新型农村合作医疗制度相关人员培训策略的探讨

加强新型农村合作医疗管理经办人员培训是提高新型农村合作医疗管理能力，保证新型农村合作医疗制度健康、平稳发展的重要措施。文章在总结2005—2007年全国新型农村合作医疗培训经验的基础上，探讨新型农村合作医疗培训目标、原则和新型农村合作医疗运行不同阶段的培训重点，选择培训的方式，以及培训效果评价的策略等问题。     

江苏省海安县新型农村合作医疗的吸引排斥因素分析

新型农村合作医疗的出台符合农民自身的需要，加上有效的宣传动员机制，新型农村合作医疗达到了较高的参与率。然而，由于国家政策目标与农民目标之间存在着不一致性、新型农村合作医疗对乡村医生的忽视以及农民独特的对国家政策的不理解、不支持等行为构成了农民参与新型农村合作医疗的排斥因素。新型农村合作医疗的持续发展需要维持较高的参与率，因此，实施强制性合作医疗是化解逆向选择的唯一办法。     

浅谈新型农村合作医疗信息系统建设

新型农村合作医疗在全国范围内的广泛实施对信息系统提出了很严格的要求。本文针对新型农村合作医疗信息系统的作用进行了归纳，分析了构建新型农村合作医疗信息系统的必然性、必要性，对新型农村合作医疗信息系统的建立、完善、保障措施提出了一些建议和看法。     

赣榆县新型农村合作医疗运行机制的建立与效果评价

新型农村合作医疗是由政府组织、引导、支持，农民自愿参加，个人、集体和政府多方筹资，以大病统筹为主的农民医疗互助共济制度。2003年赣榆县被确定为江苏省首批新型农村合作医疗试点县，开展了建立新型农村合作医疗筹资机制、管理机制和运行机制的探索与研究，取得了显著的效果。该课题通过对新型农村合作医疗运转一年来的实施情况的分析，评价新型农村合作医疗试点工作的策略与效果，为新型农村合作医疗的全面开展提供科学的依据。     

迁安：新型农村合作医疗工作实现信息数字化管理

迁安是河北省首批推行新型农村合作医疗制度试点县(市)之一。在试点工作中，该县与中软公司联合开发了新型农村合作医疗管理系统，使合作医疗工作实现了信息数字化管理。提高了新型农村合作医疗管理质量和管理水平，促进了新型农村合作医疗的健康发展。     

刍议新型农村合作医疗管理机构的法律规制

新型农村合作医疗正在我国农村试点，其成败在很大程度上取决于管理机构的运行是否科学、法制化。当前相关政策虽然确立了中央、省、县三级新型农村合作医疗管理机构，但是其管理、监督、人员选拔等机制都没有规范化。当务之急，应尽快对新型农村合作医疗管理机构进行法律规制，以保证新型农村合作医疗制度的可持续发展。     

从费用控制入手提高新型农村合作医疗基金运行效益

站在新型农村合作医疗经办机构的角度，探讨从新型农村合作医疗经办机构自身、医疗服务供方和参合者三方入手采用多种方法和手段加强新型农村合作医疗的费用控制，提高新型农村合作医疗基金运行效益。     

桐庐县新型农村合作医疗创新管理体制的研究

桐庐县于1999年起重建合作医疗制度，2003年9月被确定为浙江省新型农村合作医疗27个试点县（市）之一，2004年1月1日起实施新型农村合作医疗制度。作为新型农村合作医疗试点县，在健全制度、提升管理、信息化建设等方面进行了积极有效的探索，尤其是大胆创新，建立并顺利运行三医合一管理体制，为新型农村合作医疗的管理体制开创了新的思路。     

成立新型农村 合作医疗管理局——湖南省涟源市构建新型农村合作医疗试点工作管理系统和监督系统

2003年3月，涟源市被确立为湖南省新型农村合作医疗试点市后，即从实践“三个代表”的高度，为建立和完善新型农村合作医疗制度，在深入调查的基础上，市委、市政府决定构建新型农村合作医疗试点工作管理系统和监督系统，率先成立涟源市新型农村合作医疗管理局。该局为     

新型农村合作医疗实用评价指标

党中央、国务院站在全面建设小康社会目标、统筹城乡和经济社会的协调发展、切实解决“三农”问题的高度，做出了建立新型农村合作医疗制度的重大决策。之后，新型农村合作医疗试点工作在全国各省、市、自治区陆续展开。为了不断完善新型农村合作医疗制度，实现其可持续发展，需要适时地对新型农村合作医疗试点进行评价。     

Cholera in Haiti and other Caribbean regions, 19th century

Medical journals and other sources do not show evidence that cholera occurred in Haiti before 2010, despite the devastating effect of this disease in the Caribbean region in the 19th century. Cholera occurred in Cuba in 1833-1834; in Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Lucia, St. Kitts, Nevis, Trinidad, the Bahamas, St. Vincent, Granada, Anguilla, St. John, Tortola, the Turks and Caicos, the Grenadines (Carriacou and Petite Martinique), and possibly Antigua in 1850-1856; and in Guadeloupe, Cuba, St. Thomas, the Dominican Republic, Dominica, Martinique, and Marie Galante in 1865-1872. Conditions associated with slavery and colonial military control were absent in independent Haiti. Clustered populations, regular influx of new persons, and close quarters of barracks living contributed to spread of cholera in other Caribbean locations. We provide historical accounts of the presence and spread of cholera epidemics in Caribbean islands.     

Clinical Update on Nursing Home Medicine: 2013

This is the seventh article in the series of Clinical Updates on Nursing Home Care. The topics covered are antiresorptive drugs, hip fracture, hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, depression, undernutrition, anorexia, cachexia, sarcopenia, exercise, pain, and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.     

Heavy Metals in Aquatic Macrophytes from Two Small Rivers Polluted by Urban,Agricultural and Textile Industry Sewages SW Poland

This article presents the results from a study of the comparison of 2 lowland rivers: the Olobok and the Pilawa in southwest Poland polluted by urban, agricultural, and textile industry sewages. pH and concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, and sulfate were measured in water samples and concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, N, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, and Zn were measured in stream bottom sediments and in the aquatic macrophytes Elodea canadensis, Callitriche verna, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton natans, and Ceratophyllum demersum from the river Olobok and Elodea canadensis, Polygonum amphibium, Potamogeton crispus, and Veronica beccabunga from the river Pilawa. The matrix of concentrations of 16 elements in 27 plant samples of 7 species from 15 sampling sites of 2 rivers and concentrations of 15 elements and pH in water samples and 16 elements and pH in bottom sediment samples of these sites was submitted to numerical classification, which revealed that sampling sites from the rivers were differentiated by the value of factor 1 of principal component analysis (PCA), which was related to the pH of water, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, and Ni in water and Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ni, P, and S in bottom sediments. More polluted parts of both rivers were differentiated from less polluted parts by the value of factor 2 of PCA, which was related to Pb, Zn, and sulfates in water and Ca and Zn in bottom sediments. Macrophytes from the Olobok and Pilawa rivers were differentiated by the value of factor 1, which was related to Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, N, Na, Pb, and S. Groups of macrophytes of more and less polluted parts of both rivers differed by the value of factor 2, which was related to P, K, and Mn. Downstream of the sewage outputs in both rivers, a significantly increased level of pollution occurs with elements correlated with factor 1: Among others were Cu and Cr, typical for the textile industry along the river Pilawa, and among others were Mn and Ni, typical for the urban and agricultural activities in the river Olobok.     

Evidence-Based Recommendations for an Optimal Prenatal Supplement for Women in the U.S., Part Two: Minerals

The levels of many essential minerals decrease during pregnancy if un-supplemented, including calcium, iron, magnesium, selenium, zinc, and possibly chromium and iodine. Sub-optimal intake of minerals from preconception through pregnancy increases the risk of many pregnancy complications and infant health problems. In the U.S., dietary intake of minerals is often below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), especially for iodine and magnesium, and 28% of women develop iron deficiency anemia during their third trimester. The goal of this paper is to propose evidence-based recommendations for the optimal level of prenatal supplementation for each mineral for most women in the United States. Overall, the evidence suggests that optimal mineral supplementation can significantly reduce a wide range of pregnancy complications (including anemia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, hyperthyroidism, miscarriage, and pre-eclampsia) and infant health problems (including anemia, asthma/wheeze, autism, cerebral palsy, hypothyroidism, intellectual disability, low birth weight, neural tube defects, preterm birth, rickets, and wheeze). An evaluation of 180 commercial prenatal supplements found that they varied widely in mineral content, often contained only a subset of essential minerals, and the levels were often below our recommendations. Therefore, there is a need to establish recommendations on the optimal level of mineral supplementation during pregnancy.     

Interdisciplinary health professional education: a historical review

A historical review was conducted to examine the advances made, nationally and internationally, in interdisciplinary health professional education since the mid-1960s. One hundred and nineteen articles were reviewed and divided by decade into the following subheadings: models, courses, communication/group process issues, and international perspectives. Twenty-seven articles, categorized as models, defined the conceptual field, described curriculum and program development, or provided a framework for evaluation.Thirty-two articles dealt with interdisciplinary courses, focusing on objectives, content areas, or innovative methods. Nine articles contributed contenton interdisciplinary communication and group process issues, from which guidelines were abstracted. Fifty-one articles contributed an international perspective, leading to the recognition that interdisciplinary health professional education, practice, and research is a global movement.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Workshop report: Nucleic acid delivery devices for HIV vaccines: Workshop proceedings,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,Bethesda, Maryland,USA, May 21, 2015

On May 21st, 2015, the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) convened a workshop on delivery devices for nucleic acid (NA) as vaccines in order to review the landscape of past and future technologies for administering NA (e.g., DNA, RNA, etc.) as antigen into target tissues of animal models and humans. Its focus was on current and future applications for preventing and treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) disease, among other infectious-disease priorities. Meeting participants presented the results and experience of representative clinical trials of NA vaccines using a variety of alternative delivery devices, as well as a broader group of methods studied in animal models and at bench top, to improve upon the performance and/or avoid the drawbacks of conventional needle-syringe (N–S) delivery. The subjects described and discussed included (1) delivery targeted into oral, cutaneous/intradermal, nasal, upper and lower respiratory, and intramuscular tissues; (2) devices and techniques for jet injection, solid, hollow, and dissolving microneedles, patches for topical passive diffusion or iontophoresis, electroporation, thermal microporation, nasal sprayers, aerosol upper-respiratory and pulmonary inhalation, stratum-corneum ablation by ultrasound, chemicals, and mechanical abrasion, and kinetic/ballistic delivery; (3) antigens, adjuvants, and carriers such as DNA, messenger RNA, synthesized plasmids, chemokines, wet and dry aerosols, and pollen-grain and microparticle vectors; and (4) the clinical experience and humoral, cellular, and cytokine immune responses observed for many of these target tissues, technologies, constructs, and carriers. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop (https://web.archive.org/web/20160228112310/https://www.blsmeetings.net/NucleicAcidDeliveryDevices/), which was webcast live in its entirety and archived online (http://videocast.nih.gov/summary.asp?live=16059).     

Special Considerations for Prophylaxis for and Treatment of Anthrax in Pregnant and Postpartum Women

In August 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in partnership with the Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs, convened a meeting of national subject matter experts to review key clinical elements of anthrax prevention and treatment for pregnant, postpartum, and lactating (P/PP/L) women. National experts in infectious disease, obstetrics, maternal fetal medicine, neonatology, pediatrics, and pharmacy attended the meeting, as did representatives from professional organizations and national, federal, state, and local agencies. The meeting addressed general principles of prevention and treatment for P/PP/L women, vaccines, antimicrobial prophylaxis and treatment, clinical considerations and critical care issues, antitoxin, delivery concerns, infection control measures, and communication. The purpose of this meeting summary is to provide updated clinical information to health care providers and public health professionals caring for P/PP/L women in the setting of a bioterrorist event involving anthrax.     

Dynamics of cholera outbreaks in Great Lakes region of Africa, 1978-2008

Cholera outbreaks have occurred in Burundi, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya almost every year since 1977-1978, when the disease emerged in these countries. We used a multiscale, geographic information system-based approach to assess the link between cholera outbreaks, climate, and environmental variables. We performed time-series analyses and field investigations in the main affected areas. Results showed that cholera greatly increased during El Nino warm events (abnormally warm El Ninos) but decreased or remained stable between these events. Most epidemics occurred in a few hotspots in lakeside areas, where the weekly incidence of cholera varied by season, rainfall, fluctuations of plankton, and fishing activities. During lull periods, persistence of cholera was explained by outbreak dynamics, which suggested a metapopulation pattern, and by endemic foci around the lakes. These links between cholera outbreaks, climate, and lake environments need additional, multidisciplinary study.     

Major and trace element compositions of the UICC standard asbestos samples

Major and trace element compositions for chrysotile (2 samples), amosite, crocidolite, and anthophyllite UICC standard asbestos samples have been determined using UV-visible spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectometry, flame photometry, volumetric analysis, and gravimetric analysis for major elements and x-ray and optical spectrometry for trace elements. The trace element data are for Li, S, Cl, Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, La, Ce, Pb, and Th and distribution in the various mineral phases is discussed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 32:592–594, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

妊娠期糖尿病与妊娠期高血压疾病病理机制的相关性

妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)为妊娠期特有疾病,易造成孕产妇难产、产褥期感染、酮症酸中毒,胎儿窘迫、胎儿畸形甚至胎死宫内等不良妊娠结局。妊娠期高血压疾病(HDP)包括妊娠期高血压、子痫前期(preeclampsia)、子痫,以及慢性高血压并发子痫前期和妊娠合并慢性高血压,临床表现为高血压、蛋白尿及水肿,严重影响孕妇体内各脏器功能,是孕产妇及围生儿死亡的主要原因。HDP中子痫前期,尤其是重度子痫前期,是造成新生儿不良妊娠结局的重要原因,通常需要及时剖宫产终止妊娠。近年国内外许多研究已经证实GDM和HDP在内皮功能紊乱、血脂异常、炎症因子、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)等多方面有相关性。现就两种疾病在上述相关性方面进行综述。