超选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞术在头面部肿瘤术前的应用

探讨头面部肿瘤ＤＳＡ表现，术前治疗方法及并发症。材料与方法，采用Ｓｅｌｄｉｎｇｅｒ’ｓ法，以明胆海绵为栓塞材料１５例头面部肿瘤进行供血动脉超选择性栓塞。结果１５例患者在栓塞后术中出血明显减少，肿瘤切除率提高。结论超选择性颈外动脉栓塞术效果可靠２，使手术切除更为安全，可在临床推广应用。     

选择性靶动脉栓塞在骶骨肿瘤切除术中的价值

目的 探讨和评估选择性靶动脉栓塞骶骨肿瘤后对外科切除肿瘤的价值和方法。方法 运用Seldinger技术，对9例骶骨肿瘤患者进行肿瘤供血动脉及肿瘤内血管全部彻底栓塞，栓塞材料应用明胶海绵，栓塞后1周内行手术切除术。结果 彻底的术前栓塞手术中失血量明显减少，9例骶骨肿瘤均得到彻底切除，平均失血量为1090ml。术后平均随访15个月，未见肿瘤局部复发。结论 骶骨肿瘤切除术前选择性靶动脉栓塞可有效减少术中出血，有利于肿瘤的彻底切除，为顺利切除骶骨肿瘤提供了有价值的方法。     

骨肿瘤的术前动脉栓塞治疗

研究和评估骨肿瘤手术前选择性动脉栓塞治疗的价值，作用，探讨影响骨肿瘤术前动脉栓塞疗效的因素。材料与方法：对２４例骨肿瘤进行选择性动脉栓塞，先用明胶海绵颗粒栓塞肿瘤区小血地以明胶海绵细条栓塞供血动脉主士，于栓塞后１－５天进行手术。结果：共栓塞肿瘤供血动脉４７支，２３例手术成功，手术过程顺利，其中２０例肿瘤被完全切除，３例被大部切除，术中平均失血为９６０ｍｌ，无１例发生术中死亡或术后严重并发症；１例在     

术前选择性髂内动脉栓塞治疗骨盆肿瘤

目的：探讨术前选择性髂内动脉栓塞在骨盆肿瘤手术治疗中的价值。资料与方法：对12例骨盆肿瘤患者，采用明胶海绵作选择性髂内动脉栓塞，栓塞后平均2．7天手术。结果：本组病例中7例骶尾部肿瘤施行了双侧选择性髂内动脉栓塞，5例髂骨部肿瘤施行了单侧选择性髂内动脉栓塞。12例中11例获得了术中明显减少出血的效果，肿瘤得以彻底切除，术中失血量平均为751ml。结论：术前选择性髂内动脉栓塞对骨盆部肿瘤能明显的减少术中出血，提高手术切除率，是一种安全有效的辅助治疗手段。     

经皮穿刺动脉栓塞在骨与软组织肿瘤治疗中的价值

目的：评价选择性动脉栓塞术在骨与软组织肿瘤术前应用的价值。方法：对11例骨与软组织肿瘤（5例恶性,6例良性）先行数字减影血管造影,再用明胶海绵和/或钢丝圈栓塞全部供血动脉,栓塞术后24h内手术切除肿瘤。结果：11例患者均成功手术,术中平均失血量为900ml(500-1800ml)。结论：选择性动脉栓塞在骨与软组织肿瘤术前应用具有显著止血效果。     

脊柱肿瘤术前选择性动脉栓塞术的临床价值

目的探讨脊柱肿瘤术前选择性动脉栓塞术的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2017年1月至2018年12月于中国医科大学附属盛京医院骨科行脊柱肿瘤切除手术的42例患者的临床资料,依据肿瘤切除术前是否行动脉栓塞治疗,将患者分为栓塞组(20例)和未栓塞组(22例),再根据手术方式分为椎体切除亚组和椎板切除亚组。栓塞组椎体切除12例、椎板切除8例;未栓塞组椎体切除13例、椎板切除9例。采用独立样本t检验比较各组间术中失血量、红细胞输入量、校准失血量、手术时间和住院时间的差异。结果栓塞组20例患者均成功实施了脊柱肿瘤动脉栓塞术,无严重并发症发生。栓塞组与未栓塞组患者术中失血量、红细胞输入量、校准失血量、手术时间和住院时间,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。栓塞组椎体切除患者,术中失血量、红细胞输入量和校准失血量分别为(1966.7±898.8)ml、(7.42±3.27)U和(91.3±39.2)g/L,未栓塞组椎体切除患者分别为(2838.5±1143.5)ml、(11.04±4.08)U和(133.0±46.4)g/L,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-2.107、-2.436、-2.419,P<0.05);而2组手术时间和住院时间差异均无统计学意义(t值分别为-0.780、-0.549,P>0.05)。栓塞组与未栓塞组椎板切除患者的上述各指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论脊柱肿瘤术前选择性动脉栓塞术相对安全。脊柱肿瘤术前动脉栓塞不能减少外科切除手术的失血量,但对外科术式加以区分后,术前栓塞可显著减少接受椎体切除手术患者的失血量,而椎板切除手术的患者无明显受益。     

术前栓塞在颅底脑膜瘤手术中的价值

目的 回顾42例颅底脑膜瘤施行术前栓塞治疗效果.方法 对42例颅底脑膜瘤行数字减影血管造影术检查并选择性栓塞肿瘤供血动脉,栓塞的材料包括明胶海绵和聚乙烯醇颗粒.栓塞后3～7 d行手术切除肿瘤.结果 单纯的颈外动脉供血(Ⅰ型)7例,颈内外动脉联合供血者(Ⅱ Ⅲ型)35例.肿瘤全切除24 例,大部切除13例,部分切除5例,无栓塞相关并发症.结论 颅底脑膜瘤的术前栓塞能明显减少术中出血,缩短手术时间,提高手术安全性及全切率.     

脊椎原发性骨肿瘤的介入治疗

目的研究脊椎原发性骨肿瘤术前化疗及选择性动脉栓塞的安全性、疗效评价标准及临床价值。方法对术前采用化疗及选择性动脉栓塞且术后经病理证实的16例资料完整的椎体肿瘤进行回顾性分析。采用Seldinger技术,将导管超选择性地插入所需栓塞的肿瘤供血动脉,进行化疗,再以明胶海绵颗粒为栓塞材料进行选择性动脉栓塞。结果化疗、栓塞后肿瘤供血动脉大部分阻断,肿瘤染色较栓塞前减少>75%,术中出血量为500～2000ml,平均为810ml,手术切除顺利;术后标本病检肿瘤细胞坏死率为91%～95%;疼痛症状缓解率为95%。本组均未发生严重并发症。结论脊椎肿瘤术前行化疗及选择性动脉栓塞,是一种操作简便,安全可靠的有效方法。     

术前超选择性栓塞高血运脑膜瘤的临床意义

目的　探讨术前超选择性血管内栓塞对高血运脑膜瘤的疗效和临床意义。方法　在术前3～ 9d ,对 98例高血运脑膜瘤行DSA检查和微导管超选择栓塞肿瘤供血动脉 ,栓塞材料包括PVA颗粒、明胶海绵和真丝线段等。栓塞后行手术切除肿瘤。结果　高血运脑膜瘤主要由脑膜中动脉、咽升动脉、枕动脉、颌内动脉及副脑膜动脉供血。栓塞后 ,4 2例肿瘤染色在影像学上完全消失 ,5 6例肿瘤染色大部分或部分消失。绝大部分患者均在栓塞后的 3～ 9d进行了开颅手术切除肿瘤。全切除肿瘤 6 4例 ,术中平均出血 95 0ml;次全切除 34例 ,术中平均出血 15 0 0ml。结论　最佳手术时机是栓塞后 7～ 9d。高血运脑膜瘤的术前栓塞能明显减少术中出血 ,提高手术安全性及全切率 ,是一种安全、有效的微创方法。     

肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤术前栓塞的临床应用价值

目的:探讨经导管行肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤供血动脉术前栓塞在手术切除肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤中的价值。方法:10例经CT及MRI检查诊断为肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤患者,手术切除前均在局麻下经导管行肿瘤动脉碘化油及明胶海绵条栓塞。栓塞后均行手术切除肿瘤。结果:导管均到达供血动脉,注入适量碘化油及明胶海绵条,肿瘤血管和肿瘤染色基本消失;10例栓塞术后于7~14日均顺利实施肿瘤手术切除。与既往未栓塞的病例相比较,术前行栓塞的病例手术时肿瘤界限清楚,术中出血减少,不易误伤邻近正常结构,手术时间缩短。结论:术前栓塞对肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤手术切除更为容易,临近正常结构不易损伤,手术时间缩短,术中出血明显减少,减少并发症的发生。     

脑膜瘤的DSA及术前栓塞治疗

目的探讨脑膜瘤血管造影表现及手术前栓塞治疗的应用。方法36例经病理确诊的脑膜瘤,术前全部行全脑血管DSA造影,将其中主要由颈外动脉供血的22例患者用PVA栓塞,栓塞治疗后3～10d行手术切除。结果36例患者中,单纯由颈外动脉供血的9例,颈外动脉和颈内动脉供血的25例,颈内动脉供血2例。22例行肿瘤供血动脉栓塞的患者中,栓塞后肿瘤血管染色完全消失16例,染色明显减轻6例。栓塞后行手术切除的22例脑膜瘤患者,病灶被全部切除,术中平均出血150～500ml。结论脑膜瘤可由颈内、颈外动脉单独或混合供血,脑膜瘤的术前颈外动脉栓塞有利于减少术中出血及肿瘤的完整切除。     

选择性鼻咽纤维血管瘤供血动脉术前栓塞的应用

目的 探讨选择性鼻咽纤维血管瘤供血动脉术前栓塞的应用价值。方法 对15例鼻咽纤维血管瘤行数字减影血管造影(DsA)检查和栓塞治疗。供血动脉主要为颈外动脉的颌内动脉和(或)咽升动脉，栓塞材料用明胶海绵。结果15例在选择性颈外动脉栓塞后行手术治疗，13例术中出血量明显减少，2例由颈外动脉，颈内动脉系统同时供血，仅选择性颈外动脉栓塞，术中出血量较多。栓塞后2～5d手术最为理想。结论鼻咽纤维血管瘤供血动脉术前栓塞是临床有效的治疗方法之一。     

Clinical evaluation of cellulose porous beads for the therapeutic embolization of meningiomas

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cellulose porous beads (CPBs) are a new, exceptionally uniformly sized, nonabsorbable embolic agent. We evaluated their efficacy in the preoperative embolization of meningiomas. METHODS: In 141 consecutive patients, we used CPBs (200-microm diameter) for the preoperative embolization of meningiomas. We selected patients whose tumors were > or =4 cm with 50% of blood to the tumor supplied by the external carotid artery (ECA). All patients underwent a provocation test before embolization. The percentage of blood supplied to the tumor by the internal carotid artery and ECA was determined angiographically. Nonenhanced areas on postembolization MR imaging were calculated. Intraoperative blood loss, units of blood transfusion, and hemostasis at the time of surgery were recorded for each patient. The interval between embolization and surgery was intentionally longer than 7 days. RESULTS: Of the 141 patients, 128 underwent CBP embolization. Eleven patients had positive provocation test results, and 2 had vasospasm; they were not CBP embolized. In 72% of the patients CBP embolization achieved reduction in the flow of the feeding artery by more than 50%. The nonenhanced area on MR imaging was not significantly correlated with the degree of ECA supply or devascularization. The interval between embolization and surgery was 8-26 days (mean, 9.9 days). The longer this interval, the greater was the tumor-softening effect and the rate of tumor removal. CONCLUSIONS: CPBs may be useful for the preoperative embolization of meningiomas. To increase the efficacy of CPB embolization, the interval to surgery should be at least 7 days.     

头颈部副神经节瘤影像学诊断

目的:探讨头颈部副神经节瘤的影像学特征。方法:回顾性分析19例头颈部副神经节瘤的CT、MRI和DSA表现,其中颈静脉球瘤3例,鼓室球瘤2例,颈动脉体瘤12例,迷走体瘤2例。结果:颈静脉球瘤的CT特征为颈静脉孔扩大和虫蚀骨质破坏,1例双侧因肿瘤为1cm首次平扫漏诊;鼓室球瘤均较小,发生于鼓岬区,临床特征为搏动性耳鸣和鼓膜充血;颈动脉体瘤位于颈总动脉分叉处,特征为颈内、外动脉分离和动脉镶嵌于肿瘤边缘或肿瘤内;迷走体瘤与颈动脉体瘤的区别在于颈内、外动脉受压后均向前移位。增强后肿瘤均见明显强化,MRA图像有助于确认肿瘤内的滋养血管,术前栓塞是治疗的有效方法,能减少约50%~70%肿瘤供血。结论:头颈部副神经节瘤具有特定的解剖学位置和影像学表现,对临床诊断和治疗有重要价值。     

Carotid paragangliomas. Alternatives for presurgical endovascular management

Carotid paragangliomas (CP) are rare tumors, representing 0.6% of the head and neck tumors. These tumors have their origin in the carotid body located in the adventitia of the vascular wall of the carotid bifurcation. Among their principal characteristics are hypervascularity, primarily dependent on branches of the external carotid artery, the proximity and possible involvement of the cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII, and extension to the base of the skull. Complete surgical resection is the first line of management; however, this procedure can be a surgical challenge due to the potential risk of bleeding, intraoperative neurovascular injuries, and prolonged surgical time. Tumor embolization, carotid stenting, and tumor embolization with carotid stenting have been developed as alternative presurgical endovascular techniques that decrease tumor vascularity and/or provide structural vascular support, reducing bleeding and facilitating tumor dissection. Two cases of carotid tumors of the same classification, Shamblin II, are presented, one treated by preoperative embolization and the other managed with a carotid stent; the indications, advantages, and possible complications of each one are discussed. Two cases of Shamblin II carotid tumors are presented, one treated preoperatively with a carotid stent and the other with preoperative embolization. A literature review was carried out, with a search in PubMed that includes case reports, case series, review articles, meta-analyses on CP, presurgical tumor embolization, presurgical carotid stent placement, and surgical treatment of carotid body tumor. Hypervascularity and adhesion to the carotid wall are the leading causes of difficulties in surgical resection of CP. Optimal tumor embolization and/or preoperative carotid stent placement reduce intraoperative bleeding and provide vascular structural support, reducing intraoperative and postoperative complications.     

头颈部副神经节瘤的术前栓塞治疗

目的：分析头颈部副神经节瘤的ＤＳＡ表现及评价术前栓塞的作用。材料与方法，８例患者均行双侧颈总动脉及椎动脉ＤＳＡ检查，而后行患侧超选择性插管，以明胶海绵颗粒或真丝段作为栓塞材料。结果：５例颈静脉球瘤，２例颈动脉体瘤及１例迷走神经体瘤的动脉期均显示主要由颈外动脉的分支供血，如咽升动脉，耳后动脉，枕动脉等，颈静球瘤如侵犯后颅凹，颈内动脉或椎动脉的分支也可参与供血，实质期，肿瘤呈分叶状，不均匀染色，静脉期     

Preoperative embolization of the head and neck: indications, patient selection, goals, and precautions

Preoperative embolization was performed in 39 patients with 44 paragangliomas of the head and neck. Because of their complex vascular supply and their relation to vital structures such as the internal carotid artery and the lower cranial nerves, paragangliomas of the temporal bone represent challenging lesions to both the neuroradiologist and the otoneurosurgeon. Detailed classification by high-resolution CT and recognition of the multi- or monocompartmental vascular composition and of dangerous situations by selective angiography are essential prerequisites for safe and effective devascularization of paragangliomas of the temporal bone. Major complications that may occur if embolic material reaches intraaxial vessels through anastomoses between external carotid artery branches and the internal carotid and/or the vertebral artery can be avoided with the use of specific precautionary techniques. Palsies of the facial and lower cranial nerves can also be avoided if reabsorbable material is used for embolization of vessels supplying cranial nerves in asymptomatic patients. In selected cases with significant supply from the internal carotid artery, special interventional techniques, including embolization of the pericarotid tumor portion through the caroticotympanic artery and pre- or peroperative balloon occlusion of the petrous internal carotid artery, allow radical removal of extensive paragangliomas of the temporal bone. Techniques and selection of materials for embolization of carotid body, vagal body, and other paragangliomas of the head and neck mainly depend on the vascular composition of the tumor and on the specific vascular territory in which the tumor is located. In this series, preoperative embolization significantly improved surgical conditions of paragangliomas of any location in the head and neck and proved to represent an essential prerequisite for successful surgery of extensive paragangliomas of the temporal bone.     

超选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞术在头颈部疾病中的应用

目的探讨超选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞术在头颈部疾病中的应用。方法对41例头颈部疾病患者进行DSA检查,行超选择性颈外动脉分支栓塞治疗。结果12例鼻出血栓塞后即刻无活动性出血,随访6～12个月未再复发;7例鼻咽纤维血管瘤栓塞后手术出血量明显减少;1例外伤动脉出血栓塞后即刻止血,无复发;14例血管畸形栓塞后随访6～12个月,明显好转3例,好转6例,无变化5例;7例头颈部恶性肿瘤姑息性治疗后存活时间2年以上者3例。结论超选择性颈外动脉栓塞术治疗头颈部疾病安全、有效。     

Preoperative embolization of intracranial meningiomas

The goal of preoperative embolization of intracranial meningiomas is to facilitate their surgical removal by reducing tumor vascularity and decreasing blood loss during surgery. This study is based on personal experience with about 100 embolized meningiomas and on the experience of others. Embolization is performed during the same session as diagnostic angiography. The appropriate embolic materials (absorbable or nonabsorbable) are chosen according to the location of the tumor, the size of the feeding arteries, the blood flow, and the presence of any potentially dangerous vessels (dangerous anastomoses between external carotid artery and internal carotid or vertebral arteries, arteries supplying the cranial nerves). Preoperative embolization appeared to be very useful in large tumors with pure or predominant external carotid artery supply (convexity meningiomas), in skull-base meningiomas, and in middle fossa and paracavernous meningiomas. It was also useful in falx and parasagittal meningiomas receiving blood supply from the opposite side and in posterior fossa meningiomas. CT low densities demonstrated after embolization did not always correlate with necrosis on microscopic examination, and large areas of infarction could be found despite normal CT. Embolic material was found on pathologic examination in 10%-30% of cases; fresh or recent ischemic and/or hemorrhagic necrosis consistent with technically successful embolization was demonstrated in 40%-60% of cases. With careful technique complications are rare.