女性不孕症合并盆腔粘连腹腔镜诊治临床分析

目的探讨盆腔粘连与女性不孕症的关系，以及腹腔镜在诊治盆腔粘连相关的女性不孕症中的意义。方法回顾性分析2003年6月至2005年6月在我院因不孕症行腹腔镜诊治的481例不孕患者。其中原发不孕175例，继发不孕306例。分析腹腔镜下不孕症患者盆腔粘连、盆腔粘连合并输卵管阻塞发生率和盆腔粘连腹腔镜术后妊娠情况。结果腹腔镜检查发现原发和继发不孕患者盆腔粘连发生率分别为45．7％和65％，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。盆腔粘连合并输卵管阻塞在原发不孕中发生率为65．0％，在继发不孕中发生率为58．7％。原发不孕盆腔粘连患者腹腔镜术后宫内自然妊娠率为32．5％（26／80），其中术后6个月内自然妊娠占76，9％（20／26）；继发不孕盆腔粘连患者腹腔镜术后宫内自然妊娠率为27.1％（54／199），其中术后6个月内自然妊娠占66．7％（36／54）。结论盆腔粘连是引起女性不孕症最常见盆腔病变之一。腹腔镜可及时准确地发现不孕症患者的盆腔粘连情况，并同时行镜下盆腔粘连的分离，是诊治不孕患者较为理想的方法。     

经阴道注水腹腔镜联合宫腔镜检查不孕症的临床观察

目的 探讨经阴道注水腹腔镜(THL)联合官腔镜检查不孕症的临床效果和应用价值。方法 对46例不孕症患者施行THL联合宫腔镜检查,其中原发性不孕(原发组)和继发性不孕(继发组)各23例。观察患者的输卵管通畅性、盆腔病变情况,记录THL手术时间、总手术时间、离院时间、术后阴道壁穿刺孔愈合时间、穿刺成功率与术中及术后并发症。结果原发组术后输卵管双侧通畅13例,继发组术后输卵管双侧通畅5例;两组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05);原发组盆腔粘连6例,继发组盆腔粘连14例,两组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.05);术后需要进一步施行常规腹腔镜手术的患者仅7例(7/46,15％);46例不孕症患者THL手术时间、总手术时间、术后离院时间和阴道壁穿刺孔愈合时间分别为(10.5±1.7)min、(32.2±4.6)min、(87.3±12.5)min和(4.5±0.5)d;穿刺成功率为96％(46/48);无直肠损伤、术后穿刺部位出血、盆腔感染等并发症发生。结论 THL具有准确、微创、安全、经济、不需住院等优点,联合应用宫腔镜检查效果更佳。THL和宫腔镜联合检查可作为不孕症早期检查的一线方法。     

宫腔镜下输卵管口插管疏通术在不孕症诊治中的应用

目的 探讨宫腔镜下输卵管口插管疏通术在不孕症患者诊治中的应用价值。方法 2001年9月至2003年1月对122例原发性不孕患者(原发组)和185例继发性不孕患者(继发组)行宫腔镜检查及镜下输卵管口插管疏通术，记录输卵管疏通情况。结果 与术前比较，术后两组的输卵管通畅病例增加；术后原发组左侧输卵管通畅的病例较右侧多。而继发组左侧和右侧输卵管间的通畅性的差异无显著性意义；两组术前为输卵管阻塞的病例，术后输卵管双侧通畅与一侧通畅病例分别达60．0％和47．0％，而术后仍双侧阻塞的病例分别减少至30．0％和37．8％。结论 宫腔镜下输卵管口插管疏通术对不孕症患者的诊治效果非常理想，原发性不孕患者的左侧输卵管较右侧输卵管的疏通效果好。     

腹腔镜下骶前神经切除术治疗中线性盆腔疼痛的疗效及安全性

目的探讨腹腔镜骶前神经切除术（1aparoscopic presacral neurectomy,LPSN）治疗中线性盆腔疼痛的疗效及安全性。方法将子宫内膜异位症重度盆腔疼痛患者56例分为研究组（24例）和对照组（32例）。研究组行LPsN＋异位病灶切除术＋盆腔粘连分离术;对照组行腹腔镜异位病灶切除术＋盆腔粘连分离术。术后均接受醋酸戈舍瑞林治疗6个月。结果两组患者手术均成功,无严重并发症。研究组术中r—AFS评分、术中出血量、肛门排气时间和住院时间分别为（31．1±8．6）分、（87．4±16．8）ml、（21．4±4．8）h和（5．3±1．2）d,对照组分别为（29．7±8．0）分、（76．2±14．3）ml、（18．2±4．3）h和（4．4±1．0）d,两组比较,差异无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）;研究组的手术时间为（76．7±18．6）min,显著高于对照组的（46．5±12．3）min（P〈0．05）。术后平均随访时间为（30．8±4．8）个月。两组术后12个月盆腔疼痛完全缓解率为90．6％（29／32）和71．9％（23／32）,两组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;术后24个月盆腔疼痛完全缓解率为75．0％（18／24）和43．8％（14／32）,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论LPSN是一种治疗中线性盆腔疼痛安全、微创、疗效肯定的手术方式。     

宫腹腔镜术后联合GnRH—a治疗轻中度内异症性不孕的疗效分析

目的：探讨宫腹腔镜术后联合不同药物对轻、中度子宫内膜异位症（EMs）性不孕患者妊娠率的影响。方法：回顾分析2008年9月至2011年12月在我院就诊的82例Ⅱ～Ⅲ期EMs性不孕患者的临床资料，患者均行宫腹腔镜联合保留生育功能的手术。按照严格的纳入和剔除标准，筛选出有自然受孕能力的患者，术后按个人意愿用药。按患者术后用药情况分为对照组（18例）、促性腺激素释放激素激动剂组（GnRH．a，博恩诺康）（31例）和口服避孕药组（去氧孕烯炔雌醇片，妈富隆）（33例），比较3组患者在术后不同时期的妊娠率及异位妊娠的发生率。结果：博恩诺康组、妈富隆组和对照组患者术后1年内的妊娠率分别为77．42％（24／31）、51．52％（17／33）和33．33％（6／18），博恩诺康组显著高于对照组及妈富隆组（P〈0．05），而后两组则无显著差异（P〉0．05）。3组患者的异位妊娠率分别为3．23％（1／31）、6．06％（2／33）和5．56％（1／18），均无显著差异（P均〉0．05）。术后1年内，Ⅱ期EMs患者中，3组妊娠率差异显著（P=0．020）；Ⅲ期EMs患者中，3组妊娠率无显著差异（P=0．297）。II、HI期患者中，3组的异位妊娠率均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论：宫腹腔镜术后联合博恩诺康有利于改善轻、中度EMs性不孕患者的生育能力。     

159对接受助孕治疗不孕症夫妇支原体和衣原体感染情况分析

目的探讨接受助孕治疗的不孕症夫妇支原体和衣原体携带情况及其与体外受精／卵细胞质内单精子注射结局的关系。方法选择2009年3月至2011年9月北京大学第一医院生殖与遗传医疗中心无下生殖道感染症状且接受助孕治疗的159对不孕症夫妇,在取卵日或人工授精日分别取宫颈分泌物和精液,采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）法进行支原体和衣原体的检测。结果女性患者支原体阳性29例（18．200,29／159）,其中解脲支原体（ureaplasma urealyticum,UU）和人型支原体（mycoplasma hominis,Mh）分别为26例（16．4％,26／159）和3例（1．9％,3／159）,未检出衣原体。男性患者支原体阳性4例（2．5％,4／159）,均为UU;衣原体阳性3例（1．9％,3／159）。输卵管性不孕症患者支原体阳性10例（16．9％,10／59）,非输卵管性不孕症患者支原体阳性19例（19．0％,19／100）,两者比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。女性支原体阴性组和阳性组的获卵数[（11．8±6．0）个,（14．6±6．2）个]、优质胚胎率（37．6％,43．2％）和临床妊娠率（48．2％,30．0％）比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论进入助孕治疗周期的不孕症夫妇仍有一定的生殖道支原体和衣原体携带率,支原体携带与临床妊娠结局无明显关系。     

腹腔镜在不孕症盆腔疾病诊治中的应用（附340例分析）

本文通过对南京市鼓楼医院腹腔镜下诊治不孕症３４０例的病例分析，阐明１．引起不孕症的主要盆腔疾病是慢性盆腔炎性疾病和子宫内膜异位症；２．腹腔镜下美蓝输卵管通液结果与术前子宫输卵管造影术和酚红输卵管通液术的结果差别极其显著（Ｐ＜０．０１），通畅组符合率分别为９０．２％和７９％，不通畅组不符合率分别为５０．５％和５９％；３．腹腔镜下９７．６％的疾病得到明确诊断，５３．２％施行了１４种不同手术，１２．９％经剖腹做了盆腔手术，５８．５％与宫腔镜联合应用，２６例在腹腔镜监护下做了子宫纵膈切开术和宫腔粘连分离术。     

超声输卵管盆腔显影术67例临床报告

目的　探讨超声输卵管盆腔显影术在诊治不孕症的临床意义。方法　回顾分析 2 0 0 2年 6月至 2 0 0 3年 6月广东省佛山市顺德区第一人民医院 6 7例不孕症患者超声输卵管盆腔显影术并随后行腹腔镜探查术的临床资料。结果　超声输卵管盆腔显影术和腹腔镜探查术 ,子宫、卵巢和输卵管检查结果差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　超声输卵管盆腔显影术可初步了解输卵管通畅性、形态及与周围组织、卵巢有无粘连。有助于不孕症患者明确腹腔镜探查指征。     

腹腔镜检查不育症盆腔疾病916例分析

目的应用腹腔镜诊断技术,评价腹腔镜诊断不育症的价值。方法采用德国Storz型腹腔镜,对916例不育症妇女的盆腔疾病和不育的影响进行分析。结果916例妇女中837例(91．37％)找到了盆腔疾病的病因。盆腔粘连、子宫内膜异位症和输卵管炎是引起不育症的主要盆腔疾病。除宫内膜异位症外,原发不孕症中,又以内生殖器官发育异常、盆腔结核、多囊卵巢多见。继发不孕症以盆腔粘连、输卵管炎多见。继发不孕组中,有宫腔操作史占98．40％。结论应用腹腔镜诊断技术对不育症的诊断价值在于能早期明确不育症盆腔病因,可在直视下通液,动态观察输卵管通畅度和形态,并对由于盆腔疾病所引起的不育症的预后影响作出一定判断。     

宫腔镜在宫外孕后继发输卵管性不孕妇女诊治中的作用探讨

目的探讨宫腔镜治疗宫外孕后继发输卵管性不孕症的临床疗效。方法：选取2012年9月至2013年9月于我院就诊的宫外孕后继发输卵管性不孕患者共114例，将施行开腹手术的患者57例作为对照组，采用宫腔镜治疗的患者57例作为对照组。比较两组患者的术后输卵管再通率。结暴：观察组患者在手术治疗后，输卵管通畅患者28例（49．1％），基本通畅患者21例（36．8％），阻塞患者8例（14．1％），总有效率为85．9％；对照组患者中，通畅患者共22例（38．6％），基本通畅患者19例（33．3％），无效16例（28．1％），总有效率为71．9％。观察组患者总有效率和榆卵管通畅率明显高于对照组患者，组间治疗效果比较具有明显差异，P〈0．05。结论：临床上在治疗宫外孕后继发输卵管性不孕时。采用宫腔镜手术法进行治疗，能有效改善患者治疗效果，提高预后质量。     

经阴道注水腹腔镜盆腔粘连松解术治疗不孕症的临床观察

目的 探讨经阴道注水腹腔镜盆腔粘连松解术(THLPA)治疗不孕症的安全性和有效性.方法 自2007年5月至2008年9月,对30例不孕患者进行THLPA,术中同时行输卵管染色通液术及宫腔镜检查与宫腔镜输卵管口插管通液术.盆腔粘连评分按照美国生育学会(AFS)1985年修订的子宫内膜异位症分期法(r-AFS)标准进行.按总分将盆腔粘连分为轻度粘连(24例,1～9分)、中度粘连(5例,10～19分)、重度粘连(1例,≥20分).记录手术时间与术后离院时间、盆腔粘连评分与粘连松解情况、输卵管通畅性、并发症及术后妊娠情况.结果 (1)THLPA:除7条输卵管近端周围的少量薄膜粘连未松解,5个卵巢的固有韧带处的少量薄膜粘连未松解外,其余所有盆腔薄膜粘连均被松解.全部患者中有4个卵巢存在致密粘连,未能松解.(2)输卵管通畅性:输卵管染色通液术中发现,35条输卵管近端阻塞,经宫腔镜输卵管口插管通液术治疗后,有21条(60%,21/35)输卵管被疏通,另有4条(11%,4/35)输卵管部分被疏通.(3)手术时间:轻度、中度和重度粘连患者的总手术时间分别为(32±6)、(52±6)和83 min,其中THLPA时间分别为(11±5)、(35±7)和62 min.(4)离院时间:全部患者的术后离院时间为120～175 min.无并发症发生.(5)妊娠率:术后随访(15.8±4.3)个月,妊娠率为45%(13/29),1例失访.结论 THLPA可行、有效、安全、不需住院,非常适用于经阴道注水腹腔镜检查中发现的薄膜粘连、特别是轻度盆腔粘连的治疗.     

Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy vs. conventional laparoscopy for evaluating unexplained primary infertility in women

OBJECTIVE: To verify the usefulness and reliability of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) as a screening tool for evaluating infertility in women in comparison with conventional diagnostic laparoscopy. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty consecutive women with unexplained primary infertility were prospectively enrolled into the study. After examination of the whole pelvic cavity, tubal patency was evaluated and the uterine cavity studied by hysteroscopy. Immediately after THL, conventional laparoscopy was performed. Main outcome measures were the success rate of accessing the pouch of Douglas, rate of complete examinations, rate of complications and accuracy of THL in comparison with laparoscopy. RESULTS: Success rate of accessing the pouch of Douglas and performing THL was 93.3%. The rate of complete evaluation of all the pelvic structures was 76.8%. In studying tubal pathology, 77.8% agreement was found between the two techniques. Diagnosis of endometriosis was correct in 55.5% of patients. Overall, THL results correlated closely with conventional laparoscopic results in 92.86%, but the diagnostic accuracy of THL was 100% in cases of complete pelvic evaluation. CONCLUSION: THL is a feasible, reliable and safe procedure and can be considered an alternative procedure for evaluating infertility in women. In cases of incomplete pelvic evaluation or abnormal findings, conventional laparoscopy is indicated as the second step in the evaluation.     

The usefulness of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy in infertile women with abnormal hysterosalpingogram results but with no obvious pelvic pathology

Objective

To evaluate the value of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) in infertile women with abnormal hysterosalpingogram results but with no history of previous pelvic surgery and with normal gynecological examination and vaginal sonography.

Study design

This is a retrospective study. From January 2008 to October 2009, 51 infertile women were planned to undergo standard laparoscopy because of abnormal HSG. None of the patients had any history of previous pelvic surgery and all had normal findings on gynecological examination and vaginal sonography. These women underwent THL.

Results

Among the 51 cases, successful access to the pouch of Douglas was achieved in 49. There were two failures due to obesity, and the operation was converted to standard laparoscopy. No complication was observed in this study period. In 26 patients (53.1%) the THL procedure showed normal pelvic organs. Four patients were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 22 cases, four became pregnant (4/22, 18.2%) through intercourse or intrauterine insemination (IUI). There were some morphologic abnormalities seen in the remaining 23 patients such as adhesions, endometriosis and hydrosalpinx. Six cases with mild adhesions and endometriosis were treated with THL alone, and four (4/6, 66.7%) became pregnant with or without IUI. Among the 19 who underwent standard laparoscopy, three were lost to follow-up. In the other 16 cases, natural pregnancy occurred in six (6/16, 37.5%) patients with or without IUI.

Conclusions

For women with abnormal HSG results but with no obvious pelvic pathology, THL should be recommended and about 50% could avoid an unnecessary laparoscopy. Adhesiolysis and coagulation of endometriotic lesions under THL in mild adhesion and endometriosis cases could lead to encouraging results.     

Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy

Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) is a modification of culdoscopy that can be used to evaluate the posterior uterus, pelvic sidewalls, and adnexae. Diagnostic THL can be done in the office under local anesthesia. Combined with diagnostic hysteroscopy and chromotubation, it can replace hysterosalpingography (HSG) as the first-line diagnostic test for the infertile woman. Studies have shown high patient tolerability with less pain reported postprocedure than with HSG. THL has been shown to have a high concordance with HSG for tubal patency, but THL diagnosed more intrauterine abnormalities as well as finding adhesions and endometriosis not visible with HSG. In addition, salpingoscopy may be performed during THL to assess the tubal lumen. THL also has a high concordance rate with laparoscopy when a complete evaluation is accomplished during THL. Complications of THL are uncommon and minor. Finally, operative procedures such as ovarian drilling, coagulation of endometriosis, lysis of adhesions, treatment of ovarian cysts, and salpingostomy may be performed via THL.     

Results of a prospective comparative study of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy and chromolaparoscopy in the diagnostics of infertility

Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) was evaluated in comparison with the already established chromolaparoscopy in the detection of tubal factors, adhesions as well as endometriosis. 43 infertile patients without previous pelvic operations and with an inconspicuous clinical examination were included in a prospective comparative study of THL and chromolaparoscopy. THL succeeded in 40 patients (93.0%). Both methods showed 100% agreement with regard to tubal factors and adhesions. However, only 72/80 tubes (90.0%) could be portrayed by THL. In contrast to this, THL failed to identify 8 of 10 laparoscopically verified endometrioses (isolated endometriosis of the bladder peritoneum in 2). No complications occurred with THL. THL could be the method of choice for the clarification of mechanical infertility factors in symptom-free patients with no suspicion of pelvic pathologies. Tubal pathologies and/or adhesions (visible during THL) should be indications for laparoscopy. In the case of inconspicuous genitals during THL and a still unfulfilled desire for offspring postoperatively, laparoscopy should be considered in order to exclude the possibility of unidentified endometriosis. Retroflexio uteri should at least be a relative contraindication for THL. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the role of THL in the diagnostic concept of infertility in the future.     

Sensitivity of hysterosalpingography after tubal surgery

Summary Hysterosalpingography (HSG) to assess tubal patency in the post-operative evaluation of the infertile patient has been well described. However, the sensitivity and specificity of HSG after tubal surgery has not been reported. We correlated HSG and laparoscopic findings in 25 patients who had tubal surgery (microsurgical tubal reanastomoses [11] and distal salpingostomies [14]). HSG provided a more reliable means of assessing tubal patency (sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 61% respectively) than in detecting pelvic adhesive disease (PAD) (sensitivity and specificity of 12% and 75% respectively) regardless of tubal surgical procedure. HSG was associated with a high false negative rate (60%) due primarily to the inability to detect PAD. Complete agreement between HSG and laparoscopy was noted in only 15% of cases. These data suggest that HSG is a sensitive means to determine tubal patency, but was not sufficiently sensitive or specific to detect PAD after tubal surgery. These limitations should be noted in the interpretation of HSG in any infertile patient with a history of tubal surgery, and severely limits the application of HSG to the management of the post-operative infertile patient.     

Tolerability of the mini-pan-endoscopic approach (transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy and minihysteroscopy) versus hysterosalpingography in an outpatient infertility investigation.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the acceptance and tolerability of the mini-pan-endoscopic approach (transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy [THL] combined with minihysteroscopy) versus hysterosalpingography (HSG) for evaluating tubal patency and the uterine cavity in an outpatient infertility investigation. DESIGN: Randomized controlled study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENT(S): Twenty-three infertile patients without obvious pelvic pathology. INTERVENTION(S): Women were randomly divided into two groups. One group underwent minihysteroscopy and THL with tube chromoperturbation as first investigation and HSG within the following 7 days, while in the other group the investigation sequence was inverted. Women reported pain experienced before and at the end of procedures. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Mean duration of procedures, level of pain experienced, diagnostic agreement about tubal patency and uterine cavity normality. RESULT(S): THL and minihysteroscopy took significantly more time but was significantly less painful than HSG. Regarding tubal patency, in 95.5% of cases THL agreed with HSG. In one case, HSG diagnosed a bilateral obstruction of tubes, whereas at THL a bilateral spreading of methylene blue was seen. Agreement on intrauterine pathologies between minihysteroscopy and HSG was poor (43%); the number of intrauterine abnormalities found at hysteroscopy was significantly greater than at HSG. CONCLUSION(S): THL in association with minihysteroscopy provided more information and was better tolerated than HSG in an outpatient infertility investigation.     

Hysterosalpingography versus laparoscopy in tubal infertility: comparison based on findings at laparatomy

One hundred ten infertile women underwent hysterography (HSG) and laparoscopy at the Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. Both techniques showed normal tubal patency in 62 (56.4%) women and abnormal pelvic pathology in 48 (43.6%). All 48 women underwent laparotomy for tuboplasty. At laparotomy, HSG and laparoscopic assessments were compared. Both techniques were comparable in the diagnosis of intratubal and distal tubal occlusion. However, laparoscopy was superior in the diagnosis of non-tubal factors and proximal tubal occlusion (P less than 0.002). It is suggested that laparoscopy should be the first procedure in the investigation of tubal infertility and only followed by HSG if the results show some abnormality.     

Experience with 109 cases of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy

We conducted a prospective review of our experience with 109 transvaginal hydrolaparoscopies (THLs) performed in 97 women. The THL was considered complete in 101 procedures (93%) and adequate for management in 105 (96%). Two complications occurred (1.8%), one failed entry and one perforation of a retroflexed uterus. Diagnoses for 67 infertile patients were normal pelvis in 34 (51%), endometriosis in 14 (21%), adhesions in 6 (9%), and tubal obstruction in 10 (15%); 3 THLs (4%) were considered incomplete. Of 17 women with dysmenorrhea, a normal pelvis was found in 8 (47%) and endometriosis in 9 (53%). In 11 patients with pelvic pain endometriosis was found in 4 (36%), normal pelvis in 3 (27%), and adhesions in 3 (27%); THL was incomplete in 1 (9%). Six infertile patients (9%) had operative laparoscopy and 10 (15%) operative THL; 6 (9%) were counseled to seek in vitro fertilization. Pregnancy occurred in 16 patients (24%). Analog pain scores (0 = no pain, 10 = worst pain) were tracked in 39 consecutive patients. Pain during trocar insertion averaged 4.2 +/- 0.5, 2.2 +/- 0.2 at midprocedure, and 1.1 +/- 0.1 at the end of THL. We believe that THL should be considered instead of hysterosalpingogram and laparoscopy in selected patients.