妊娠合并系统性红斑狼疮患者孕期病情活动的影响因素及其与妊娠结局的关系

目的 探讨妊娠合并系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者孕期病情活动的影响因素及其与妊娠结局的关系.方法 对1991年至2005年收治的66例妊娠合并SLE患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 （1）孕前病情不稳定、孕期新发病及孕期泼尼松用药不规范者均出现SLE病情活动;孕期S比病情活动者32例（活动组）,非活动者34例（非活动组）.（2）活动组患者发生子痫前期9例、胎儿生长受限（FGR）13例、治疗性流产7例和早产15例,非活动组分别为1例、5例、1例和4例,两组分别比较,差异有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）.（3）活动组患者不同器官损伤中,以肾损害对妊娠的影响最大;用logistic回归前进法筛选变量结果显示,肾损害是子痫前期、FGR的独立危险因素.（4）孕期泼尼松用量每天≤15 mg者子痫前期及胎儿丢失发生率分别为4.7%（2/43）及9.3%（4/43）,用量每天≥20 mg者的子痫前期及胎儿丢失发生率分别为33.3%（6/18）及44.4%（8/18）,两者比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 孕前SLE比病情不稳定、孕期新发病及孕期泼尼松用药不规范为SLE病情活动的重要影响因素.孕期SLE病情活动特别是肾损害与不良妊娠结局有密切关系.孕期泼尼松用量每天≥20 mg者发生子痫前期及胎儿丢失的几率大于每天≤15 mg者.     

Can we alter pregnancy outcome by adjusting progesterone treatment at mid-luteal phase: a randomized controlled trial

Our study aimed to determine whether mid-luteal serum P concentrations can serve as a predictive factor for in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes and whether increasing P dosage for patients with low levels at mid-luteal phase may improve pregnancy rates. It was a prospective, randomized controlled study. A total of 146 patients undergoing IVF treatment were prospectively enrolled and received routine luteal phase support (LPS) regimen of Endometrin® (progesterone) 200?mg/day. Serum P levels were measured 7?days after embryo transfer (ET). Considering a cutoff level of 15?ng/ml on this day, patients with higher levels continued the same dosage until pregnancy test (control group). Patients with lower levels were randomly allocated to continue Endometrin® 200?mg/day (Group A) or to increase Endometrin® dosage to 300?mg/day (Group B). The Main Outcome Measures were pregnancy rates. Both biochemical and clinical pregnancy and live birth rates were comparable between all groups regardless of P level on day 7 of luteal phase and regardless of dose adjustment. ROC analysis determined that mid-luteal P levels of 17?ng/ml can be a better predictor of cycle outcome. In conclusion raising the P dose at mid-luteal phase to 300?mg daily did not improve cycle outcomes.     

Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and association with pregnancy outcome

The pattern of nausea and/or vomiting of pregnancy were investigated in a group of 414 predominantly white, upper middle-class women in Albany, New York; patterns were ascertained before their eighty-eighth day of gestation and followed up to the end of pregnancy. Of these, 89.4% reported at least some symptoms. This frequency is higher than reported previously, perhaps in part because extensive attempts were made in this study to ascertain symptoms. The incidence of vomiting was about 55%. Women with no symptoms of nausea and/or vomiting of pregnancy experienced a significantly greater proportion of nonviable pregnancy outcomes (fetal death). Increased intake of niacin during the first trimester was associated with decreased infant birth weight. This may be the result of quicker fetal maturation due to increased levels of protein intake.     

Iron status and iron balance during pregnancy. A critical reappraisal of iron supplementation.

BACKGROUND: Iron supplementation in pregnancy is a controversial issue. The aim of this review was to summarize the results of relevant papers on this subject. METHODS: Placebo-controlled studies on iron treatment in pregnancy were identified from the Cochrane database. RESULTS: Among fertile women, 20% have iron reserves of >500 mg, which is the required minimum during pregnancy; 40% have iron stores of 100-500 mg, and 40% have virtually no iron stores. The demand for absorbed iron increases from 0.8 mg/day in early pregnancy to 7.5 mg/day in late pregnancy. Dietary iron intake in fertile women is median 9 mg/day, i.e. the majority of women have an intake below the estimated allowance of 12 18 mg/day. Iron absorption increases in pregnancy, but not enough to prevent iron deficiency anemia in 20%, of women not taking supplementary iron. Iron-treated pregnant women have greater iron reserves, higher hemoglobin levels, and a lower prevalence of iron deficiency anemia than placebo-treated women both in pregnancy as well as postpartum. Furthermore, children born to iron-treated mothers have higher serum ferritin levels than those born to placebo-treated mothers. An iron supplement of 65 mg/day from 20 weeks of gestation is adequate to prevent iron deficiency anemia. CONCLUSIONS: In order to avoid iron deficiency in pregnancy, prophylactic iron supplement should be considered. Iron supplements may be administered on a general or selective basis. The selective approach implies screening with serum ferritin in early pregnancy, in order to identify women who can manage without prophylactic iron.     

Pregnancy outcome after exposure to the probiotic Lactobacillus in early pregnancy

The present study prospectively assessed pregnancy outcome of women taking probiotics during the periconceptional period. A group of 104 women who had taken Lactobacillus in early pregnancy and 200 age- and parity-matched control pregnant women exposed to non-teratogenic agents were also recruited into the study and followed-up prospectively. Median gestational age of women exposed to Lactobacillus was 5.2 (range: 1.9-17.6) weeks. Exposure was at a mean dose of 510 mg/day for a median of 4.0 days (range: 1-90 days). In the exposed group, pregnancy outcomes included 96 live births and eight spontaneous abortions versus 187 live births and 21 spontaneous abortions in the non-exposed group. There was no statistical difference in adverse pregnancy outcomes, including the number of spontaneous abortions, pre-term births as well as a low birth weight between the two groups (p > 0.05). In the exposed group, there were two (2.1%) major congenital malformations in comparison with five (2.7%) in the comparison group (p = 0.7). In conclusion, no association was identified between ingestion of Lactobacillus in early pregnancy for a limited period of time and adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, rare pregnancy outcomes may have been missed due to the limited sample size included in the study.     

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is the most common liver disorder unique to pregnancy in women without hypertension. The cause of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is still under discussion but genetic and hormonal factors are predominant. The main symptom is skin pruritus, associated with increase in serum transaminase activities and bile acid concentrations. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy carries a risk for the pregnancy because of preterm delivery and sudden intrauterine fetal death. Ursodeoxycholic acid (usually 1000mg per day or 15mg/kg per day) is currently the most effective pharmacologic treatment. Ursodeoxycholic acid reduces pruritus, transaminases and bile acid levels and probably prematurity without adverse effects. Obstetric management is still under debate. The majority of authors recommend active management with elective delivery usually before or at 38 weeks of gestation according the severity of cholestasis. Prospective controlled studies are required to confirm the benefit of ursodeoxycholic acid treatment on fetal outcome and to clarify the obstetrical management near term.     

Unilateral radius aplasia due to lamotrigine and oxcarbazepine use in pregnancy

Lamotrigine (LTG) has been used in epilepsia patients for treatment of partial seizures. It can cross the placenta and there are limited data about its use in pregnancy and foetal adverse effects. Extremity and cardiac malformations, dysmorphic facial appearance, coanal atresia and upper respiratory and gastrointestinal anomalies have been reported because of LTG use in pregnancy. Oxcarbazepine (OXC) is one of the new antiepileptic agents. Although the drug and its metabolites can easily pass from placenta to the foetus, available data suggest that it can be safely used during pregnancy because no teratogenicity has been reported. One infant with atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus due to use of LTG and OXC in pregnancy has been reported in literature. Here, we report a female infant with micrognatia, low-set ears, facial dysmorphism and unilateral radius aplasia born to a mother who used LTG 100 mg/day and OXC 1200 mg/day during pregnancy for seizures. To our knowledge, this is the first major anomaly case associated with the combined use of these drugs. This case can provide useful data about the teratogenicity of LTG and OXC combination therapy.     

Evaluating the effects of copper supplement during pregnancy on premature rupture of membranes and pregnancy outcome

Objective: To evaluate the effects of copper (Cu) supplementation during pregnancy on the rupture of membranes and pregnancy outcomes.

Methods: Study was conducted as a triple-blind randomized clinical trial. In one group, Cu in a dose of 1000?mg per day, and in the other group, placebo was prescribed orally from 16th week of pregnancy.

Results: The women of the two groups did not have significant difference according to age, gestational age at recruitment, BMI, and socioeconomic conditions. There was no statistically significant difference between case and control group regarding the incidence of PPROM, PROM, preterm labor, vaginal bleeding during pregnancy, preeclampsia, and the incidence of placenta abruption. There was a 75% and 90% decrease in depressive symptoms in 2nd trimester and 3rd trimester in supplemented group, respectively. Also, there was a 45% and 80% decrease in anxiety symptoms in 2nd trimester and 3rd trimester in the supplemented group, respectively The rate of infection during pregnancy was significantly higher in control group (p?=?0.046). There was no difference between the two groups according to neonatal outcomes.

Conclusions: Cu supplementation during pregnancy could not influence positively on ROM; however, it could improve some mood status of the women.     

Natural history of chronic proteinuria complicating pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: Although the significance of proteinuria is well-documented for pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia or diabetes, protein excretion of up to 300 mg per day is considered normal for uncomplicated pregnancy. Our purpose was to determine the significance of otherwise "asymptomatic" proteinuria identified during pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed the perinatal outcome of 65 pregnancies in 53 women with the following criteria: (1) proteinuria exceeding 500 mg per day, (2) no previously known renal disease, (3) no reversible renal dysfunction, and (4) no evidence for preeclampsia at discovery. RESULTS: Renal insufficiency coexisted in 62% of women, and 40% had chronic hypertension. Excluding 8 abortions, 53 (93%) of 57 pregnancies resulted in live infants; 45% of infants were delivered preterm and 23% had growth retardation. Of these 57 women, 62% demonstrated clinical evidence compatible with superimposed preeclampsia, and although the incidence of preeclampsia was increased with isolated proteinuria (29%), it was increased even more when there was associated chronic hypertension (incidence 100%) or renal insufficiency (incidence 58%). All 21 women who eventually underwent renal biopsy had histologic evidence of renal disease. To date, with only a limited follow-up of these 53 women, 11 (20%) have progressed to end-stage renal disease. CONCLUSION: "Asymptomatic" proteinuria is associated with a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes and serious long-term maternal morbidity.     

Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy in pregnancy

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy typically leads to endstage renal disease requiring dialysis within 3-4 months. This report describes the prenatal course of a patient with HIV-associated nephropathy requiring dialysis during pregnancy.Case: A 23-year-old nulliparous, black female presented at 13 weeks gestation with a history of HIV-associated nephropathy and anemia. She had a CD4 count of 350/mm(3), a total urinary protein of 1.7 g/day, and a serum creatinine of 4.8 mg/dl. The patient was begun on zidovudine, 500 mg daily, and erythropoietin, 4,000 units weekly. At 23 weeks gestation, when she developed hypertension, a total urinary protein of 3.4 g/day, and a serum creatinine of 4.4 mg/dl, she was hospitalized. Her renal function continued to deteriorate, requiring hemodialysis. At 29-4/7 weeks, she developed preterm labor, for which she was placed on indomethacin. Four days later, at 30 weeks gestation, she delivered a viable male infant.Conclusion: HIV-associated nephropathy during pregnancy can be successfully managed with hemodialysis.     

我国孕妇身高、妊娠前体质量及体质指数的分布情况

【Abstract】?Objective?To compare the pregnancy outcomes of luteal support protocols by methods of endometrium preparation in frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles. Methods?The retrospective study included the frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles using vaginal micronized progesterone for luteal support in Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2017 to December 2017, including 437 patients in the natural cycle group and 416 patients in the hormone replacement cycle group. According to different luteal support programs, they were divided into four groups: ① Group A: Progesterone soft capsule 400 mg/d; ② Group B: Progesterone soft capsule 400 mg/d+dydrogesterone 20 mg/d; ③ Group C: Progesterone soft capsule 600 mg/d; ④ Group D: Progesterone soft capsule 600 mg/ D+dydrogesterone 20 mg/ D. Different endometrial preparation regimens, luteal support dosages and pregnancy outcomes were compared. Results?①There was no significant difference in the clinical pregnancy rate, abortion rate and live birth rate among different luteal support schemes in the natural cycle group (P>0.05).② The clinical pregnancy rate in group C was lower than that in group D (35.50%, 51.30%, P=0.008). ③ In group C of hormone replacement cycle, the miscarriage rate of patients <35 years old was lower than those ≥35 years old (7.14%, 36.80%, P=0.004). In group C, the clinical pregnancy rate of patients <35 years of age in the hormone replacement cycle group was lower than that in the natural cycle group (38.90%, 68.30%, P=0.002). Conclusion?Enhancing luteal support in artificial cycles would improve the pregnancy outcomes of frozen-thawed cycles.     

Iron supplementation during pregnancy

As pregnancy proceeds most women show hematologic changes suggesting iron deficiency. In this study iron dynamics are investigated by determining concentrations of hemoglobin, serum ferritin and serum transferrin in two groups of pregnant women. One group did not receive iron, the other received 105 mg iron/day. Without iron supplementation normal maternal iron stores are almost exhausted during the second and third trimester of pregnancy.     

Pregnancy outcomes with increased clomiphene citrate dose.

Our objective was to evaluate whether ovulation induction with an increased clomiphene citrate dose of 150-250 mg/day for 5 days adversely affected pregnancy outcome. A retrospective chart review of 1910 medical records yielded 119 pregnancies with sufficient information regarding domiphene dose and pregnancy outcome. Of the 84 pregnancies that followed clomiphene doses of 50-100 mg/day, 32.1% ended in spontaneous abortion, 10.7% in ectopic gestation, 1.2% with congenital malformations, 2.4% in stillbirth and 53.6% in normal gestation. Of the 35 pregnancies that followed clomiphene doses of 150-250 mg/day, 34.3% ended in spontaneous abortion, 5.7% in ectopic gestation, 2.9% with congenital malformations, 2.9% in stillbirth and 54.3% in normal gestation. These differences were not statistically significant. These data suggest that a clomiphene dose of 150-250 mg/day does not appear to increase adverse pregnancy outcomes.     

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of corticosteroids for hyperemesis due to pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: Hyperemesis gravidarum, a severe form of nausea and vomiting due to pregnancy for which there is no proven pharmacological treatment, is the third leading cause for hospitalization during pregnancy. Corticosteroids are commonly used for the treatment of nausea and vomiting due to cancer chemotherapy-induced emesis and might prove useful in hyperemesis gravidarum. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 126 women who previously had not responded to outpatient therapy for hyperemesis gravidarum during the first half of pregnancy. Intravenous methylprednisolone (125 mg) was followed by an oral prednisone taper (40 mg for 1 day, 20 mg for 3 days, 10 mg for 3 days, 5 mg for 7 days) versus an identical-appearing placebo regimen. All women also received promethazine 25 mg and metoclopramide 10 mg intravenously every 6 hours for 24 hours, followed by the same regimen administered orally as needed until discharge. The primary study outcome was the number of women requiring rehospitalization for hyperemesis gravidarum. RESULTS: A total of 110 women delivered at our hospital and had pregnancy outcomes available for analysis; 56 were randomized to corticosteroids and 54 were administered placebo. Nineteen women in each study group required rehospitalization (34% versus 35%, P =.89, for corticosteroids versus placebo, respectively). CONCLUSION: The addition of parenteral and oral corticosteroids to the treatment of women with hyperemesis gravidarum did not reduce the need for rehospitalization later in pregnancy.     

Zinc and pregnancy

Zinc, an essential trace element, plays a critical role in normal growth and development, cellular integrity and many biological functions, including protein synthesis and nucleic acid metabolism. Since all these are involved in cell division and growth, zinc is believed to be important for foetal growth and development. Zinc requirement is increased during pregnancy but the lack of a valid indicator precludes a true estimate of zinc deficiency in pregnancy even in developed countries. This review examines the possibility that a gestational deficiency of zinc can adversely affect the pregnancy outcome. Preliminary human data suggest a beneficial effect of prenatal zinc supplementation trials in particular on infant's neurobehavioral development. In the light of the currently available information, zinc supplementation at therapeutic load (30 mg/day) as it is proposed for the treatment of hormonal skin disorders to adolescents, cannot be toxic.     

Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on toxaemia of pregnancy

To study the effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of toxaemia of pregnancy, 200 randomly selected pregnant women (supplemented group), were put on calcium (375 mg/day) and vitamin D (1,200 IU/day) supplements at 20-24 weeks of pregnancy onwards. Another 200 pregnant women constituted the non-supplemented group. At 32 and 36 weeks of pregnancy the systolic and diastolic blood pressure of non-toxemic women was significantly lower in the supplemented group than in the non-supplemented group. However, the incidence of toxaemia in the supplemented group (6%) was not significantly different from that in the non-supplemented group (9%).     

Obesity-related complications of pregnancy vary by race

Objectives: The first objective was to assess the association of renal function with maternal and fetal pregnancy outcome in women with diabetic nephropathy. The second objective was to examine the feasibility of a multicenter surveillance program to determine the rates of maternal and fetal pregnancy complications in women with diabetic nephropathy, and to study the effect of pregnancy on the natural history of diabetic renal disease. Methods: In order to address the first objective, we analyzed data from women with type 1 diabetes and nephropathy enrolled in the Diabetes in Pregnancy Program at our institution. Women were assigned to one of three groups according to enrolment serum creatinine concentration: ≤ 1.0 mg/dl, > 1.0 to 1.5 mg/dl and > 1.5 mg/dl. A pilot surveillance program at six centers included women experiencing pregnancy complicated by diabetic nephropathy. In both studies, medical and obstetric history, and maternal and neonatal outcomes, were recorded. Statistical analysis included χ², logistic regression and analysis of variance. Results: There were 72 pregnancies in 58 women with diabetic nephropathy who enrolled in the pregnancy program. High serum creatinine concentration at enrolment was associated with delivery before 32 weeks' gestation, very low birth weight and increased incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia, independent of quantity of total urinary protein excretion and glycemic control in any trimester. To date, pilot surveillance data have been obtained from six centers on 16 women. Serum creatinine concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 1.1 mg/dl and creatinine clearance from 32 to 317 ml/min. Gestational age at delivery ranged from 22 to 39 weeks. Conclusions: High serum creatinine concentration at enrolment is a risk factor for adverse maternal and neonatal outcome, independent of quantity of total urinary protein excretion and glycemic control during any trimester. A multicenter surveillance program is needed, in order to study less frequent maternal and neonatal outcomes as well as the long-term effects of pregnancy on the natural course of diabetic renal disease.     

Previous pregnancy outcomes and subsequent pregnancy anxiety in a Quebec prospective cohort

Introduction: Pregnancy anxiety is an important psychosocial risk factor that may be more strongly associated with adverse birth outcomes than other measures of stress. Better understanding of the upstream predictors and causes of pregnancy anxiety could help to identify high-risk women for adverse maternal and infant outcomes. The objective of the present study was to measure the associations between five past pregnancy outcomes (live preterm birth (PTB), live term birth, miscarriage at <20 weeks, stillbirth at ≥20 weeks, and elective abortion) and pregnancy anxiety at three trimesters in a subsequent pregnancy.

Methods: Analyses were conducted using data from the 3D Cohort Study, a Canadian birth cohort. Data on maternal demographic characteristics and pregnancy history for each known previous pregnancy were collected via interviewer-administered questionnaires at study entry. Pregnancy anxiety for the index study pregnancy was measured prospectively by self-administered questionnaire following three prenatal study visits.

Results: Of 2366 participants in the 3D Study, 1505 had at least one previous pregnancy. In linear regression analyses with adjustment for confounding variables, prior live term birth was associated with lower pregnancy anxiety in all three trimesters, whereas prior miscarriage was significantly associated with higher pregnancy anxiety in the first trimester. Prior stillbirth was associated with greater pregnancy anxiety in the third trimester. Prior elective abortion was significantly associated with higher pregnancy anxiety scores in the first and second trimesters, with an association of similar magnitude observed in the third trimester.

Discussion: Our findings suggest that the outcomes of previous pregnancies should be incorporated, along with demographic and psychosocial characteristics, into conceptual models framing pregnancy anxiety.     

妊娠期单纯疱疹病毒感染与不良妊娠结局

单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)能引起生殖器官感染,妊娠合并HSV感染可造成胎儿宫内感染,引发流产、死胎、畸形、胎儿生长受限和新生儿感染等不良妊娠结局。此外,HSV感染还与输卵管妊娠及不孕等密切相关。文章阐述了妊娠合并HSV感染的流行病学、发病机制、临床特征、不良妊娠结局、诊断、预防和治疗的研究概况。     

Endometrial pattern,thickness and growth in predicting pregnancy outcome following 3319 IVF cycle

A retrospective study of 3319 women was conducted to assess predictive ability of endometrial characteristics for outcomes of IVF and embryo transfer. Endometrial thickness, growth and pattern were assessed at two time points (day 3 of gonadotrophin stimulation and day of HCG administration). Endometrial patterns were classified as pattern A: triple-line pattern comprising a central hyperechoic line surrounded by two hypoechoic layers; pattern B: an intermediate isoechogenic pattern with the same reflectivity as the surrounding myometrium and poorly defined central echogenic line; and pattern C: homogenous, hyperechogenic endometrium. The endometrium of pregnant women was thinner on day 3 of stimulation, thicker on the day of HCG administration, and showed greater growth in thickness compared with non-pregnant women. Clinical pregnancy rates differed according to endometrial pattern on the day of HCG administration (55.2%, 50.9% and 37.4% for patterns A, B and C, respectively). A positive linear relationship was found between endometrial thickness on the day of HCG administration and clinical pregnancy rate. Endometrial thickness, change and pattern were independent factors affecting outcome. Receiver operator characteristic curves showed that endometrial pattern, thickness and changes were not good predictors of clinical pregnancy. Discriminant analysis indicated that 58.7% of original grouped cases were correctly classified. Although endometrium with triple-line or increased thickness may favour pregnancy, combined endometrial characteristics do not predict outcomes.