高频超声检测对诊断颈动脉粥样硬化的价值

目的：探讨高频超声在诊断颈动脉粥样硬化的价值。方法：应用日立公司ECB-555G型超声诊断仪的高频超声探头检查54例患者的颈动脉，观察颈总动脉(CCA)、颈内动脉(ICA)和颈外动脉(ECA)内径，颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)，斑块的部位、形态、大小、回声，估测管腔狭窄的程度。结果：54例中，病变36例占66．67％，共检出42个斑块，斑块分布以颈总动脉分叉处最多，其次为颈总动脉及颈内动脉起始部，颈外动脉最少。结论：应用高频超声检查对评价动脉硬化具有良好的指导意义。     

脑梗死及短暂性脑缺血发作患者颈动脉彩超检查的临床意义

目的探讨应用高频超声观察脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的临床意义。方法应用高频探头检查颈动脉,观察内中膜厚度,有无斑块形成,斑块的大小、性质及部位,管腔狭窄程度,测量血流参数等。结果 500例脑梗死患者中,检出1支或多支血管粥样硬化斑块形成者315例(颈外动脉斑块不计算在内),占总人数的63.12%,由于粥样硬化斑块导致管腔局部狭窄(每例以1支最窄血管计)<50%者76例,占24.11%,50%~60%5例,占1.42%,>70%179例,占5.67%,其余55例未见明显狭窄,占17%。短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)100例,60例异常,表现为不同程度的颈总动脉和/或颈内、颈外动脉狭窄;有50例同时显示颈内动脉系统的血管狭窄表现,2例未见异常,总异常率83%(50/60)。结论颈动脉超声检查中对颈动脉超声狭窄、动脉斑块形成、内中膜增厚明显增加的评估,对缺血性脑血管疾病的检出与监测具有重要意义。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断颈动脉硬化的临床价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声检测诊断颈动脉硬化的临床价值。方法选取108例临床诊断颈动脉硬化的患者进行颈部动脉彩超检查,分别对颈动脉血管的内-中膜厚度、斑块大小以及血管内血流动力学进行测量。结果108例患者的颈总动脉内-中膜均有不同程度增厚,检出斑块55例,其中颈动脉狭窄24例。结论彩色多普勒超声能早期无创地诊断颈动脉粥样硬化。     

彩色多普勒超声在诊断颈动脉粥样硬化中的价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对颈动脉粥样硬化的超声诊断和临床价值。方法应用彩色多普勒超声对68例颈动脉粥样硬化患者进行检查,观察管腔内径、内膜-中膜厚度（IMT）、有无斑块形成及分布、管腔狭窄程度及血流动力学情况。结果68例患者中16例单纯出现颈动脉内膜-中层增厚、内膜面毛糙,粥样硬化斑块形成52例,颈动脉狭窄42例,血流显像充盈缺损41例。结论彩色多普勒超声是诊断颈动脉粥样硬化准确、有效的方法,对早期诊断颈动脉粥样硬化有重要的临床价值。     

多发性大动脉炎颈动脉病变的超声诊断价值

目的 总结多发性大动脉炎颈动脉病变的超声表现特点,提高其诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析25例经临床诊断为多发性大动脉炎的颈动脉超声声像图表现.用彩色多普勒超声检查患者的颈总动脉、颈内动脉和颈外动脉,观察并测量颈动脉管腔内径、内膜-中膜(IMT)厚度、彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)和脉冲多普勒,分析颈动脉血流变化的频谱及彩色多普勒声像图指标;鉴别颈动脉狭窄与闭塞,估测狭窄程度以及评估颈动脉闭塞的范围;并与数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查结果进行比较.结果 25例患者中共有50条颈动脉受累,其中39条(78%)颈总动脉受累,4条(8%)颈外动脉受累,7条(14%)颈内动脉受累.在39条受累的颈总动脉中,37条表现为动脉壁IMT弥漫性增厚;2例局限性增厚.1例颈总动脉内膜剥脱伴夹层动脉瘤形成,IMT厚度1.8～5.7 mm,管腔都有不同程度的狭窄和闭塞.超声检查血管狭窄或闭塞的诊断符合率与DSA结果比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.4224,P>0.05).结论 应用彩色多普勒超声能显示颈动脉管壁的特征性变化,并可显示管腔内血流动力学异常,为临床提供重要的诊断信息.     

彩色多普勒超声对高血压糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声（CDU）在高血压、糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化中的诊断价值及声像图表现特点。方法对临床确诊的41例高血压病、33例糖尿病和17例高血压合并糖尿病患者的颈总动脉内膜-中膜厚度（IMT）、斑块分布、狭窄程度及狭窄处血流动力学改变等进行回顾性总结,分析其颈动脉的超声声像图改变。结果91例患者IMT均有不同程度的改变,其中71例有斑块形成,且多发生于分叉部,13例存在颈内动脉狭窄,6例狭窄处颈内动脉收缩期峰值流速（PSV）明显增高,2例颈内动脉闭塞。结论CDU诊断高血压、糖尿病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的敏感性高,其可较准确评价颈总动脉的IMT、斑块特点、狭窄程度及狭窄处的血流动力学改变情况,为临床诊治中提供参考依据。     

多发性大动脉炎颈动脉病变的超声诊断价值

目的总结多发性大动脉炎颈动脉病变的超声表现特点,提高其诊断价值。方法回顾性分析25例经临床诊断为多发性大动脉炎的颈动脉超声声像图表现。用彩色多普勒超声检查患者的颈总动脉、颈内动脉和颈外动脉,观察并测量颈动脉管腔内径、内膜—中膜（IMT）厚度、彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）和脉冲多普勒,分析颈动脉血流变化的频谱及彩色多普勒声像图指标;鉴别颈动脉狭窄与闭塞,估测狭窄程度以及评估颈动脉闭塞的范围;并与数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查结果进行比较。结果 25例患者中共有50条颈动脉受累,其中39条（78%）颈总动脉受累,4条（8%）颈外动脉受累,7条（14%）颈内动脉受累。在39条受累的颈总动脉中,37条表现为动脉壁IMT弥漫性增厚;2例局限性增厚。1例颈总动脉内膜剥脱伴夹层动脉瘤形成,IMT厚度1.8～5.7mm,管腔都有不同程度的狭窄和闭塞。超声检查血管狭窄或闭塞的诊断符合率与DSA结果比较差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.4224,P〉0.05）。结论应用彩色多普勒超声能显示颈动脉管壁的特征性变化,并可显示管腔内血流动力学异常,为临床提供重要的诊断信息。     

颈动脉粥样硬化的超声诊断价值

目的 探讨颈动脉粥样硬化的超声诊断.方法 回顾性分析100例颈动脉硬化的超声表现,测量血管内-中膜厚度,观察有无斑块及斑块性质,彩色血流变化,血流多普勒频谱形态及性质.结果 100例中检出颈动脉粥样硬化93例,表现为血管内-中膜增厚,可见斑块形成,动脉狭窄处血流色彩明亮,血流束变细.结论 超声检查可直观地显示颈动脉的内部结构,观察有无斑块及斑块的性质,了解管腔内血流动力学改变,为临床提供可靠的资料.     

彩色多普勒超声在颈动脉硬化临床应用价值分析

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在颈动脉粥样硬化中的临床应用。方法对2008年1月～2011年1月期间住院或门诊患者115例采用彩色多普勒超声检查,观察检测结果。结果 115例患者者颈动脉内-中膜增厚26例（22.61%）,粥样斑块形成76例（66.09%）,检出率为88.70%,其中36例（31.30%）为扁平斑,25例（21.74%）为软斑,15例（13.04%）为硬斑,颈总动脉分叉斑块为41例（35.65%）;颈内动脉起始部斑块21例（18.26%）,其他部位14例（12.17%）;管腔轻度狭窄35例（30.43%）,重度狭窄41例（35.65%）。结论彩色多普勒超声检查应用于颈动脉粥样硬化的检测,可对粥样硬化斑块性质及管腔狭窄程度作出正确的评估,对心脑血病的防治意义重大。     

颈动脉超声诊断急性脑梗死患者颈动脉病变的应用价值

目的 探讨颈动脉超声在诊断急性脑梗死患者颈动脉病变中的应用价值.方法 245例急性脑梗死患者行颈动脉超声检查,其中77例患者行颈动脉数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA） 检查,比较2种方法的检查结果.结果 245例患者中,颈动脉超声检出颈动脉硬化者208例（84.90%）,斑块193例（78.78%）;斑块的主要分布部位依次为颈动脉分叉处（BIF）、颈总动脉（CCA）、颈内动脉（ICA）起始段及颈外动脉（ECA）.颈动脉超声与DSA对轻度颈动脉狭窄的检出率有统计学差异（P＜0.05）,而对于中重度狭窄及闭塞的检出率无统计学差异（P＞0.05）.结论 与DSA相比,颈动脉超声诊断轻度颈动脉狭窄的准确率较低,而对诊断颈动脉斑块形成有重要意义.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.