胼胝体变性的扩散加权成像和多体素氢质子波谱分析

目的 探讨扩散加权成像(DWI)和多体素氢质子波谱(1H-MRS)在急性和亚急性胼胝体变性(MBD)中的应用价值. 资料与方法 5例长期酗酒男性MBD 患者均经DWI检查,其中急性型3例经1H-MRS检查,测量DWI不同信号病灶的ADC值,多体素1H-MRS采集胼胝体病灶的胆碱复合物(Cho)、氮-乙酰天门冬胺酸(NAA)、肌酸(Cr)等波峰,计算Cho/Cr、NAA/Cr及Cho/NAA的比值. 结果 大部分病灶在DWI上表现为高和稍高信号,根据液体衰减翻转恢复序列(FLAIR)、DWI、ADC图上病灶信号的不同分为3组,不同病灶区的ADC值表现为不同程度升高或降低.1H-MRS示胼胝体病灶的Cho/Cr升高,NAA/Cr不同程度下降,1例探测到倒置的乳酸(Lac)峰,所有胼胝体病灶的Cho/NAA均明显升高,比值在2.03～2.53之间.结论 DWI和1H-MRS分别可以提供MBD所致脑组织微观结构的改变和局部代谢物变化方面的信息,对于MBD的诊断具有重要价值.     

大脑胶质瘤病磁共振成像结合磁共振波谱成像的诊断价值

目的：探讨磁共振成像（MRI）结合磁共振波谱成像（MRS）对大脑胶质瘤病的诊断价值。方法对15例经活体组织检查或手术病理证实的大脑胶质瘤病患者的临床表现及MRI平扫、增强,MRS影像学资料进行回顾性分析。MRI常规行T1WI、T2WI及FLAIR序列,采用时间飞跃法（TOF）的磁共振血管成像（MRA）,T1WI增强扫描。氢质子MRS采用单体素STEAM序列,并分析N-乙酰天门冬氨酸（NAA）、肌酸（Cr）、胆碱复合物（Cho）等物质峰值改变。结果所有病例均侵犯2个或2个以上脑叶,以颞叶、枕叶、胼胝体、基底节和丘脑等部位侵犯受累常见。病变区T1WI呈低或等低信号、T2WI呈高或混杂高信号、FLAIR上为高信号,未见明显坏死、钙化,受累区域脑组织肿胀,占位效应轻。注射钆喷酸葡胺增强扫描示10例无明显强化、3例斑片状强化、1例结节状强化、1例线状轻度强化。病变区域MRS表现为不同程度NAA降低,NAA/Cr比值降低;Cho上升,Cho/Cr和Cho/NAA的比值上升。结论 MRI结合MRS对大脑胶质瘤病的诊断及鉴别诊断具有临床价值,是目前诊断大脑胶质瘤病的首选影像学方法。     

Marchiafava—Bignami病的影像学诊断（附4例报告及文献复习）

目的探讨Marchiafava—Bignami病（MBD）的CT和MRI表现特征。方法回顾性分析4例MBD的CT和MRI表现,总结其影像学特征。结果急性型2例,CT表现为苍白球密度降低,MR表现为胼胝体呈长T1、较长T2信号改变,DWI弥散受限;亚急性2例,胼胝体中层呈夹层状表现,MR呈长T1、长T2信号改变,1例增强后有边缘性轻度强化。4例均有双侧对称性侧脑室周围白质和半卯圆中心变性表现,局部有坏死。结论根据胼胝体及其伴随的双侧大脑半球白质和苍白球等部位的变性、坏死等影像表现,MBD可以得到明确诊断。     

急性Marchiafava-Bignami病临床特点及MRI表现

目的分析急性Marchiafava-Bignami disease(MBD)的临床特点及磁共振表现。方法回顾性分析6例急性MBD临床资料及磁共振影像学表现。结果 6例均为男性,年龄47~68岁,患者均有长期饮酒史,临床表现以不同程度的意识障碍、行为异常最为常见。颅脑MRI结果:4例胼胝体全部受累,1例为胼胝体压部受累,1例胼胝体全部受累伴有双侧脑室旁白质受累;病变主要为T1加权低信号,T2加权高信号,弥散加权(diffusion-weight imagine,DWI)高信号,液体衰减反转恢复成像(fluid attenuated inversion recovery,FLAIR)表现为高信号,全部患者均给予维生素B1、B12肌肉注射治疗,5例患者预后良好,1例遗留肢体抽搐。结论急性MBD临床表现缺乏特异性,诊断主要依据慢性酗酒病史和颅脑影像学表现,早期诊断对于急性MBD患者预后有重要意义。     

新生儿低血糖脑损伤MRI表现

目的 :探讨新生儿低血糖脑损伤的MRI特征,为低血糖性脑损伤患儿的诊断及治疗提供依据。方法 :回顾性分析我院收治的11例临床诊断为低血糖脑损伤患儿的MRI表现。结果:本组中,累及双侧顶枕叶11例,胼胝体压部7例,侧脑室旁白质2例,1例伴脑室旁点状出血。首次MRI检查表现为病变部位长T1长T2信号,DWI高信号11例,2例内囊后肢T1WI高信号消失,1例伴脑室旁点状出血呈短T1短T2信号。1个月后MRI复查3例,2例显示双侧顶枕叶软化灶,1例胼胝体仍显示稍长T1长T2信号,DWI稍高信号。结论:新生儿低血糖脑损伤主要部位为大脑半球顶枕叶皮层及皮层下白质,其次为胼胝体;急性期MRI表现主要为损伤部位的水肿,慢性期则表现为受累脑组织出现软化、萎缩等。颅脑MRI是目前诊断低血糖脑损伤影像学检查最佳的选择。     

FLAIR序列在儿童脑室周围白质软化症中的应用价值

目的:探讨MRI FLAIR在儿童脑室周围白质软化症(periventricular leukomalacia,PVL)中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析92例PVL脑瘫患儿的临床及影像资料,观察PVL在MRI各序列的表现特点,记录病灶部位及数量,并行统计学分析。结果:本组92例均表现为脑室周围、半卵圆中心脑白质内斑片状、结节状、条状T1WI低信号,T2WI及FLAIR高信号,其中57例囊变病灶在FLAIR上表现为中心低信号、周边高信号;FLAIR对脑室旁病灶、脑表面病灶、较小病灶、脑室壁边缘、室壁与相邻病灶关系的显示具有优势。FLAIR序列对病灶的检出率为100%,与T2WI、T1WI比较,差异均有统计学意义;对于侧脑室旁≤3mm病灶的显示,FLAIR与T2WI比较,差异有统计学意义;对于侧脑室旁3mm病灶的显示,FLAIR与T2WI比较,差异无统计学意义,而FLAIR与T1WI比较,差异有统计学意义。结论:FLAIR序列对儿童PVL诊断及鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

常规MRI结合DWI、MRS诊断胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤的价值

目的探讨常规MRI结合DWI、MRS诊断胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤(DNET)的价值。方法回顾性分析6例经手术病理证实的DNET的MRI平扫、增强、DWI以及MRS的影像学特征。结果 6例DNET中病变位于颞叶3例,额叶3例,均位于大脑皮层,病灶边界清楚,瘤周无水肿或轻度水肿。MRI平扫病灶表现为长T_1长T_2信号,T_2 FLAIR呈稍高信号或中央低信号、周围环形高信号改变。3例病灶内见分隔样改变。4例病变形态为三角形,2例呈圆形。6例增强均未见强化。3例DWI表现为稍低信号,ADC值平均为2.05×10~(-3) mm~2/s。3例肿瘤区的NAA峰轻度下降,Cho峰和Cr峰改变不明显,NAA/Cho=0.84～1.15(平均值0.98),NAA/Cr=1.24～1.48(平均值1.36)。结论 DNET的发病部位、MRI平扫及增强表现具有一定的特征,结合DWI和MRS有助于术前正确诊断。     

胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤的影像学表现

目的：探讨颅内胚胎发育不良性神经上皮肿瘤（DNT）的影像学表现。方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实的12例DNT患者的临床及影像学资料。5例行CT检查,12例均行MRI检查。结果：病变位于皮层或累及皮层下,均单发,边界清楚;幕下5例、幕上7例。CT平扫,3例呈均匀低密度;2例病灶边缘可见弧形钙化,且1例合并瘤内出血。MRI表现多样,T1WI为低信号或等低信号,T2WI呈高或稍高信号,钙化或出血信号混杂;5例病灶囊性变明显,其中4例囊壁见等T1、等、稍高T2结节;FLAIR上2例病灶呈等低信号,边缘见高信号环影,余均呈高或稍高信号;DWI呈低信号,ADC值升高;MRS示肿瘤Cho和Cr改变不明显,NAA较正常参照侧增高;增强后病灶无强化4例、轻度强化2例、结节样强化4例、病灶内环状强化1例、脑回样强化1例;无或轻度占位效应,无瘤周水肿。结论：DNT影像学表现多样,仍有呈慢性良性生长进程的影像学特征,结合临床有助于诊断。     

首发精神分裂症偏执型患者的MRS研究

目的:利用磁共振质子波谱成像(~1H-MRS)探讨首发偏执型精神分裂症(SP)患者双侧额叶、海马头部、扣带前回代谢物质的特点。方法:利用1H-MRS检测22例首发偏执型SP患者(患者组)和22例健康志愿者(对照组)双侧额叶白质、海马头部及扣带前回的NAA、Cho及Cr值,得出NAA/Cr及Cho/Cr比值,后行组内及组间配对t检验。结果:(1)患者组组内比较:左侧额叶白质NAA/Cr低于右侧(P0.05),左侧海马头部Cho/Cr、NAA/Cr低于右侧(均P0.05);双侧额叶白质Cho/Cr及双侧扣带前回NAA/Cr、Cho/Cr差异均无统计学意义(均P 0.05)。(2)组间比较:患者组左侧额叶白质及左侧海马头部NAA/Cr均低于对照组(均P0.05);右侧额叶白质、右侧海马头部及双侧扣带前回NAA/Cr与对照组差异均无统计学意义(均P 0.05)。双侧额叶白质、双侧海马头部及扣带前回的Cho/Cr与对照组差异均无统计学意义(均P 0.05)。结论:首发偏执型SP患者左侧额叶白质、海马头部神经元数量和(或)功能普遍降低,提示SP患者早期存在脑生物学功能异常,支持SP病因学偏侧化特征假说。     

原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的MRI表现与病理学对照研究

目的探讨原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(primary central nervous system lymphoma,PCNSL)的MRI表现与病理学特征。资料与方法对10例经病理证实的PCNSL患者的MRI表现及病理资料进行对照研究。结果10例中,单发7例,多发3例,共39个实性结节样病灶。其中,位于额叶4个,颞叶10个,脑室13个,脑干2个,小脑1个,累及胼胝体9个。非实性结节样病灶若干。单发者病灶多呈实性,致密,部分内可见坏死(5个)、出血(3个),与灰质信号相比,T1WI呈等、稍低信号,T2WI呈等、稍高信号,液体衰减反转恢复序列(FLAIR)呈高信号;多发者病灶多松散,部分不成形,表现为斑片状长T1、长T2信号。常规增强扫描后,所有病灶中除1例轻度强化外,余实质部分均呈团块状、结节状均匀明显强化,中心囊变坏死区无强化;弥漫性浸润病变呈点、片状强化。病理上所有PCNSL均为弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤。结论病理学基础决定PCNSLMRI表现有一定特征性:(1)单发病灶多位于脑白质深部,多发病灶常呈区域性分布。(2)肿块在T2WI上多呈等或稍高信号。(3)单发病灶多呈团块状均匀强化,多发病灶呈点、片状强化。(4)肿...     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.