (r = 0.527; P<.0001; slope = 691.6 pixel/mm). Pupil size and halo size decreased significantly 30 minutes after Alphagan instillation under both luminance conditions (all P< .0001). Under normal room light, the pupil and halo remained decreased until the last measurement at 24 hours. Under scotopic conditions, the pupil returned to its preinstillation size at 24 hours while the halo remained decreased. The maximum effect on halos was observed after 6 hours, when the mean reduction over preinstillation size was 28.2% and 29.1% under normal room light conditions and scotopic conditions, respectively. CONCLUSION: Alphagan effectively reduced halo size and pupil size in postoperative LASIK patients with night-vision symptoms.     

The vitreous after C3F8 gas instillation: Long-term histologic findings after spontaneous reabsorption of the gas in rabbit eyes

Perfluoropropane gas (C₃F₈) was injected intravitreally into rabbit eyes to displace the vitreous. Histologic examination by light and scanning electron microscopy revealed the vitreous material slowly expanded up to a nearly normal configuration during a follow-up of 6 months. Neither posterior vitreous detachment nor liquefaction of the vitreous could be observed.Presented at the XVth Meeting of the Club Jules Gonin, Copenhagen, 10–15 August 1986     

牵拉性视神经损伤后视神经中MDA、SOD水平的改变

目的 研究牵拉性视神经损伤后脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（malonaldehyde,MDA）及超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）的改变.方法 取新西兰大耳白兔15只30眼随机分为3组：未手术正常组、开眶手术后未损伤视神经对照组和手术损伤视神经实验组,每组5只10眼.各组于术后2 d、7 d及15 d时取材,检测不同时间点视神经组织中MDA和SOD的含量.结果 正常组和对照组视神经组织中MDA含量分别为（2.44±0.31）μmol·L^-1、（3.02±0.11）μmol·L^-1;损伤实验组7 d、15 d时MDA含量分别为（5.38±0.49）μmol·L^-1、（5.43±0.37）μmol·L^-1常组SOD活性为（42.12±0.78）μU·L^-1,对照组SOD为（41.12±0.57）μU·L^-1,损伤实验组7 d、15 d时SOD分别为（28.78±1.41）μU·L^-1和（30.63±2.13）μU·L^-1.与正常组及对照组的比较,损伤实验组中MDA及SOD水平的改变有显著性差异（P＜0.05）.结论 牵拉性损伤可以导致视神经组织中MDA含量增加及SOD活性下降.