外耳道后壁和上鼓室外侧壁重建并鼓室成形术的临床应用

目的探讨外耳道后壁和上鼓室外侧壁同期重建在鼓室成形术中的意义。方法30例（31耳）慢性化脓性中耳炎患者,骨性外耳道预先取骨备用。清除病灶后进行外耳道后壁和上鼓室外侧壁重建,并行I期行鼓室成形术。结果术后随访3个月～1年,31耳均获得干耳;外耳道形态接近正常,保留含气乳突腔。术后平均气导听阈提高〉20dB以上者22耳,提高10-20dB者8耳,提高〈10dB者1耳。结论同期行外耳道后壁和上鼓室外侧壁重建并I期行鼓室成形术,有助于修复乳突根治术后遗留的乳突空腔或大外耳道,有助于改善听力。     

保留外耳道后壁上鼓室切开软骨重建术治疗中耳胆脂瘤

目的探讨在保持外耳道后壁完整的情况下,切除上鼓室外侧壁并软骨封闭治疗中耳胆脂瘤的疗效。方法2009年11月～2012年7月对123例（123耳）中耳胆脂瘤患者行保留外耳道后壁的乳突切开、上鼓室盾板切除及面神经隐窝向上鼓室开放,清除病变后行上鼓室软骨封闭及乳突腔填塞术,术后随访6～38个月,观察胆脂瘤复发、上鼓室回缩袋形成情况及听力提高水平,分析其疗效。结果123例中,2例中耳腔胆脂瘤复发,6例术后耳后切口感染,3例鼓膜边缘穿孔延迟愈合,2例人工听骨脱出,4例术后耳道后壁肿胀或皮肤缺损,其余病例术后换药2～3次后鼓膜、外耳道形态恢复,痊愈时间1个月。听力资料完整的83例（67．5％,83/123）中,0．5、1、2 kHz气骨导差术前平均32．2±11．25 dB ,术后平均20．69±12．41 dB ,手术前后气骨导差缩小11．59±10．1 dB（P＜0．001）。结论乳突切开同时保留外耳道后壁使耳道形态得以保留,术后恢复时间短;切除上鼓室外侧壁能够更充分暴露病变,病灶清除彻底;上鼓室外侧壁软骨封闭重建可有效防止回缩袋的形成,避免胆脂瘤复发。     

钛网应用于开放式鼓室成形术32例

目的 探讨应用钛网重建外耳道后壁并上鼓室外侧壁开放式鼓室成形术中的手术疗效。方法 胆脂瘤型及骨疡型中耳炎患者32例（32耳）根治病灶后,均应用钛网重建外耳道后壁并上鼓室外侧壁,同期行开放式鼓室成形术。结果 术后30耳外耳道形态接近正常生理状态,29耳鼓膜移植物生长良好,干耳率90.62%,干耳时间平均（15.89±4.02）d。术后气导听力提高在15dBHL以上者27耳,区骨导差＜20dBHL者22耳。结论 应用钛网重建外耳道后壁并上鼓室外侧壁的开放式鼓室成形术,可较好地恢复外耳道和中耳的解剖结构和生理功能,患者听力提高远期效果显著。     

改良完壁式鼓室成形术治疗上鼓室局限性阻塞性病变

目的探讨上鼓室局限性阻塞性病变的手术方法与疗效。方法 75例(88耳)上鼓室局限性阻塞性病变,其中胆脂瘤及内陷袋46耳,肉芽肿42耳。经上鼓室外侧壁进路,在颞线下自后上嵴至颧弓后根磨开骨壁,保留菲薄的外耳道后上骨壁和完好天盖,于后拱柱开放面神经隐窝,清除病变组织,修复或重建听骨链,疏通中、上鼓室气流通道,保留鼓窦乳突,完成改良完壁式鼓室成形术。结果术后鼓膜和外耳道完整。局限性上鼓室胆脂瘤及内陷袋患者平均语頻听力较术前提高15-25d BHL;慢性中耳炎上鼓室肉芽患者平均语频听力较术前提高15-30d BHL。随访5.0年未见胆脂瘤复发。结论改良完壁式鼓室成形术,进路便捷,再通气道,疗效满意。     

保持外耳道后壁完整的上鼓室切开软骨重建技术在中耳炎手术中的应用

目的观察在保持外耳道后壁完整的情况下,上鼓室切开软骨重建技术在中耳炎手术中的应用及疗效。方法对45例（耳）中耳胆脂瘤和13例（耳）活动期中耳炎患者,在保留外耳道后壁乳突切开、上鼓室外侧壁切除或及经砧骨窝向下开放面隐窝,清除听骨链区（包括上鼓室、中后鼓室）及鼓窦乳突区病变后,行上鼓室软骨封闭重建术,术后随访12～36个月,观察术后中耳炎胆脂瘤复发、鼓膜形态及听力提高等情况。结果58例（耳）术后重建的上鼓室外侧壁与保留的外耳道后壁相连接。本组病例中6例术后外耳道后壁肿胀或皮肤缺损,继续换药4~5次后愈合良好;3例患者出院后仍有少量流脓,鼓膜边缘穿孔,门诊局部给药后延迟愈合;3例听骨脱出、2例鼓膜再穿孔、2例24个月后原胆脂瘤复发,行开放式手术后治愈。术后6个月复查纯音听力测试,并与术前进行比较,听力均有不同程度提高,0.5、1、2 kHz气骨导差平均减10 dB,气导听阈平均提高15 dB 左右。结论在保持外耳道后壁完整的情况下,上鼓室切开软骨重建技术在中耳炎外科手术中的应用,既能够充分暴露病变,病灶清除彻底,同时又保留了外耳道的形态,可有效防止鼓膜回缩袋的形成,降低了胆脂瘤的复发,又避免了开放式手术所残留的宽大术腔。术后鼓膜形态恢复良好,从而保持或提高了患者的听力。     

乳突腔同种异体牙充填在开放式鼓室成形术中的应用

目的 :探讨乳突腔同种异体牙充填并上鼓室外侧壁重建的开放式鼓室成形术的手术疗效。方法 :对5 2例 (5 2耳 )胆脂瘤型及骨疡型中耳炎患者 ,根治病灶后 ,以同种异体牙乳突腔充填并上鼓室外侧壁重建 ,同期行开放式鼓室成形术。结果 :术后 4 8耳外耳道形态接近正常生理状态 ;4 6耳鼓膜移植物生长良好 ;干耳率 92 .3% ,干耳时间平均 (17.6± 4 .2 )d。术后气导听力提高在 15dBHL以上者为 4 1耳 ,气骨导差小于 2 0dBHL者为 31耳。结论 :乳突腔同种异体牙充填并上鼓室外侧壁重建的开放式鼓室成形术 ,可较好地恢复外耳道和中耳的解剖结构和生理功能 ,听力提高远期效果显著     

乳突鼓室成形伴上鼓室切开重建技术治疗胆脂瘤性中耳炎

目的 探讨胆脂瘤性中耳炎的外科治疗方法.方法 本文介绍了2009年11月-2010年7月在我院接受乳突鼓室成形伴上鼓室切开重建(Mastoidotympanoplasty with epitympanoplasty,EMT)手术的56例(耳),即在保留外耳道后壁切开乳突的前提下,同时进行上鼓室外侧壁的切除以彻底清除病灶,最后进行上鼓室乳突填塞并重建听力.本文初步报告了这一技术并对与此相关的外科处理策略进行临床评价.结果全部病例术后随访时间1～9个月,1例术后疼痛再次手术,2例术后感染鼓膜穿孔未愈合,2例术后鼓膜紧张部后上微小穿孔,其余病例术后愈合良好,术后换药2～3次即完全愈合,术后随访56例中26例听力资料完整,0.5、1、2 kHz气骨导间距由术前平均31.9 dB HL缩短到19.6dB HL.结论 保留外耳道后壁乳突切开同时切除术上鼓室外侧壁并进行重建,简化了经典完壁式手术的复杂操作,易于掌握;同时,手术保留的外耳道后壁使耳道形态得以保留,术后恢复时间短,减少了术后换药次数;上鼓室软骨填塞可有效的防止回缩袋的形成,避免了胆脂瘤的复发.该术式为治疗中耳炎性疾病提供了一种新的选择.     

上鼓室胆脂瘤手术治疗

上鼓室胆脂瘤多数由鼓膜松弛部Prusska间隙形成囊袋产生。如何既彻底清除病灶,又能保护听力,是治疗该病的关键。现对2004年3月～2010年6月我科的26例上鼓室胆脂瘤患者行上鼓室、后上鼓室外侧壁重建,一期鼓室成形术,报道如下。     

上鼓室胆脂瘤型中耳炎的手术治疗

目的探讨上鼓室胆脂瘤型中耳炎的手术治疗方法。方法对23例（23耳）上鼓室胆脂瘤型中耳炎患者经耳内切口行上鼓室切开清理病变。20耳胆脂瘤破坏并超过锤砧关节达前上鼓室,3耳锤砧关节鼓室侧隐藏胆脂瘤,彻底清除胆脂瘤并切除病变的锤骨头及砧骨,人工听小骨（partial ossicular replacement protheses,PORP）架桥于锤骨柄与镫骨头之间重建听骨链（Ⅲ型鼓室成型术）。23耳采用带软骨膜的耳屏软骨重建上鼓室外侧壁,其软骨膜修复鼓膜松弛部穿孔。观察术后上鼓室外侧壁和鼓膜愈合及听力恢复情况。结果23例患者随诊1～4年,所有病例上鼓室外侧壁及鼓膜松弛部愈合良好。术后患耳PTA=21．1 dB HL,较术前平均降低12．8 dB HL,差别有统计学意义（t=20．136,P〈0-01）;术后患耳气骨导差下降12．8 dB HL,差别有统计学意义（t=19．48,P〈0．01）;术后患耳骨导听阈改变无显著意义（t=1．56。P〉0．05）。一例患耳术后出现4000Hz以上感音神经性听力下降。术后随访听力基本稳定,无眩晕及耳鸣等并发症。结论上鼓室胆脂瘤型中耳炎应尽早发现,合理的手术方式既可彻底清除病灶。又能保留和恢复中耳传音功能。     

上鼓室重建及鼓室成形术在开放式乳突根治中的应用

目的 探讨重建上鼓室外侧壁在开放式乳突根治中的意义。方法 选择开放式乳突根治的病人，同时应用同种异体鼻中隔软骨或自体乳突皮质骨，重建上鼓室外侧壁，完成上鼓室成形术20例。结果 20例手术均获得干耳，术后3～6个月平均气导听力提高20dB以上4耳，l0～20dB 13耳。结论 应用同种异体鼻中隔软骨或自体乳突皮质骨，重建上鼓室外侧壁，能改善行开放式乳突根治病人的听力。     

Lateral attic reconstruction technique: preventive surgery for epitympanic retraction pockets.

OBJECTIVE: To provide an estimate of the reliability of a preventive surgical approach named lateral attic reconstruction (LAR) technique for the treatment of Type II epitympanic retraction pockets. STUDY DESIGN: From a cohort of 25 adult patients presenting with a Type II epitympanic retraction pocket, 2 groups were randomly formed: a first one, with 15 patients who underwent LAR technique, and a second one, in whom (10 patients) only observation was planned and was therefore used as control. SETTING: University hospital as tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Selection criteria for composing the 2 groups of study were the presence of a Type II epitympanic retraction pocket and a normal audiogram. INTERVENTION(S): The surgical procedure (LAR) consisted of a retroauricular approach, removal of a small piece of tragal cartilage, cleansing of the epitympanic pocket until denudation of the ossicular components, and placement of the cartilage graft to reconstruct the lateral epitympanic wall. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): All the patients were controlled at different postoperative or postobservation times (1, 3, 6, and 12 mo) via otomicroscopic examination, pure-tone audiometry, and tympanometry. RESULTS: All operated patients showed a normal anatomic pattern starting from the first postoperative control (1 mo) with a normal or near-normal hearing threshold and a Type A or As tympanogram in most cases. CONCLUSION: Lateral attic reconstruction technique has proved to be a reliable preventive technique for impeding a Type II epitympanic retraction pocket to worsen because it was observed in a percentage, although small (33.3%), of patients in whom a wait-and-scope policy was applied.     

Hearing outcome of canal wall reconstruction tympanoplasties for the treatment of cholesteatoma

While the hearing outcome of patients undergoing a tympanoplasty with canal reconstruction is generally thought to be inferior to that of patients undergoing a canal-up tympanoplasty, a direct comparison of these two procedures, performed by the same operator, has not been reported. Consequently, we compared the hearing outcomes of these two techniques and discussed the postoperative complications that could accompany the procedures. Hearing was evaluated in 52 ears with middle ear cholesteatoma. Using the postsurgical hearing result assessment criteria published by the Japanese Society of Otology in 2000, hearing was then evaluated again at least 6 months after surgery. When the data was analyzed according to the type of operation, the success rates (as determined using the above assessment criteria) were 78.6% for type I, 88.5% for modified type III, and 50.0% for modified type IV. The success rate for the modified type III operations was superior to that of the modified type IV operations, and the incidence of a postoperative air-bone gap in the type IV tympanoplasties was significantly larger than that in other groups. Procedures involving external auditory canal surgery can be particularly problematic for the treatment of cholesteatoma. In this series, the same author (KH) performed all the canal-up tympanoplasty procedures that took place during 1990-1996, and all other tympanoplasties, mainly canal reconstruction procedures, that took place during 1998-2001. The success rate was 68.4% (13/19) for the canal-up tympanoplasties, 100% (8/8) for the atticotomies and 76% (19/25) for the canal wall reconstructions. The postoperative success rate in the atticotomy group was significantly higher than the rates of the other groups. Among the canal reconstructive tympanoplasty procedures, a second exploratory surgery was performed in 15/24 cases, and residual cholesteatoma was observed in 3 cases. The major postoperative complications were epitympanic pocket formation (12/24) and taste disturbances, caused by chordal damage (2/24). These findings indicate that tympanoplasties with canal reconstruction improve the hearing outcome, compared with the outcome of canal-up tympanoplasties. However, epitympanic retraction pocket formation, resulting in recurrent cholesteatoma, is a possible complication of both surgical procedures, and new approaches or techniques should be sought to minimize such postoperative changes.     

Cartilage and tympanoplasty

This study analyzes the morphological and hearing results obtained with cartilage tympanoplasty in retraction pocket, blunting and tympanic membrane lateralization, and cholesteatoma surgeries. Results obtained 3 years postoperatively in 80 patients operated on with cartilage reinforcement of the tympanic membrane (TM) were compared with those obtained 3 years postoperatively in 100 patients operated on with fascia or perichondrium TM reinforcement. Retraction pocket recurrence was found in the patients operated on with fascia or perichondrium in 24% of cases and only in 8% of cases in patients operated on with partial tympanic membrane cartilage reinforcement. No recurrence was found in patients operated on with a total reinforcement of the TM. Cartilage tympanoplasty with skin graft covering the bony external auditory canal (EAC) was performed in 6 cases of severe blunting and/or tympanic membrane lateralization. 3 years post-operatively, good morphological and functional results were obtained in 3 cases. One or two staged ICW procedures were performed in 390 adult patients (416 ears) suffering from a non operated middle ear cholesteatoma. Recurrent and residual cholesteatoma rates were evaluated. Cholesteatomas were operated on with removing the malleus, reinforcing all the tympanic membrane with cartilage and performing an ossiculoplasty with hydroxylapatite prosthesis. The results were compared to those obtained in ICW cholesteatoma surgery with preserving the malleus manubrium, partially reinforcing the eardrum with cartilage and predominantly using an ossicle to perform the ossiculoplasty. Removing the malleus and reinforcing the whole tympanic membrane with cartilage statistically reduced the cholesteatoma recurrence rate for the ICW procedure. This technique, using hydroxylapatite prosthesis for ossiculoplasty gives good hearing results.     

Mastoid and epitympanic obliteration in canal wall up mastoidectomy for prevention of retraction pocket.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the surgical outcome in patients who have undergone mastoid and epitympanic obliteration technique. STUDY DESIGN:: Retrospective review. SETTING: Tertiary care referral center. PATIENTS: The study group included 151 patients with cholesteatoma who underwent mastoid and epitympanic obliteration technique. This technique was applied to cases who had a strong chance of recurrent retraction pocket and cholesteatoma formation, including those patients with an adhesive drum indicating poor eustachian tube function (n = 52) and patients with a destructive scutum (n = 68). Thirty-one patients had both an adhesive drum and a destructive scutum. INTERVENTION: The connection between the mastoid cavity and the middle ear was blocked by obliterating the epitympanum and antrum with bone pate and the remaining mastoid cavity with abdominal fat. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The postoperative drum state, the incidence of retraction pocket formation and cholesteatoma recurrence, the surgical complications of obliteration, and the hearing outcome. RESULTS: In 114 of 151 patients (75.4%), the middle ear was well healed and well aerated. The retraction pocket formation or cholesteatoma recurrence did not develop in any subject. Postauricular skin depression was the most common complication of this technique (n = 31 [20.5%]). In three patients (2.0%), the bone pate used for obliteration was infected. Of the 56 cases who underwent a staged operation to regain their hearing, 37 resulted in a postoperative air-bone gap less than 20 dB hearing level. CONCLUSION: Mastoid and epitympanic obliteration is an effective option for preventing a retraction pocket and cholesteatoma recurrence in patients with a poorly functioning eustachian tube or a defective scutum, while preserving the same advantage of the canal wall up technique.     

"Three cartilages" technique in intact canal wall tympanoplasty to prevent recurrent cholesteatoma

Residual cholesteatoma is the consequence of leaving squamous epithelium in the mastoid and middle ear cleft. It has been demonstrated that the only effective way to reduce the risk of epidermoid cyst neoformation is meticulous and radical removal of cholesteatoma matrix and staging of the operation, regardless of whether a closed or open mastoid cavity tympanoplasty technique has been performed. Recurrent cholesteatoma usually occurs after intact canal wall tympanoplasty secondary to middle ear, attic, and mastoid retraction of the graft, especially in cases with destruction of the scutum or absence of malleus and incus; this is still considered a major problem with this surgical technique. During the last five years we have been performing a procedure we have developed to avoid this retraction. Concave autogenous cartilage from the upper part of the concha auriculae trimmed in three pieces to protect attic, mastoid, and middle ear for graft retraction has been successfully used in 106 surgical procedures. This study describes the surgical technique and analyzes the anatomic and hearing results.     

Postauricular undersurface tympanic membrane grafting: A follow-up report

The authors review 1,939 chronic ear surgeries in which 1,556 underwent some form of tympanic membrane grafting. The overall take rate was 93%. There was no selection of cases with regard to presence of infection, cholesteatoma, polyps, or granulation tissue at the time of surgery. There appeared to be no difference in the take rate based upon age of the patient, presence of infection, or cholesteatoma. Autogenous and homograft fascia performed well and there was no significant difference in take rate. Complications were minimal and were related more to the disease process than the grafting technique per se. In addition to reviewing the long-term follow-up of the original technique the authors present a method of dealing with tympanic membrane retraction pockets. Called a cartilage tympanoplasty this procedure incorporates a large piece of full thickness tragal cartilage with attached perichondrium into the substance of the tympanic membrane. With 2 years follow-up at this writing, this procedure has markedly reduced postoperative retraction pockets and recurrent cholesteatoma.     

中耳乳突炎性改变对人工耳蜗置入的影响

目的：探讨中耳乳突炎性改变对人工耳蜗置入术的影响。方法：9例行人工耳蜗置入术患者均伴有中耳乳突炎性改变。1例乳突根治术后Ⅱ期行人工耳蜗置入及应用耳廓软骨一软骨膜复合物重建并加强后鼓室外侧壁及外耳道后壁;1例慢性中耳炎伴鼓膜穿孔Ⅰ期行人工耳蜗置入及应用耳廓软骨一软骨膜复合物重建鼓膜;3例隐性中耳乳突炎,Ⅰ期行改良乳突开放术并人工耳蜗置入术;3例硬化型乳突伴鼓室粘连,Ⅰ期行鼓室探查并人工耳蜗置入术;1例慢性中耳乳突炎伴松弛部内陷袋形成,Ⅰ期行上鼓室开放及软骨一软骨膜复合物重建上鼓室外侧壁并人工耳蜗置入术。结果：术中所有的电极均顺利置入,并经术中检测电极完好,电阻测试效果满意。术后伤口均甲级愈合,1个月后均开机成功。随访无并发症。结论：对于慢性中耳乳突炎的患者,若欲行Ⅱ期人工耳蜗置入术,Ⅰ期中耳乳突手术应尽可能保留相关解剖结构。对于隐性中耳乳突炎的患者在确保鼓窦乳突、上鼓室、咽鼓管口三处引流均通畅的前提下可行Ⅰ期人工耳蜗置入。对于病变局限的上鼓室胆脂瘤,有经验的术者可以选择Ⅰ期手术,但一定要慎重。感染因素很可能在乳突汽化不良及不明原因先天性感音神经性聋的发病中起着重要的作用。对于乳突硬化、乙状窦前移严重的患者可选择经外耳道鼓岬开窗。对于人工耳蜗置入术时的鼓膜修补术,上鼓室外侧壁或外耳道后壁重建选择软骨一软骨膜复合物可以提高成功率,加固鼓膜避免内陷及电极脱出。     

局限性上鼓室胆脂瘤的临床分型与治疗初探

目的：探讨局限性上鼓室胆脂瘤型中耳炎临床分型与治疗方法。方法：对21例（21耳）局限性上鼓室胆脂瘤型中耳炎行上鼓室凿开术,根据胆脂瘤侵蚀范围和锤、砧关节是否受累分型处理。胆脂瘤范围仅达锤、砧关节表面,而未累及锤、砧关节为Ⅰ型共5例患者,仅彻底去除胆脂瘤,保留完整的听骨链。胆脂瘤侵蚀范围超过锤、砧关节达上鼓室前间隙且锤、砧关节受累者为Ⅱ型共16例,除彻底清除胆脂瘤外,还要切除病变的锤骨头及砧骨,用人工听小骨（PORP）架桥于锤骨柄与镫骨头之间重建听骨链。21例患者均用带软骨膜的耳屏软骨重建上鼓室外侧壁,其软骨膜修复穿孔的鼓膜松弛部。观察术后上鼓室外侧壁和鼓膜愈合及听力恢复情况。结果：21例患者随诊1～5年,所有病例上鼓室外侧壁及鼓膜松弛部愈合良好。术后气骨导差〈10 dB 10例,〈20 dB 7例,〈30 dB 3例,30 dB以上1例。该组病例的传音功能基本保留和恢复,术后随访听力基本稳定,无眩晕及耳鸣等并发症。结论：局限性上鼓室胆脂瘤需早期诊断,再分型处理,既可彻底清除病灶,又能保留和恢复传音功能,值得探讨。     

Canal wall-down procedure with soft posterior meatal wall reconstruction in acquired cholesteatoma: focus on postoperative middle ear status*

Objectives: We reviewed surgical results of canal wall-down tympanoplasty (CWDT) with soft posterior meatal wall reconstruction (SWR) for acquired cholesteatoma (AC), and identified factors associated with surgical outcomes.

Methods: Results from 119 ears with AC (pars flaccida, n?=?99; pars tensa, n?=?20) that underwent CWDT with SWR were retrospectively reviewed. We defined postoperative balloon-like retraction (PBR) with web formation, which needed reoperation to clean accumulated cerumen, as postoperative deep retraction pocket (PDRP).

Results: Residual cholesteatoma was found in 11 ears (9.2%). Seven residual cholesteatomas were treated with outpatient operation. Seven ears (5.9%) showed PDRP. A transcanal approach was applied to all PDRPs. Postoperative mastoid reaeration was observed in 57 ears (47.9%). No factors significantly associated with residual cholesteatoma or PDRP were identified. The frequency of postoperative mastoid reaeration was significantly higher among cases with young age (<50 years), stage I cholesteatoma, or type I ossiculoplasty.

Conclusion: CWDT with SWR showed low rates of residual cholesteatoma or postoperative deep retraction pocket (PDRP). Most residual cholesteatomas and PDRPs could be dealt with using a minimally invasive procedure. Young age, stage I cholesteatoma, and type I ossiculoplasty were associated with postoperative mastoid reaeration. This procedure seems fully feasible for surgical treatment of AC.