68例二尖瓣狭窄合并轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全患者经皮球囊形成术后5年随访结果分析

目的评价经皮二尖瓣球囊形成术(PBMV)对二尖瓣狭窄合并轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全患者的安全性和有效性。方法对68例二尖瓣狭窄合并轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全患者行PBMV,术后随访5年,平均随访时间(5.4±1.2)年,内容包括心胸比率、超声心动图及心功能评价。结果PBMV术前、术后一周二尖瓣口面积(MVA)分别为(1.16±0.30)cm2与(2.21±0.52)cm2,术后MVA明显增加P＜0.001;术后5年MVA(2.07±0.43)cm2,较术后一周MVA减少,仍比术前大,P＜0.001;PBMV前、后左心室舒张末期内径为(4.26±0.50)cm,(4.58±0.44)cm,术后5年为(4.85±0.47)cm2,术后及5年随访与术前分别比较无显著性差异,P均大于0.05;PBMV术前后及5年随访主动脉瓣返流峰值压差分别为(60.00±35.54)mmHg,(58.51±38.71)mmHg,(62.44±34.67)mmHg,术后一周及5年与术前比较无显著性差异。术前后心胸比率分别为(0.56±0.06)、(0.55±0.05)与(0.54±0.06),术后心脏无显著扩大。PBMV术后心功能改善一个级别以上占91.2%,能维持Ⅰ～Ⅱ级心功能5年者占83.8%,5年总生存率98.5%。4例二尖瓣钙化,瓣下结构粘连纤维化严重的患者和3例合并中重度三尖瓣关闭不全患者,PBMV术后心功能无改善而转外科行瓣膜置换术,或加做三尖瓣环缩术,1例青年患者在随访过程中出现二尖瓣再狭窄而再次PBMV,1例心功能Ⅳ级患者PBMV术后出现重度二尖瓣关闭不全,行瓣膜置换术后死于难以纠正的心力衰竭。结论PBMV对二尖瓣狭窄合并轻度主动脉瓣关闭不全患者是可行的,术后并不加重主动脉瓣返流,也不使左室扩大。瓣膜钙化、瓣下粘连、纤维化严重或伴有中重度三尖瓣关闭不全、心胸比率大于0.60患者,是PBMV反指征。     

二尖瓣球囊扩张术前后血浆一氧化氮、内皮素及血流动力学的变化

目的:研究30例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者经皮球囊二尖瓣扩张术(PBMV)前、后血浆一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET)及血流动力学变化。方法:用化学比色法、放射免疫分析法分别测定患者 PBMV前、后的NO、ET的血浆浓度;用二维彩色多普勒超声和心导管测定二尖瓣瓣口面积(MVA)、左心房内径(LAD)、平均二尖瓣压力阶差(mMPG)、肺动脉平均压(mPAP)和左房平均压(mLAP)。结果: NO 浓度术前及术后分别为(107.350±33.614)、(74.462±23.913)μmol/L; ET 浓度术前及术后分别为(131.632±43.284)、(100.147±31.904)ng/L。NO、ET浓度术后明显低于术前( 均P<0.01)。术前MVA、LAD及mLAP、mMPG、mPAP分别为(1.026±0.201)cm2、(5.168±0.548)cm及(2.765±0.597)、(1.748±0.729)、(5.601±0.728)kPa;术后分别为(1.725±0.248)cm2、(4.895±0.585)cm及(1.738±0.418)、(0.862±0.415)、(4.155±0.436)kPa。术后血流动力学较术前有明显改善(均P<0.05),血浆NO浓度与 mLAP、mPAP呈正相关( r分别为 0.564、0.453,均 P<0.01);血浆ET浓度与mLAP、mPAP也呈正相关( r分别为0.527、0.528,均P<0.01);且 NO、ET浓度与心功能有关。结论:NO、ET可作为判断风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄病情和PBMV疗效及心功能的良好指标。     

再次经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术治疗成形术后再狭窄的疗效观察

目的　评价再次经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术 (PBMV)治疗二尖瓣狭窄PBMV术后再狭窄的临床疗效。方法　采用Inoue法对 2 9例PBMV术后再狭窄患者进行再次PBMV ,并与 2 5 8例首次接受PBMV的患者进行疗效比较。结果　再次PBMV后二尖瓣口面积由 ( 0 98± 0 13)cm2 增至 ( 1 6 5±0 2 4)cm2 (P <0 0 0 1) ,二尖瓣跨瓣压差由 ( 2 6 5± 1 44 )kPa( 1kPa =7 5mmHg)降至 ( 0 79± 0 2 3)kPa(P<0 0 0 1) ,左房平均压由 ( 3 37± 0 6 2 )kPa降至 ( 1 6 6± 0 93)kPa(P <0 0 0 1) ,左房内径由 ( 4 5 2± 0 5 7)cm降至 ( 4 17± 0 5 0 )cm(P <0 0 5 )。再次PBMV组二尖瓣口面积增加值与左房平均压下降值小于首次PBMV组 [分别为 ( 0 6 7± 0 11)cm2 vs( 0 88± 0 32 )cm2 (P <0 0 5 )与 ( 1 71± 0 88)kPavs( 1 94± 0 5 6 )kPa(P <0 0 5 ) ]。再次PBMV组无心包填塞、死亡发生 ,主要并发症为重度二尖瓣反流 2例。结论只要选择合适病例 ,再次PBMV术仍可取得显著的即刻血流动力学改善 ,是PBMV术后再狭窄患者的一种安全而有效的治疗方法。     

经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术长期临床疗效的评价

目的评价经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术(PBMV)的长期临床疗效. 方法采用改良In-oue方法对143例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄患者行PBMV治疗,并对其中140例患者进行了术后长期随访. 结果与术前相比,术后二尖瓣口面积(MVA)增大[(1.03±0.55)cm2对(2.03±0.37)cm2],二尖瓣跨瓣压差(MVG)降低[(18.1±4.8)mmHg对(4.1±2.3)mmHg],左心房内径(LAD)减小[(4.67±1.10)cm对(4.13±0.59)cm],P＜0.001.平均随访(90±24)个月时MVA(1.73±0.48)cm2,MVG(6.5±3.4)mmHg,LAD(4.21±0.82)cm.29例患者发生了再狭窄,再狭窄率为20.7%. 结论PBMV术后长期临床疗效良好.     

经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术长期临床疗效的评价

目的:评价经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术(PBMV)的长期临床疗效。方法:采用改良In-oue方法对143例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄患者行PBMV治疗,并对其中140例患者进行了术后长期随访。结果:与术前相比,术后二尖瓣口面积(MVA)增大[(1.03±0.55)cm~2对(2.03±0.37)cm~2],二尖瓣跨瓣压差(MVG)降低[(18.1±4.8)mmHg对(4.1±2.3)mmHg],左心房内径(LAD)减小[(4.67±1.10)cm对(4.13±0.59)cm],P<0.001。平均随访(90±24)个月时MVA(1.73±0.48)cm~2,MVG(6.5±3.4)mmHg,LAD(4.21±0.82)cm。29例患者发生了再狭窄,再狭窄率为20.7％。结论:PBMV术后长期临床疗效良好。     

经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术41例患者中长期疗效评价

目的评价经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术(PBMV)后5～8年的疗效。方法对41例PBMV患者进行术后追踪5～8年随访。平均随访时间(7.1±1.8)年。结果PBMV术前二尖瓣口面积(MVA)(1.08±0.43)cm2,术后显著扩大(2.01±0.39)cm2,与术前比较,P<0.01;随访5～8年,MVA逐渐减少至(1.52±0.28)cm2,与术后比较,P<0.01;再狭窄发生率为22.0％。术后心功能改善Ⅰ级以上者100％,5～8年后心功能仍维持在Ⅰ～Ⅱ级者占87.6％。结论PBMV术后5～8年以上临床中远期疗效令人满意,未见严重并发症。     

经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术治疗二尖瓣狭窄伴主动脉瓣关闭不全的疗效评价

目的　探讨风湿性心脏病 (RHD)二尖瓣狭窄 (MS)合并轻、中度主动脉瓣关闭不全 (AR)患者行经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术 (PBMV)的效果。方法　将 2 6例MS合并轻、中度AR患者 (A组 )和 34例单纯MS患者 (B组 )的PBMV术后即刻及随访结果作对比研究。结果　A组左心房平均压力(MLAP)从术前 2 3 5± 4 6mmHg降至 11 2± 2 9mmHg(P <0 0 1) ,二尖瓣跨瓣压差 (MVG)从 17 2±7 7mmHg降至 2 3± 2 6mmHg(P <0 0 1) ,二尖瓣口面积 (MVA)从 1 1± 0 2cm2 增至 2 1± 0 2cm2(P <0 0 1) ,左心房内径 (LAD)从 43 3± 5 0mm降至 36 4± 3 7mm(P <0 0 1)。二尖瓣区舒张期杂音消失率为 73%。心功能分级 (NYHA)从术前 2 7± 0 5级改善至 1 1± 0 7级 (P <0 0 1)。随访与术后比较 ,除MVA外各项指标均无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。以上各项参数与B组比较 ,差异均无显著性(P >0 0 5 )。且A组随访左心室内径 (LVD)仍在正常范围 ,亦无主动脉瓣返流增加。结论　对于MS合并轻、中度AR ,PBMV是一种有效和安全的治疗措施 ,应列入PBMV的手术适应症。     

二尖瓣狭窄并中度反流的经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术42例及随访观察

目的　探讨二尖瓣狭窄 (MS)并中度反流 (MR)患者经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术 (PBMV)近远期疗效。方法　采用Inoue单球囊对 42例风心病二尖瓣狭窄并中度反流患者行PAMV治疗。结果　二尖瓣口面积由 (0 92± 0 2 2 )cm2 增至 (1 94± 0 2 5 )cm2 (P <0 0 1) ;二尖瓣跨瓣压差由 (2 7± 1 0 1)kPa降至 (1 0 2± 0 5 6 )kPa(P <0 0 1) ;心功能由 (2 6 1± 0 2 2 )级改善至 (1 42± 0 46 )级 (P <0 0 1) ;左室最大前后径无明显变化 (P >0 0 5 )。 2例患者二尖瓣反流较术前加重。随访 37例患者 (18± 4)个月 ,二尖瓣口面积、左室最大前后径及心功能与术后比较 ,均无明显变化 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　掌握好病例选择 ,严格把握球囊扩张尺度 ,风心病二尖瓣狭窄并中度反流患者PBMV近、远期疗效满意     

经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术治疗风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄对P波离散度的影响

目的 探讨经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术(PBMV)治疗风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄对P波离散度的影响.方法选择风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄并成功行PBMV术患者.术前窦性心律,术后维持窦性心律6个月以上,共95例,男21例,女74例,年龄18～57岁(37.5±7.9岁).所有患者均测量PBMV前、后12导联同步心电图P波宽度,计算最宽P波(P_(max))、最窄P波(P_(min))并取两者差的平均值,即为P波离散度(Pd),Pd=P_(max)-P_(min)(最大P波宽度-最小P波宽度);所有患者均测量PBMV前、后心电图Ⅱ导联P波高度;所有患者均测量PBMV前、后心电图V_1导联测得的心房终东电压(Ptf-V_1).结果 PBMV术前、术后患者,年龄、心率、左室舒张期内径、右室舒张期内径和左室射血分数(EF)无统计学差异.PBMV术后左房内径(41.86±5.46mm)比术前(44.48±5.60mm)显著缩小(P<0.01);术后P_(max)(113.33±14.92ms)比术前P_(max)(116.85±15.68ms)显著缩小(P<0.01);术后Pd(29.05±14.56ms)比术前Pd(32.83±12.87ms)显著缩小(P<0.05);术后P波高(0.14±0.05mV)比术前(0.18±0.07mV)显著缩小(P<0.01);术后Ptf-V_1(-0.020±0.019mm·s)比术前(-0.037±0.033mm·s)显著缩小(P<0.01).结论PBMV对心房间的传导的时间及振幅有明显作用,应用这些无创性电生理指标对判定PBMV的预后可能会有一     

经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术394例随访结果

目的　观察经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术(PBMV)治疗风湿性心脏病(风心病)二尖瓣狭窄的中、远期疗效。方法　采用Inoue单球囊对680例风心病二尖瓣狭窄者行PBMV术治疗,其中394例进行了随访。平均随访时间(36±14)个月。结果　二尖瓣平均跨瓣压差由(18.2±6.8)mmHg降至(7.2±3.8)mmHg,瓣口面积由(1.04±0.21)cm2增至(1.98±0.55)cm2,左房内径由(44±8)mm降至(38±6)mm;8例出现明显再狭窄,其中5例再次PBMV术,3例行瓣膜置换术。结论　随访结果证实,PBMV治疗风心病二尖瓣狭窄的中、远期效果良好,瓣膜条件特别是瓣下病变的程度是影响中、远期疗效的重要因素。     

经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术治疗二尖瓣狭窄伴中度返流

目的　探讨经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术 (PBMV)治疗二尖瓣狭窄 (MS)伴中度二尖瓣返流(MR)的近、远期疗效。方法　采用自制二尖瓣球囊导管治疗MS伴中度MR患者 6 2例 ,其中二尖瓣膜明显增厚、钙化者 7例 ,对左室最大前后径、二尖瓣口面积、左房平均压、二尖瓣跨瓣压差及心功能(NYHA分级 )等主要指标随访观察 12～ 36个月。结果　术后二尖瓣口面积明显增大 [(0 83± 0 18)cm2 比 (1 86± 0 2 4 )cm2 ,P <0 0 1],左房平均压 [(32± 8)mmHg比 (13± 8)mmHg ,P <0 0 1,1mmHg=0 133kPa]及二尖瓣跨瓣压差 [(18± 9)mmHg比 (5± 3)mmHg ,P <0 0 1]明显降低 ,心功能明显改善 [(2 81± 0 2 4 )级比 (1 4 6± 0 37)级 ,P <0 0 1],左室最大前后径无显著改变 [(4 5± 4 )mm比 (4 6± 4 )mm ,P >0 0 5 ]。对左室最大前后径、二尖瓣口面积及心功能等指标随访观察 12～ 36个月均无明显改变。结论　选择合适病例 ,严格把握球囊扩张终点 ,风湿性二尖瓣狭窄并中度返流患者PBMV的近、远期疗效显著。     

Floppy mitral valve, mitral valve prolapse, and mitral valvular regurgitation

Opinion statement  

Non-surgical mitral valvuloplasty for rheumatic mitral stenosis

One hundred and twenty-six patients of rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS), aged 10-30 (mean 19.5 +/- 5.9) years underwent balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV). All valvuloplasties were done by the anterograde transvenous, transatrial route. The procedure was successful in 120 (95%) cases. Single balloon was used in 10 patients early in the series and double balloon was used in the other 110 patients. BMV resulted in a significant increase in the mitral valve area (MVA) from 0.96 +/- 0.35 to 2.3 +/- 0.8 cm2 (p less than 0.0001) and a significant fall in the transmitral pressure gradient (TMG) from 28.2 +/- 3.2 to 7.4 +/- 4.8 mmHg (p less than 0.001). The MVA achieved by BMV was found to have a significant positive correlation with the balloon diameter to body surface area ratio (BD/BSA) (r = 0.69, p less than 0.001). New mitral regurgitation (MR) developed in 15 patients--trivial in 11, 2+ in 2 and 3+ in 2. One patient required emergency mitral valve replacement. Procedure induced MR did not have a significant relation to the balloon size, degree of mitral sub-valvular pathology or the severity of mitral stenosis. Iatrogenic atrial septal defect was detected by oximetry in none, by angiography in one patient, and by Doppler color flow imaging in 5 patients. Cardiac tamponade was the most frequent serious complication, occurring in 6 patients, 4 of whom died following emergency surgery. Sixty-five patients have been followed up for at least 6 months (range 6-30, mean 16.3 +/- 6.3 months) following BMV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Inoue-balloon mitral valvuloplasty in double-orifice mitral stenosis

We report 7 symptomatic patients with stenotic double-orifice mitral valve of incomplete bridge type. In each patient, the fibrous bridge tissue between the valve leaflets was successfully split using an Inoue balloon valvuloplasty technique with stepwise dilations applied only to the posteromedial orifice.     

Percutaneous mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation

Mitral regurgitation (MR) associated with, ischemic, and degenerative (prolapse) disease, contributes to left ventricular (LV) dysfunction due to remodeling, and LV dilation, resulting in worsening of MR. Mitral valve (MV) surgical repair has provided improvement in survival, LV function and symptoms, especially when performed early. Surgical repair is complex, due to diverse etiologies and has significant complications. The Society for Thoracic Surgery database shows that operative mortality for a 1st repair is 2% and for re-do repair is 4 times that. Cardiopulmonary bypass and cardiac arrest are required. The attendant morbidity prolongs hospitalization and recovery. Alfieri simplified mitral repair using an edge-to-edge technique which subsequently has been shown to be effective for multiple etiologies of MR. The MV leaflers are typically brought together by a central suture producing a double orifice MV without stenosis. Umana reported that MR decreased from grade 3.6 +/- 0.5 to 0.8 +/- 0.4 (P < 0.0001) and LV ejection fraction increased from 33 +/- 13% to 45 +/- 11% (P = 0.0156). In 121 patients, Maisano reported freedom from re-operation of 95 +/- 4.8% with up to 6 year follow-up. Oz developed a MV "grasper" that is directly placed via a left ventriculotomy and coapts both leaflets which are then fastened by a graduated spiral screw. An in-vitro model using explanted human valves showed significant reduction in MR and in canine studies, animals followed by serial echo had persistent MV coaptation. At 12 weeks the device was endothelialized. These promising results have paved the way for a percutaneous or minimally invasive-off pump mitral repair. Evalve has developed catheter-based technology, which, by apposing the edges of a regurgitant MV, results in edge-to-edge repair. Release of the device is done after echo and fluoroscopic evaluation under normal loading conditions. If the desired effect is not produced the device can be repositioned or retrieved. Animal studies show excellent healing, with incorporation of the device into the leaflets at 6-10 weeks with persistent coaptation. Another percutaneous approach has been to utilize the proximity of the coronary sinus (CS) to the mitral annulus (MA). Placement of a self-compressing device in the CS along the region of the posterior MA has, in canine models, reduced MR and addresses the issues of MA dilation and its contribution to MR. Ongoing studies are underway for both techniques.     

分级次二尖瓣球囊扩张预防二尖瓣反流的初步研究

目的为探讨经皮穿刺球囊导管二尖瓣扩张术（ＰＢＭＶ）引起二尖瓣反流（ＭＲ）的原因及其预防方法。方法我们采用分级次扩张法和改良Ｉｎｏｎｅ法对人体病变二尖瓣和硅胶二尖瓣模型进行体外球囊导管扩张实验，并对１３２例风湿性心脏病重度二尖瓣狭窄患者，其中分别以分级次扩张法９６例，Ｉｎｏｎｅ法３６例进行ＰＢＭＶ的前瞻性对比研究。结果（１）ＰＢＭＶ引起二尖瓣反流的原因除与瓣膜钙化程度重、瓣下结构紊乱有关以外，瓣口面积小、交界粘连处夹角小是一个重要原因。（２）分级次扩张可使交界粘合处夹角呈渐进性扩大，扩张时不易引起瓣膜撕裂和二尖瓣反流。两组比较Ｉｎｏｎｅ法扩张组二尖瓣反流发生率为１６．７％，分级次扩张组无二尖瓣反流病例，并且术中其他并发症及术后再狭窄发生率后者也明显低于前者。结论球囊导管分级次扩张可有效地预防二尖瓣反流，是治疗二尖瓣狭窄较理想的方法。