维生素可抑制艾滋病病毒

美国科学家研究发现，每日服用多种不同的维生素可能有助于抑制艾滋病病情的恶化。如果维生素确实被证明有此功效，发展中国家的艾滋病患者则可以推迟服用昂贵药物的时间。     

HIV起源与分子进化

自1981年美国发现第一例获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)患者以来，全球艾滋病的感染和发病人数与日俱增，这种被称为“世纪瘟疫”的病魔给人们的生命安全和身心健康带来了极大的威胁。那么，如此猖獗的艾滋病病毒(HIV)是从何而来，又是如何通过快速的基因突变而获得进化和发展的呢?     

艾滋病相关性病毒性肝炎

目前，艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染已成为全球性卫生问题。HIV感染最终导致艾滋病。由于免疫抑制，HIV感染者易发生各种各样的肝损害，其中包括肝炎、肉芽肿、肿瘤、血管病变和非特异性损害等。下面仅对HIV相关性病毒性肝炎的有关问题进行简要综述。     

艾滋病病毒相关性口腔疾病的防治

目的 探讨艾滋病病毒相关性口腔疾病防治。方法 通过3例合并典型口腔疾病的艾滋病病例的报告，深入分析HIV感染者及AIDS的流行状况、传播方式、口腔表现及治疗和预防措施。结果 HIV感染者和艾滋病病患者常伴有或首先出现口腔黏膜相应损害，危害极大。结论 临床医务工作者应提高对AIDS的认识，对严重而持久的口腔黏膜病损如含珠菌病、病毒性疱疹、毛状白斑及口腔黏膜卡波济肉瘤等应警惕和考虑艾滋病。     

美国出现新型艾滋病病毒

据美国《华盛顿邮报》2月3日报道，研究人员在华盛顿州国王县4名男子身上发现一种前所未见的人体免疫缺损病毒（HIV），这种新型艾滋病病毒 比以前所知的HIV更难治疗。     

艾滋病病毒检验者的自我防护

艾滋病传播迅速,病死率极高,对全球人民的健康已构成严重威胁,成为全世界共同关注的热点问题.为尽早发现艾滋病病毒(HIV)携带者及感染者,预防感染扩散,减少对个人、家庭及社会的影响,坚持早发现早治疗的原则,各地医疗卫生单位不断建立HIV筛查实验室.     

广西艾滋病病毒流行病学分析

自1996年开始首次发现广西本地居民的HIV感染者以来,从各哨点监测及自愿匿名检测HIV抗体结果分析, 广西艾滋病的传播至今仍以静脉吸毒为主,经性传播的比率仍很低。然而,从已经发病的艾滋病病人就诊情况分析,经性途径传播的艾滋病病人所占比率相当高,而且有急增的趋势。现将我院1999年4月至2004年8月住院艾滋病病人作一总结分析如下。     

艾滋病病毒的细胞趋向性

病毒简单地来说就是RNA或是DNA基因组，其外面包裹着若干的蛋白质，侵入细胞后能够繁殖的生物。要认识到：生物作为物质，其不是单纯一种，而是有一定种类组成的。作为生物的人类群体内有所不同，这一事实是谁也不会提出异议的。多种类型的病毒的存在是很显著的，可是病毒的繁殖率快是有原因的。仅仅一个病毒感染给细胞，翌日感染细胞释放的数万个病毒粒子当中，一定会被观察到其遗传基因的变异，而且病毒随着增殖不断变化下去。我们对同病毒的认识是：其遗传性方面不是完全单一的群体，其生物活性方面，应考虑到是具有一定广度的群体。     

Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus

OBJECTIVE.--To examine rates of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and associated risk factors and to determine the relative efficiency of female-to-male and male-to-female transmission. DESIGN.--Survey of infected individuals and their heterosexual partners recruited since 1985. SETTING.--Participants were recruited from various HIV counseling and testing sites throughout California but were generally interviewed and tested in their homes. PARTICIPANTS.--Data from 379 couples at entry to the study are reported: 72 male partners of infected women and 307 female partners of infected men. The infected index case had a well-established source of risk; couples were eliminated if the direction of transmission could not be established. The majority of couples were monogamous since 1978, white, and in their 30s. Most partners did not know their serostatus at entry into the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE.--HIV serostatus in the exposed sexual partner. RESULTS.--We observed one probable instance (1%) of female-to-male transmission compared with 20% transmission rates in the female partners of infected men. All couples were sampled in the same way. Male index cases were more likely to be symptomatic than female index cases. CONCLUSION.--The odds of male-to-female transmission were significantly greater than female-to-male transmission. The one case of female-to-male transmission was unique in that the couple reported numerous unprotected sexual contacts and noted several instances of vaginal and penile bleeding during intercourse.     

Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus

Ninety-seven female sexual partners of 93 men infected with human immunodeficiency virus were studied. All of the women had sexual contact within the year before their partner had been diagnosed as having acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or was found to have a positive reaction on the human immunodeficiency virus serologic test. Fifty-seven percent were the partners of bisexual men. Overall, 23% of the women were infected (95% confidence interval, 15% to 32%). The total number of exposures to the index case (sexual contacts with ejaculation) and the specific practice of anal intercourse, also with the infected partner, were associated with transmission. Neither condom use, total number of sexual partners since 1978, nor lifetime number of sexually transmitted diseases was associated with infection.     

Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus

Although parts of Africa already have a heterosexual epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the potential for a major epidemic in the US or Europe remains a subject for speculation. Future heterosexual spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is likely to depend on 2 key factors: patterns of sexual and needle sharing behavior; and the probability of transmission of HIV from men to women and from women to men. There is some evidence that the risk of transmission from men to women increases both with the duration of the seuxal relationship and the frequency of sexual contact. Infectivity has been suggested to increase as people progress towards AIDS. The relative risk for transmission by different sexual practices requires further study. Studies of HIV transmission from women to men have been small so that it is difficult to assess the relative risks of transmission from women to men and from men to women. Infectivity of the index case cannot yet be measured. It appears that infectivity varies both between individuals and within individuals over time. Treatment to reduce infectivity may be important in controlling the epidemic.     

人类免疫缺陷病毒感染的免疫学

全世界已经有超过二千万人死于获得性免疫缺陷综合征（又称艾滋病）。人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）是引起艾滋病的病原体，是由Montagnier在1983年发现的。HIV是一种逆转录病毒，有两条单链RNA组成，在逆转录酶的作用下，转录成前病毒双链DNA。HIV主要通过使CD4T细胞衰竭来破坏免疫系统。当CD4 T细胞降至全血200个／mm^-3时，免疫系统功能就会发生紊乱，并且会伴随机会性感染如结核杆菌、隐孢子虫等。本文概述了由于HIV感染引起的复杂、多面性的免疫反应，并重点介绍了CD4 T细胞衰竭的机制。Th1和Th2辅助细胞的平衡改变也与疾病的进展有关。为了控制此疾病，研究者设计了多种疫苗，并且有些疫苗已经进入了临床试验阶段。     

Reporting the results of human immunodeficiency virus testing

We conducted a pilot study of potential sources of incorrect laboratory reports of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 testing using blind proficiency testing. Sets of three serum samples, including one serum sample with negative reactions in antibody tests, one serum sample with positive reactions, and one that gave false-positive results with certain testing kits, were sent as routine patient specimens to testing laboratories. Half the laboratories reported the serum sample positive for human immunodeficiency virus antibodies as "indeterminate"; one laboratory rendered a final positive report without supplemental testing. On the report forms, the actual laboratory results were often obscured and intermingled with information, sometimes incorrect, such as identifying the agent as "HTLV-III" (human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III) and advising that a test with positive results is evidence of exposure to the virus. Many of these reports have the potential to confuse, rather than to enlighten, the requesting physician.     

Neurological complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection

The protean neurological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are reviewed. Both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system may be affected and many of the complications may occur in individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related complex, or who are seropositive for HIV alone as well as those with the established AIDS syndrome. Specific therapy is available for certain of these neurological conditions, but the clinical course in others is untreatable and progressive. Although it seems likely that the pathogenesis of some of these syndromes such as the AIDS-dementia complex are due to the direct effect of HIV on the nervous system, in others the neurological injury probably occurs as a consequence of the immunosuppression which HIV induces, or immune-mediated mechanisms.     

Efficient primary isolation of human immunodeficiency virus

A highly-sensitive and efficient culture technique for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is described; HIV-1 was recovered from the lymphocytes of 44 (94%) antibody-seropositive healthy or symptomatic individuals. The reductions in the requirements for both the reagent volume and the number of patients' lymphocytes, together with an increased efficiency, has made this HIV-1 culture system more practical for diagnostic virology laboratories.