中国人群MEGSIN基因单核苷酸多态性的检测

 【目的】研究中国人群MEGSIN基因多态性及其分布特征，并与国外数据库进行比较。【方法】随机选取208例广东地区汉族个体，提取基因组DNA。对包含外显子、外显子-内含子交界区及5’UTR区、3’UTR区的PCR产物进行直接测序。综合正反向结果识别和鉴定基因内SNPs。所得结果在美国国立生物技术信息中心（NCBI）的SNP数据库（dbSNP）中进行查询和比较。【结果】在所有研究对象中共发现24个SNPs，主要位于非编码区；22个为替换型SNP，1个为插入型SNT，另一个为缺失型SNP；其中有6个SNPs在数据库中未报道，有4个数据库已报道的SNPs，在本次研究未能证实在中国人群中存在多态性。【结论】中国汉族人群MEGSIN基因的多态性分布与美国数据库中基于高加索人群的资料存在差异。本研究不仅有利于了解MEGSIN基因结构，且为在中国人群中研究MEGSIN基因相关疾病并最终找到致病位点提供可靠数据。     

遗传性多发性骨软骨瘤致病基因EXT1和EXT2的多态性研究

【目的】研究EXT1与EXT2基因在我国南方正常人及致病性突变已明确的遗传性多发性骨软骨瘤病人中的多态性。【方法】 选取50例中国南方健康汉族个体及13例致病突变已明确的遗传性多发性骨软骨瘤病人,提取基因组DNA,对包含5’UTR区、编码区、外显子-内含子交界区及3’UTR区的PCR产物进行直接测序。 鉴定基因内的遗传变异,并将结果和国际数据库中的数据进行对比。【结果】 在所有研究对象中共发现15个不同的EXT1基因的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)：3个在编码区,为同义突变,11个在内含子区,1个在3’UTR区;其中有3个SNPs为数据库未报道的新发现多态位点。22个EXT2基因的SNPs：3个在编码区,也为同义突变,16个在内含子区,3个在3’UTR区;其中有7个SNPs为本研究新发现多态位点。【结论】 中国南方汉族人与遗传性多发性骨软骨瘤病人EXT1和EXT2基因的多态性与dbSNP数据库登记资料不完全一致,某些SNPs可能存在种族差异。本研究不仅有利于了解EXT1和EXT2基因结构,也为其多态性与致病性突变的鉴定提供了依据。     

上海地区汉族人群IL-17B基因单核苷酸多态性的研究

目的:研究上海地区汉族人群IL-17B基因单核苷酸多态性及其分布特征,并与国外数据库进行比较。方法:随机选取190例上海地区汉族个体,对IL-17B基因启动子、外显子及临近的内含子区的PCR产物直接测序,检测基因内SNPs。所得结果与美国国立生物技术信息中心(NCBI)的SNP数据库(dbSNP)进行比较。结果:在所有研究对象中共发现6个SNPs,主要位于非编码区;6个均为替换型SNPs,其中1个为三态替换型SNP。有5个SNP在dbSNP数据库中已报导,但有11个数据库已报导的SNPs,在本次研究中未能证实。结论:中国汉族人群IL-17B基因多态性的分布与dbSNP数据库中的资料存在差异,为在汉族人群中研究IL-17B基因相关疾病提供可靠数据。     

华东地区汉族人群HB-1基因多态性的研究

目的:检测华东地区汉族人群HB-1基因的多态性,并与国外数据库进行比较。方法:采用直接测序法检测188例华东地区汉族正常个体全血标本中HB-1基因启动子、全部2个外显子及邻近的内含子区的多态性变化,所得结果与美国国立生物技术信息中心(NCBI)的SNP数据库(dbSNP)进行比较。结果:在188例正常样本中共发现6个SNPs,5个位于启动子,一个位于编码区,在dbSNP数据库中均已报道,但有6个数据库已报道的SNPs在本次研究中未能证实。结论:华东地区汉族人群HB-1基因多态性的分布与dbSNP数据库中的资料存在差异,为在华东地区汉族人群中研究HB-1基因相关疾病提供可靠数据。     

中国北方汉族人VISA基因相关位点单核苷酸多态性分析

目的〓〖HTK〗分析中国北方汉族正常人群VISA基因相关位点单核苷酸多态性(SNP)的分布特征。〖HTW〗方法〓〖HTK〗用DNA序列测定技术分析100例正常人VISA 基因上下游侧翼序列、外显子及外显子/内含子连接区的核苷酸序列。用核酸序列分析软件与Genbank的VISA基因序列比对，分析SNP的基因型、等位基因分布特点，并与高加索人种比较。〖HTW〗结果〓〖HTK〗发现8个SNP，其中5个为已知的SNP,新发现3个；NCBI数据库中有报道而本研究人群中未出现的SNP位点有6个。中国北方汉族正常人群与高加索人VISA基因多个相关位点基因型及等位基因分布有差异(P＜0.05)。〖HTW〗结论〓〖HTK〗本研究结果对了解中国北方正常人群VISA 基因多态性分布特征有一定的参考价值。     

中国汉族人群BSG基因SNPs发掘与连锁不平衡分析

目的：探讨健康中国汉族人群中basigin（BSG）基因的单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs）发生情况。方法：随机收集48例健康、无亲缘关系的中国汉族人外周血液并提取基因组DNA,设计引物对所有个体BSG基因的启动子区、外显子区和外显子内含子交界区的序列进行PCR扩增和正反向测序,通过判读测序峰图,明确SNPs的发生情况及其频率;通过Hardy-Weinberg平衡分析、单倍型推测和连锁不平衡分析,确定BSG基因位点的单倍型标~SNPs（haplotype tag SNPs,htSNPs）;中性理论检验查明该基因位点SNPs频率分布是否符合选择中性。结果：共发现19个SNPs,其中包括2个新发现的SNPs;所有SNPs位点基因型分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。该基因位点共推测出4种常见单倍型域,确定9个SNPs为htSNPs。中性理论检验结果提示健康中国汉族人群BSG基因的SNPs分布符合中性进化假说。结论：首次对中国健康汉族人群BSG基因的SNPs进行了发掘,确定了其9个单倍型标签SNPs,为在汉族人群中研究该基因的遗传多态性与疾病易感性或药物反应性个体差异奠定了基础。     

维生素D受体基因多态性与骨质疏松症

【目的】了解广州地区汉族人群中维生素D受体 (VDR)基因型的分布 ,探讨VDR基因多态性与骨质疏松症的关系。【方法】应用PCR RFLP等技术 ,对广州地区汉族人群中VDR基因型的分布及其与骨质疏松症的易感性进行分析。【结果】VDR基因多态性在人群中的分布有种族差异 ,广州地区汉族人群中‘B、A、t’等位基因的出现频率较低 ,原发性骨质疏松组及 2型糖尿病并骨质疏松组中‘A’等位基因在股骨与高骨密度相关。【结论】本研究人群中VDR基因型尚不能作为预测骨质疏松发生的危险性指标     

用Taqman MGB探针研究中国人群TNF-α基因启动子区单核苷酸多态性

 【目的】了解中国人群肿瘤坏死因子α（the tumour necrosis factor α，TNF-α）基因启动子区多态性。【方法】 随机选取20名深圳地区汉族健康体检者，采用两对引物PCR扩增TNF-α基因启动子区（-1389nt～＋125nt），对PCR产物进行序列分析，寻找单核苷酸多态性位点（single nueleofide polymorphisms，SNPs）。采用Taqman MGB探针建立了-857nt（C／T）位点的实时定量PCR（thereal-time PCR）分型方法，并对中国汉族、壮族、布依族，水族及苗族群体共l108份样本进行了基因分型。【结果】在启动子区（-1322nt～＋67at），发现6个SNP位点，即-885（A／G）、-863（C／A）、-646（G／A）、-648（G/A）、-568（G／C）和-857（C/T），其中位点-646nt（G→A）为新发现SNP。-885、-648及-568nt位点碱基虽然与Genbank不同，但测序的20个个体基因分型相同。中国人群-857nt（C／T）位点基因型频率分别为0．79（CC），0．19（CT）和0．02（TT），中国汉族、壮族、布依族，水族及苗族群体间无显著性差异。中国人群-857T等位基因频率为0．116，与文献报道的韩国人群相同，但比日本人群低。【结论】中国人群TNF-α基因启动子区单核苷酸多态性可能较保守。采用Taqman MGB探针实时定量PCR技术对SNPs进行基因分型简便、快速及准确，易于自动化，为大规模的疾病相关性研究提供了有效的工具。     

用Taqman MGB探针研究中国人群TNF-α基因启动子区单核苷酸多态性

【目的】了解中国人群肿瘤坏死因子α（the tumour necrosis factor α，TNF-α）基因启动子区多态性。【方法】 随机选取20名深圳地区汉族健康体检者，采用两对引物PCR扩增TNF-α基因启动子区（-1389nt～＋125nt），对PCR产物进行序列分析，寻找单核苷酸多态性位点（single nueleofide polymorphisms，SNPs）。采用Taqman MGB探针建立了-857nt（C／T）位点的实时定量PCR（thereal-time PCR）分型方法，并对中国汉族、壮族、布依族，水族及苗族群体共l108份样本进行了基因分型。【结果】在启动子区（-1322nt～＋67at），发现6个SNP位点，即-885（A／G）、-863（C／A）、-646（G／A）、-648（G/A）、-568（G／C）和-857（C/T），其中位点-646nt（G→A）为新发现SNP。-885、-648及-568nt位点碱基虽然与Genbank不同，但测序的20个个体基因分型相同。中国人群-857nt（C／T）位点基因型频率分别为0．79（CC），0．19（CT）和0．02（TT），中国汉族、壮族、布依族，水族及苗族群体间无显著性差异。中国人群-857T等位基因频率为0．116，与文献报道的韩国人群相同，但比日本人群低。【结论】中国人群TNF-α基因启动子区单核苷酸多态性可能较保守。采用Taqman MGB探针实时定量PCR技术对SNPs进行基因分型简便、快速及准确，易于自动化，为大规模的疾病相关性研究提供了有效的工具。     

IL-22RA1基因多态性与系统性红斑狼疮发病相关性的研究

目的 探讨白细胞介素22受体A1(IL-22RA1)外显子基因多态性与中国北方汉族人群系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)及狼疮肾炎(LN)发病的相关性.方法 利用基因测序、聚合酶链式反应-单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)电泳技术对中国北方汉族人群IL-22RA1基因单核苷酸多态性(SNP)进行筛选,通过比较基因型在SLE病例组与健康对照组中的分布,进而研究IL- 22RA1与SLE/LN的相关性.结果 在IL-22RA1基因第7外显子处存在1个有义SNP位点,该位点存在3种基因型,即C/C型、C/G型和G/G型.各型在SLE病例组和健康对照组中的分布差异无统计学意义.结论 IL-22RA1外显子基因有义SNP与中国北方汉族人群SLE的易感性可能无相关性.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.