Kcnh6点突变单基因糖尿病家系的小鼠模型构建及表型分析

目的 通过CRISPR/Cas9技术构建Kcnh6基因P235L位点基因敲入定点突变小鼠模型,并验证该突变能否成功复制人类糖尿病家系表型,为接下来研究Kcnh6基因在糖尿病发病中的作用提供更精确的实验工具。方法 设计针对已知糖尿病家系点突变位点的sgRNA(small guide RNA,sgRNA),同时制作一个携带靶位点同源臂、突变位点序列的供体DNA敲入载体。将sgRNA、cas9 mRNA和敲入载体通过显微注射移入小鼠的受精卵,选取其中存活的受精卵将其移植入假孕小鼠子宫,繁育得到子代小鼠。采用聚合酶链反应和基因测序等方法检测子代小鼠Kcnh6基因碱基突变情况。监测基因敲入小鼠的体质量和并对小鼠做糖耐量和胰岛素分泌实验。结果 成功构建Kcnh6-P235L位点基因敲入纯合子小鼠。在高脂饲料喂养条件下,与同窝野生型(wild type, WT)小鼠相比,Kcnh6 基因插入(knock in, KI)点突变小鼠的体质量增加,糖耐量及胰岛素分泌功能受损。结论 成功构建了Kcnh6基因点突变敲入小鼠模型,且此模型具有糖尿病相关表型。     

Rag1、Rag2基因缺陷小鼠的构建及在异种肿瘤移植中的应用

目的 建立重组激活基因,Rag1和Rag2基因缺陷小鼠模型,并对其表型和异种肿瘤移植的成瘤性进行分析.方法 通过传统的胚胎干细胞(ES)细胞打靶、囊胚注射方式,分别构建Rag1和Rag2基因缺陷小鼠模型;通过流式细胞术对缺陷小鼠外周血T/B淋巴细胞含量进行检测;通过外源异种肿瘤细胞移植实验,对移植肿瘤细胞的成瘤性进行评价.结果 建立了Rag1和Rag2基因缺陷小鼠模型,两种基因突变纯合子小鼠模型外周血中T、B淋巴细胞含量较野生型小鼠显著降低;人源肿瘤细胞A549在上述两种基因突变纯合子小鼠中较BALB/c-nu(裸小鼠)或(NOD-SCID)非肥胖糖尿病/重症联合免疫缺陷小鼠表现出更强的成瘤性.结论 分别成功建立了Rag1和Rag2基因缺陷小鼠模型,两种小鼠模型均发生了T、B淋巴细胞生成障碍,导致免疫系统严重缺陷,可作为异种外源肿瘤移植的受体,用于小鼠荷瘤模型的建立.     

βB2晶体蛋白基因敲除小鼠模型的建立

目的:建立βB2晶体蛋白基因敲除小鼠模型.方法:采用美国iGTL实验室的技术构建打靶载体,建立基因敲除小鼠模型.采用PCR对小鼠基因型进行鉴定,Western印迹法对晶体蛋白的表达进行鉴定.结果:PCR成功检测出3种基因型;纯合子基因敲除的小鼠未检测到βB2晶体蛋白的表达.结论:成功构建了βB2晶体蛋白基因敲除的小鼠模型.     

支架蛋白JLP基因敲除小鼠的构建及其肾脏表型的初步观察

目的 繁殖和鉴定支架蛋白JLP基因敲除小鼠,对其肾脏表型进行初步观察。方法 将JLP基因敲除杂合小鼠进行配种繁殖,提取子代小鼠的组织DNA,用PCR技术检测小鼠的基因型,并用Western blot法验证基因敲除效果。通过PAS病理染色等观察肾脏微观结构。结果 成功繁殖并获得子代小鼠,子代小鼠有3种基因型,包括纯合子（JLP+/+、JLP-/-）和杂合子（JLP+/-）。PCR检测基因型的方法方便且结果准确。结论 笔者成功建立了JLP基因敲除小鼠模型,能够进一步探究发现JLP基因对生物体的作用及机制。     

IL-31 RA基因敲除小鼠纯合子模型的建立

目的：建立IL-31RA基因敲除小鼠纯合子模型,为IL-31RA基因相关研究提供动物模型。方法：IL-31RA基因敲除小鼠严格按照SPF级要求的动物饲养标准进行饲养繁殖,采用聚合酶链式反应（ PCR）法鉴定子代小鼠的基因型,RT-PCR法鉴定小鼠IL-31RA mRNA的表达,Western blot鉴定IL-31RA蛋白的表达,HE染色观察小鼠重要脏器的形态学变化。结果：PCR法成功检测出子代小鼠的3种基因型,纯合子基因敲除小鼠未检测出IL-31RA mRNA和IL-31RA蛋白的表达,IL-31RA基因敲除小鼠的重要脏器的形态学特征与野生型小鼠比较无明显变化;基因敲除小鼠可成功饲养繁殖,亦可获得较多的基因敲除纯合子小鼠。结论：成功构建了IL-31RA基因敲除小鼠纯合子模型。     

miR-100基因敲除小鼠模型的构建及基因型鉴定

目的 探讨miR-100基因敲除小鼠模型的构建及基因鉴定.方法 将引进的miR-100flox/flox小鼠与EIIa-Cre小鼠进行交配繁育出F1代小鼠,将F1代小鼠中基因型为miR-100flox/-的雌雄小鼠继续进行交配,获得F2代小鼠,待小鼠1周龄时剪尾部组织提取DNA,PCR法扩增目的基因片段,琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行基因型结果判定.结果 结果显示有所需要的miR-100基因敲除纯合子小鼠,将获得的敲除纯合子小鼠再交配,就可获得更多的基因敲除纯合子小鼠.F1代杂合子小鼠交配获得的F2代小鼠中出现3种基因型:miR-100flox/flox、miR-100flox/-、miR-100-/-,使用 PCR 法成功鉴定出了子代小鼠的基因型.同时剪取miR-100敲除纯合子小鼠、miR-100flox/flox小鼠及miR-100敲除杂合子小鼠的耳朵提取RNA,然后进行qRT-PCR验证miR-100的表达情况.qRT-PCR结果显示,miR-100基因全身敲除纯合子小鼠的耳朵中miR-100的表达几乎为零.结论 该实验成功配繁出miR-100基因全身敲除的小鼠模型,为后续实验提供基础.     

人载脂蛋白C3基因转基因小鼠的建立及血脂变化分析

目的制备系统性表达人载脂蛋白C3(APOC3)基因的转基因小鼠,建立高血脂小鼠模型。方法将人APOC3基因插入系统性表达启动子下游,构建转基因表达载体,通过显微注射法建立人APOC3转基因C57BL/6J小鼠。并利用特异引物PCR法鉴定转基因小鼠的基因型,Western blot检测基因表达水平,血生化分析检测不同月龄转基因小鼠与同龄野生型小鼠的血脂指标,脂肪染色观察肝脏脂肪水平。结果建立了高表达人APOC3基因的转基因小鼠品系;转入的人APOC3基因在血液、肝脏、小肠、肌肉、心脏、肾脏、脾脏中均有明显表达;不同月龄转基因小鼠的血浆甘油三酯水平明显高于同龄野生型小鼠;转基因小鼠的肝脏脂肪含量高于野生型小鼠。结论系统性表达人APOC3基因的转基因小鼠表现高脂血症表型,可以作为高血脂以及高血脂相关的心血管病的工具动物。     

胰腺β细胞生长激素受体基因敲除对STZ诱发1型糖尿病小鼠的影响

目的：利用胰腺β细胞组织特异性生长激素受体（GHR）基因敲除小鼠结合链脲佐菌素(STZ )诱导1型糖尿病模型,从基因水平研究胰腺β细胞GHR缺失对1型糖尿病的影响。方法： 实验小鼠分4组,包括LLc对照组［胰腺β细胞特异敲除GHR小鼠（βGHRKO,LLc）、LL对照组［含有GHR等位基因纯合子小鼠(LL)］、LLc STZ组及LL STZ组（LLc 小鼠和LL小鼠分别给予STZ注射造模）,小鼠餐后血糖≥25 mmol•L^-1为造模成功。对小鼠进行葡萄糖耐量实验（GTT）、小鼠胰腺组织HE染色和免疫组织化学检测。结果：STZ注射后,LL STZ组和LLc STZ组小鼠血糖出现上升趋势,16 d后达到1型糖尿病诊断标准。GTT,LL STZ组和LLc STZ组小鼠血糖值分别较LL对照组和LLc 对照组小鼠血糖值明显升高（P<0.05）,HE染色,与LL 对照组比较,LLc 对照组小鼠胰岛形态及结构无明显变化;LL STZ和LLc STZ组小鼠胰岛萎缩,β细胞数量明显减少。免疫组织化学检测,LL STZ组较LL对照组小鼠胰岛素分泌显著减少,LLc STZ组较LLc 对照组小鼠胰岛素分泌显著减少。结论：在STZ诱导1型糖尿病条件下,胰腺β细胞GHR基因敲除对1型　糖尿病小鼠血糖及β细胞功能无明显影响。     

Trp53基因剔除小鼠的制备及其在药物致癌性评价中的应用

目的建立Trp53基因剔除小鼠模型。方法本研究拟通过基因工程技术建立Trp53基因剔除小鼠模型,通过RT—PCR、Western—blot等技术检测野生型、杂合子、纯合子小鼠中Trp53基因的表达;观察三种基因型小鼠自发肿瘤情况并进行病理分析;以N．甲基亚硝基脲（MNU）为致癌剂,探索该模型用于药物致癌性评价的可行性。结果DNA、RNA及蛋白水平的研究证实,已成功获得Trp53基因剔除小鼠模型。初步的表型分析显示：Trp53基因纯合缺失小鼠自出生13周起陆续发生肿瘤,至36周时所有观察纯合小鼠均死于肿瘤,以恶性胸腺淋巴瘤为主（60％）。与野生型小鼠相比,基因杂合缺失小鼠对致癌剂的敏感性显著提升,杂合小鼠经75mg／kg体重的N一甲基亚硝基脲（MNU）诱导,90％的小鼠发生肿瘤,其中86％为恶性胸腺淋巴瘤,而野生小鼠经药物诱导后只有60％发生肿瘤。腹腔注射枸橼酸缓冲液的80只对照组小鼠均未观察到肿瘤的发生。结论这一模型的建立为Trp53基因功能研究和药物致癌性评价提供了理想的动物模型。     

TAFA2基因剔除小鼠模型的建立

目的 建立TAFA2基因剔除小鼠模型,为在体研究TAFA2基因的生物学功能及其与中枢神经系统发生、发育的关系创造条件. 方法 运用生物信息学手段确定小鼠TAFA2基因组的序列,设计基因剔除策略,构建基因剔除载体pBR322-MK-MCS-TAFA2,以电穿孔方法将基因剔除载体导入ES细胞,用G418和Ganciclovoir进行正负筛选,获得双抗性克隆,PCR鉴定出正确同源重组的ES细胞克隆. 结果 同源重组的ES细胞注入小鼠囊胚后获得嵌合体小鼠,嵌合体小鼠与C57BL/6J小鼠交配后获得Aguoti（野生型）毛色的小鼠41只,其中14只为TAFA2基因剔除杂合子小鼠,阳性率为34.1%.在雌、雄杂合子小鼠交配的后代中获得纯合子小鼠,初步的表型观察未发现TAFA2基因剔除小鼠出现异常改变. 结论 已成功建立了TAFA2基因剔除小鼠模型,其中纯合子小鼠未出现胚胎致死现象.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.