老年糖耐量低减患者心理状态调查

目的 探讨老年糖耐量低减(IGT)患者的心理健康状况.方法 应用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对确诊为IGT的180例患者进行调查.结果 180例IGT患者SCL-90总分、阳性项目数均显著高于国内常模(均P＜0.01),躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、精神病性因子分与国内常模比较,差异有显著性意义(均P＜0.01).IGT患者躯体化、强迫、人际关系、敌对性、偏执等因子分男性高于女性(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 IGT患者绝大部分存在心理障碍,提示在进行躯体疾病治疗的同时应加强心理治疗与护理.     

老年康复中心护工的心理健康状况调查

目的 调查老年康复中心护工的心理健康状况.方法 采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)对74名护工进行测评.结果 老年康复中心的护工SCL-90总分及躯体化、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对和偏执因子评分显著高于常模(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).不同性别、护理不同生活自理能力患者的护工,其心理健康水平比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 老年康复中心护工的心理健康状况不容乐观,尤其是对男护工和护理生活不能自理患者的护工,应进行有针对性的心理干预.     

不同类型肝硬化患者心理状态调查分析

目的 了解不同类型肝硬化患者的心理状态,为采取针对性的护理干预措施提供依据.方法 采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)分别对60例病毒性肝炎肝硬化患者(肝炎组)、60例酒精性肝硬化患者(酒精组)进行问卷调查.结果 肝炎组SCL-90总分及抑郁、焦虑、偏执因子分显著高于常模(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);酒精组焦虑、敌对、偏执因子分显著高于常模(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).两组焦虑、敌对、偏执因子分比较,差异有显著性意义(均P＜0.01).肝炎组B/C级与A级在押郁、精神病性、饮食睡眠方面差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),而酒精组除饮食睡眠外,其它各项差异有显著性意义(均P＜0.01).结论 不同类型肝硬化患者心理健康状况均较差,应采取针对性的护理措施进行干预.     

初产妇及其配偶心理健康水平和相关性分析

目的 探讨产褥期初产妇及其配偶的心理健康水平及两者之间的相关性,为社区护理工作提供依据.方法 采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)分别对198名初产妇及其配偶进行调查并分析其相关性.结果 初产妇SCL-90评分中除偏执、精神病性外其他因子评分显著高于国内常模(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),初产妇配偶的躯体化、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑因子评分显著高于国内常模(均P＜0.01);初产妇及其配偶SCL-90总分及各因子评分呈显著正相关(均P＜0.01).结论 初产妇及其配偶的心理健康水平均较低,产妇分娩同样影响配偶的心理健康,护理工作者应重视配偶的心理需求,使其保持身心健康,更好地完成照顾母婴的任务,从而也可间接减少初产妇产后抑郁的发生.     

心理卫生教育对高职护生心理健康状态的影响

目的探讨心理卫生教育对高职护生心理健康状态的影响。方法对120名高职护生开展心理卫生教育干预,内容包括心理卫生知识讲授、小组咨询、专业教学与心理健康教学相结合、心理健康宣传活动和心理健康网站利用、建立护生心理档案等。干预后采用SCL-90症状自评量表测评。结果干预前强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、其他因子分及总均分显著高于常模(P0.05,P0.01);干预后强迫症状、人际关系敏感、偏执及其他症状4项因子分显著低于常模(P0.05,P0.01);心理卫生教育前后SCL-90自评结果除躯体化、抑郁、恐怖及精神病性因子外,其余各项因子均分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论心理卫生教育可提高护生的心理健康水平。     

护理专科生实习前心理健康状况调查分析

目的 了解护理专科生(下称护生)实习前的心理健康状况,为实施针对性的心理健康教育提供依据.方法 采用精神症状自评量表(SCL-90)对209名护生于实习前进行调查.结果 护生实习前SCL-90中强迫、焦虑、恐怖和精神病性因子分及阳性项目总分显著高于国内青年常模(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);5年一贯制护生躯体化和敌对因子分显著性高于普通3年制护生(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);农村护生人际关系敏感因子分显著高于城镇护生(P＜0.05).结论 护生实习前的心理健康状况较差,5年一贯制护生和农村护生尤为明显,应针对性加强心理健康教育,使护生顺利进入临床实习.     

整形美容手术患者心理健康状况的研究

目的:通过对整形美容手术患者心理特点的调查和分析,探讨整形美容患者心理健康状况及对手术的影响。方法:对70例整形美容手术患者采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)对患者心理状况进行评定,并与常模进行比较。结果:SCL-90总分、躯体化、抑郁、焦虑及人际关系敏感因子分高于常模,EPQ测评除P维度分与中国常模无显著性差异外,E、N维度分显著高于中国常模。结论:部分整形美容类患者不同程度的存在心理障碍,且有其独特的个性特征,应该引起整形美容工作者的足够重视。     

老年糖耐量低减患者心理状态调查

目的探讨老年糖耐量低减（IGT）患者的心理健康状况。方法应用症状自评量表（SCL-90）对确诊为IGT的180例患者进行调查。结果180例IGT患者SCL-90总分、阳性项目数均显著高于国内常模（均P〈0．01），躯体化、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、精神病性因子分与国内常模比较，差异有显著性意义（均P〈0．01）。IGT患者躯体化、强迫、人际关系、敌对性、偏执等因子分男性高于女性（P〈0.05，P〈0.01）。结论IGT患者绝大部分存在心理障碍，提示在进行躯体疾病治疗的同时应加强心理治疗与护理。     

妊娠合并急性胰腺炎患者心理健康状况及其相关因素分析

目的 探讨妊娠合并急性胰腺炎患者的心理健康状况及相关因素,为制订有效的护理干预措施提供依据.方法 采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、生活事件量表(LEs)和社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对30例妊娠合并急性胰腺炎患者进行问卷调查.结果 除躯体化和敌对因子外,妊娠合并急性胰腺炎患者SCI-90各因子分显著高于常模(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);LES总刺激及负性事件刺激与抑郁、焦虑、恐怖呈显著正相关(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);主观支持、支持利用度与抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖呈显著负相关(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).社会支持利用度进入SCL-90的回归方程(P＜0.01).结论 妊娠合并急性胰腺炎患者存在一定的心理问题,负性生活事件、社会支持利用度是影响其心理健康的重要因素.需针对上述因素进行护理干预,以改善患者的心理健康状况.     

空降医疗队员心理健康状况调查分析

运用SCL-90症状自评量表对53名医疗队员在跳伞救护训练中进行测查.结果除人际关系、抑郁、敌对因子外,医疗队员各项评分均显著高于中国人常模(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);与军人常模比较,除恐怖因子分明显增高(P＜0.05)外,其余各项差异无显著性意义(均P＞0.05);男队员的敌对与偏执因子评分高于女队员(均P＜0.05),与同性别的军人常模比较,男队员恐怖因子评分显著增高(P＜0.05),女队员躯体化因子评分显著增高(P＜0.05);～41岁年龄段队员SCL-90评分与21～30岁年龄段比较,除敌对与精神病性因子差异无显著性意义(均P＞0.05)外,其余各项均显著高于后者(均P＜0.01).提示空降医疗队员存在心理健康问题,需针对训练要点及队员不同性别、年龄进行技能与心理素质训练.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.