临床护理专家能力评价方法的研究

目的 确定临床护理专家(CNS)评价标准,为护理管理者选拔、培养、聘任CNS提供依据,为护士发展自己的职业生涯提供参考.方法 采用CNS综合评价指标体系,包括定性能力评价(学识水平,业务能力、态度/价值观)和定量能力评价(工作业绩、其他).定性能力评价中为减少偏倚,对113名CNS培养对象(自评组)相关能力进行综合评价,同时对与其工作≥3年的医生(医评组)及护士(护评组)各113名采用相同的调查问卷进行调查.定量能力评价主要采用Delphi专家咨询法确定其子条目的评分细则,再进行评价.结果 定性能力自评组学识水平、业务能力、态度/价值观总分为15.65士1.74、16.33±2.03、18.48±1.69,显著低于他评组(均P＜0.01);学历、技术职称、行政职务对评分无显著影响(均P＞0.05).定量能力中工作业绩、其他总分为14.07±1.66、9.55±1.55;除学历外,不同技术职称、行政职务CNS培养对象定量能力评分比较,差异无显著性意义(均P＞0.05).加权后定性能力评分(64.39±4.35)分,定量能力(16.54±1.66)分,总分(80.93±5.25)分.结论 CNS能力评价宜用自评和他评相结合的方法,综合能力评分≥74.47分者可作为CNS培养对象,护理管理者不必特别强调学历、技术职称、行政职务,需重视CNS培养对象外语水平和科研能力的提高.     

护士组织承诺及影响因素的调查研究

目的了解护士组织承诺情况及其影响因素，提出可行性建议，以提高护士整体组织承诺，促进医院健康发展。方法采用调查问卷对武汉市某三级甲等医院315名在职护士进行问卷调查。结果护士组织承诺总分为（60．24±11．32）分；机会承诺为（14．48±2．92）分，感情承诺为（12．49±2．85）分，经济承诺为（11．51±2．77）分，理想承诺为（11．08±3．44）分，规范承诺为（10．68±2．54）分。组织承诺各维度受学历、年龄、婚姻状况、工作年限及科室等因素的影响（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。结论护士组织承诺处于中等偏下水平，需营造和谐的医院文化、建立合理的选人用人制度及公平合理的薪酬体系，以有效提高护士组织承诺和医院服务质量。     

高校男护生专业价值观状况调查及对策

目的了解男护生专业价值观状况,以期采取有效的策略帮助男护生形成稳定的专业价值观。方法采用高校护理专业学生专业价值观调查表对33名男护生进行调查。结果男护生专业价值观总分为（77.84±2.44）分,其中诚实（16.00±1.74）分、公正（12.80±1.53）分、美学（12.90±1.43）分、尊严（10.92±1.73）分、平等（9.87±1.89）分、利他（13.67±1.93）分。本科男护生的专业价值观总分及各维度评分显著高于专科男护生（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论男护生专业价值观不容乐观,特别是专科男护生。高校男护生的专业价值教育已迫在眉睫,学校需加强男护生专业价值观的构建。     

概念图在护理病例分析教学中的应用

目的探讨概念图在病例分析教学中的效果,提高护生评判性分析能力和解决问题能力。方法选取30名大学三年级护理本科生,选择脑血栓、糖尿病、肠梗阻、妊娠期高血压及多发伤5种病例,指导学生绘制病例概念图,然后进行小组讨论、修改,教师点评。该内容教学结束进行效果评价。结果学生5种病例概念图得分为（9．17±1．72）～（17．33±1．03）分,学生对概念图的教学效果评分为（3．93±0．87）～（4．63±0．61）分。结论学生概念图学习评分及该方法受欢迎程度呈中等偏上水平,概念图可提高学生的病例分析水平,为进入临床实习做好准备。     

终末期肾病患者睡眠质量与焦虑抑郁情绪的相关性研究

目的探讨终末期肾病患者的睡眠质量与焦虑、抑郁情绪及其相关性。方法对83例终末期肾病患者采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数（PSQI）、焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）进行调查。结果终末期肾病患者PSQI总分为（11．45土5．37）分,SAS评分为（46．25±8．58）分,SDS评分为（43．67±7．92）分;PSQI与SAS、SDS呈显著正相关（均P〈O．01）。结论终末期肾病患者睡眠质量较差,焦虑、抑郁情绪严重．且睡眠质量与焦虑、抑郁情绪有相关性。需运用心理干预治疗提高终末期肾病患者的睡眠质量。     

全身麻醉对剖宫产产妇分娩新生儿的影响

目的探讨剖宫产产妇实施全身麻醉对新生儿的影响。方法选择全身麻醉或硬膜外阻滞下行择期剖宫产产妇各30例，分别组成全身麻醉组和硬膜外阻滞组。全身麻醉组产妇先后静脉注射异丙酚2mg／kg、琥珀胆碱1．5mg／kg、并给予气管插管。麻醉维持：40％笑气＋60％氧气＋0．5MAC异氟醚，及维库溴铵0．08mg／kg，硬膜外阻滞组产妇应用1．73％碳酸利多卡因4ml＋5ml＋5ml（含1：200000肾上腺素）椎管内注入。两组分别于胎儿娩出后立即抽取新生儿脐动脉血进行血气分析，并记录两组新生儿出生后1d～5d的新生儿神经行为评分（NBNA）：新生儿行为能力、被动肌张力、主动肌张力、原始反射、一般状态。结果①血气分析：全身麻醉组新生儿pH值、二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、氧分压（PO2）、动脉氧饱和度（SaO2）及碳酸氢根（HCO3^-）分别为7．21±0．08、（56．1±16．5）mmHg、（23．1±11．0）mmHg、（29．9±20．6）％、（19．1±3．4）（mmoL／L）。硬膜外阻滞组新生儿分别为7．37±0．06、（51．3±9．7）mmHg、（17．5±6．9）mmHg、（21．8±12．7）％、（21．6±3．3）（mmoL／L）。②NBNA：全身麻醉组第1d，2d，3d，5d的NBNA分别为（36．1±2．8）、（37．0±5．1）、（38．3±2．3）、（38．7±2．3）分。硬膜外阻滞组分别为（37．2±2．5）、（38．7±1．9）、（39．1±4．5）、（39．2±5．1）分。两组各项评分比较，差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论剖宫产产妇采用常规剂量药物实施全身麻醉对新生儿安全无明显影响。     

农村已婚育龄妇女保健知识认知情况及其影响因素研究

目的了解湖北省农村50岁以下已婚育龄妇女保健知识认知情况，并探讨影响其认知的相关因素。方法采用自行设计的妇女保健知识问卷对904名湖北省农村已婚妇女进行调查。结果农村已婚妇女保健知识总分为（53．28±11．60）分，其中生殖卫生（9．44±3．19）分，妇科保健（8．47±3．45）分，计划生育（8．21±2．78）分，优生优育（9．58±2．99）分，孕期保健（9．59±3．31）分，产褥期保健（8．11±3．21）分。年龄、文化程度、家庭年收入、婚姻满意度和孕育子女数是农村已婚妇女保健知识认知的影响因素（P〈0.05，P〈0．01）。结论湖北省农村已婚妇女的保健知识认知较缺乏，应开展多种形式的健康教育，提高妇女保健知识。     

小鼠脊髓损伤标准化重物打击模型的制备及评价

目的以小鼠作为实验动物，采用改良垂直打击脊髓（weight dropping，WD）建立脊髓损伤（spinal cord iniury，SCI）动物模型，为进一步研究SCI机制奠定基础。方法将健康雌性昆明种小鼠180只随机分为4组，每组45只，采用改良WD法应用Impactor model-Ⅱ脊髓致伤仪分别以2．0×2．5g·cm（A组）、2．5×3．0g·cm（B组）、3．0×5．0g·cm（C组）致伤力致伤脊髓；对照组（D组）仅打开椎板，暴露脊髓，不造成SCI。于打击后即刻，6、12h，1、3d，1、2、4、8周对各组小鼠行运动诱发电位（motor evoked potentials，MEP）检测，并行后肢运动功能（Basso mousescale，BMS）评分，HE染色和甲苯胺蓝染色组织学观察。结果神经电生理检查示B组于伤后6h，C组于伤后12h出现N1潜伏期延长，随着时间延长，A、B、C3组潜伏期开始缩短，A组4周趋于正常为（2．40±0．12）ms，与D组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；B组8周逐渐趋于正常为（2．96±0．15）ms，与D组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），而C组8周仍维持在较高水平（3．76±0．13）ms，与D组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。SCI伤后即刻小鼠均呈现双后肢瘫痪，BMS主评分为0分；伤后前3dBMS主评分接近0分；随后各组BMS评分逐渐上升，A组伤后1周BMS主评分（5．45±0．12）分，B组伤后2周BMS主评分为（5．45±0．15）分，与D组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；伤后8周A组主评分（8．004±0．13）分，B组达（7．50±0.31）分；1周后各实验组组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05），其中C组低于其余各组（P〈0．01）。伤后2周A组BMS副评分为（10．12±0．76）分，伤后8周B组BMS副评分为（9．85±0．55）分，与同时间点D组比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。组织学检查可见C组伤后12h，损伤节段灰质内大片出血灶，炎性细胞浸润，神经元细胞肿胀明显，并出现中央性尼氏小体溶解；随时间推移，神经元细胞数量减少，胶质细胞增生，尼氏小体消失；伤后2周，可见大量胶质细胞增生及空洞形成。B组神经元细胞减少程度及空洞形成均轻于C组，A组最轻，D组除早期可见轻度细胞水肿外，整个观察期内细胞数量无明显改变。结论该模型准确地反映了小鼠脊髓不同程度损伤后的病理生理特点及变化规律，重复性好；可采用重物打击法制作标准小鼠SCI动物模型。     

良性前列腺增生患者经尿道前列腺切除术后排尿症状改变及分析

目的 研究良性前列腺增生患者经尿道前列腺切除术后排尿症状的变化及其与术前临床参数的关系。方法 对281例良性前列腺增生手术患者进行随访,对其手术前、后排尿症状评分和术前临床资料进行分析。患者年龄（70±6）岁。术前前列腺体积（75±39）ml,血清总前列腺特异性抗原（T—PSA）（5±5）ng／ml,最大尿流率（8±3）ml／s,切除前列腺重量（32±19）g。术前国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）（24±7）分,生活质量评分（QOL）（4．6±1．0）分,平均梗阻症状（3．6±1．2）分,平均刺激症状（3．5±1．0）分。结果 术后IPSS（7±7）分,生活质量评分（1．2±1．1）分,与术前相比,均明显改善。不同排尿症状改善的幅度不同,平均梗阻症状的改善幅度大于平均刺激症状的改善。术后夜尿和尿频分别为（2．2±1．1）分和（1．2±1．4）分。结论 经尿道前列腺切除患者术后排尿症状明显改善,症状的改善程度与术前IPSS和QOL相关,而与患者年龄、术前前列腺体积、T-PSA、最大尿流率、切除前列腺重量无相关性。梗阻症状的改善优于刺激症状的改善,而夜尿是改善幅度最小的症状。     

可多华、戴芬联合治疗慢性前列腺炎/慢性盆底疼痛综合征

目的 探讨可多华和戴芬联合治疗慢性前列腺炎，慢性盆底疼痛综合征的疗效。方法 将123例慢性前列腺炎，慢性盆底疼痛综合征的患者，随机分成3组，即可多华组、戴芬组和可多华＋戴芬联合治疗组，每组均治疗12周。治疗前以及在治疗12周后分别检测慢性前列腺炎症状积分指数（NIH—CPSI）。结果 有115名患者完成了12周的治疗并最终接受评估，可多华组39例，NIH—CPSI总分由治疗前的24．1±2．2下降到治疗后的18．51±1．67，平均下降5．59分（23％）（P〈0．001）；戴芬组37例，NIH-CPSI总分由治疗前的23．95±2．17下降到治疗后的18．14±1．69，平均下降5．81（24％）（P〈0．001）；可多华＋戴芬组39例，NIH—CPSI总分由治疗前的23．82±1．72下降到治疗后的16．77±1．37，平均下降7．05分（30％）（P〈0．001）。结论 可多华、戴芬均能有效缓解慢性前列腺炎，慢性盆底疼痛综合征患者的症状，改善患者的生活质量，但可多华＋戴芬联合治疗组疗效优于单一治疗组。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.