腓骨游离组织瓣在口腔颌面外科的应用

目的：本文结合我科应用游离腓骨瓣重建口腔下颌骨缺损的体会，论述了腓骨瓣的解剖、制作、用途及优缺点等问题。方法：腓骨瓣均以腓动、静脉为蒂，制作时采取先断腓骨，后解剖血管蒂的方法，使手术操作更容易，更安全。切取骨皮瓣时，皮岛以穿支血管为蒂，修复粘膜或皮肤缺损，或充作“监测瓣”。结果：自１９９６年１１月至１９９７年９月，我科共进行腓骨游离瓣移植术２６例，全部获得成功，９例携带皮岛者亦无１例发生坏死。结论：腓骨可提供２５ｃｍ长的皮质骨段，适于下颌骨缺损的即刻修复；还可同期或延期植入种植牙，恢复口腔的咀嚼功能，是目前修复下颌骨复合缺损的较好方法     

游离髂嵴-腹内斜肌瓣在口腔下颌骨缺损修复中的应用

以旋髂深动脉（Deepcircumflexl ilac artery，DCIA）和静脉（DCIV）为血管蒂的游离髂嵴瓣移植自1979年首次被介绍以来，一直是下颌骨缺损修复的主要方法之一，其能提供足够的骨量，髂嵴独特的外形与一侧下颌骨很相象，并且髂骨很适合植人骨结合式牙种植体但是，该组织瓣最大的缺点是其所携带的皮岛十分臃肿，与骨成分之间缺乏足够的移动性，并且皮岛血供不十分可靠，因此在头颈重建外科的应用受到了很大了限制。     

旋髂深动脉穿支嵌合髂骨皮瓣修复下颌骨复合性缺损

目的 探讨旋髂深动脉穿支嵌合髂骨皮瓣（DCIAPF）在下颌骨复合性缺损重建中的应用价值与优缺点。方法 2014年3-7月应用DCIAPF游离移植一期修复6例下颌骨及软组织复合缺损患者。根据术前定位的旋髂深动脉皮肤穿支设计并逆行切取皮岛,随后于腹股沟区顺行解剖血管蒂并切取髂骨瓣,继续解剖旋髂深血管直至终末段与皮岛相续。完成DCIAPF切取后供区分层严密关闭以预防腹疝。结果 6例患者所制备的髂骨瓣长5.0~11.0 cm,皮岛3.5 cm×5.0 cm~7.0 cm×10.0 cm,供区均一期关闭未行植皮。1例皮岛穿支来自旋髂浅血管需另行吻合,其余5例成功制备为DCIAPF。移植的髂骨皮瓣均成活,仅1例因行皮岛修薄处理出现表皮剥脱和少量边缘坏死,经修剪及换药处理后愈合。术后随访3~6个月,牙槽嵴高度恢复满意,供区均未出现明显并发症。结论 DCIAPF血运丰富可靠,能提供足够的骨量供下颌骨重建并恢复牙槽嵴高度,为后期义齿修复创造有利条件;其皮肤穿支解剖较为恒定,携带皮岛组织量大,摆放灵活,供区隐蔽,是下颌骨复合性缺损修复重建的有效方法。     

带旋髂深血管蒂肌髂骨瓣游离移植重建火器性下颌骨缺损

吻合旋髂深血管的肌髂骨瓣游离移植,是近年来发展的一项新技术。1979年12月,Taylor发表了吻合旋髂深血管游离移植复合髂骨瓣的临床经验,在10例骨重建(包括两例下颌骨)中,有9例获得成功。1982年3月,刘家琛等报告,用旋髂深血管游离复合髂骨瓣重建肿瘤切除后的下颌骨缺损4例,获得了良好效果。我们在1981年9月24日进行了以旋髂深血管为蒂的肌髂骨瓣游离移植,重建火器性下颌骨缺损一例获得成功。术后经过良好。现报导如下。     

应用旋髂深动、静脉游离髂骨瓣修复下颌骨缺损二例报告

应用旋髂深动、静脉游离髂骨瓣修复下颌骨缺损二例报告赤峰市医院吴起，孙锦福使用带血管的肋骨瓣、髂骨瓣等进行颌骨缺损的修复。在国内外已有不少报导。我院于１９９１年选用旋髂深动静脉为蒂的游离髂骨瓣作下颌骨切除后重建手术，共两例，均告成功：１手术方法全麻下供...     

腓骨瓣再造下颌骨时血管蒂的位置及吻合方法

目的：探讨腓骨瓣再造下颌骨时血管蒂的摆放及吻合方法。方法：自１９９６年４月以来，应用腓骨（皮）瓣修复下颌骨缺损２６例。按下颌骨术后缺损范围，将其分为八类。根据每类的特点，提出血管蒂的放置，受区血管选择及吻合方法。结果：２６例腓骨（皮）瓣全部存活。血管蒂长度在４～８ｃｍ；受区动脉大多数选用颌外动脉（１９例），少数选用甲状腺上动脉（７例）；受区静脉选用面静脉９例，颈外静脉１７例。２３例为近心端腓血管与受区血管吻合，３例为逆行吻接。结论：不论下颌骨缺损类型如何，血管蒂必须置于新建下颌骨下缘或内面，并千方百计靠近受区血管，以确保吻合成功     

应用逆行腓骨游离瓣修复口腔下颌骨缺损:3例报道(英文)

目的：腓骨游离瓣是最常见的修复瓣之一,逆行吻合游离腓骨瓣较为少见。本文探讨３例逆行吻合游离腓骨瓣修复口腔下颌骨缺损的改良手术方法及适应症。方法：自１９９６年８月至１９９７年８月内２６例腓骨瓣用于治疗下颌骨缺损,其中３例应用逆行吻合技术。结果：三例逆行吻合游离腓骨瓣全部成活,无任何并发症,术后外形理想,供区也恢复良好。结论：逆行动脉吻合游离腓骨瓣技术要求高,应严格掌握特征,静脉应仔细解剖。     

应用塑行腓骨游离瓣修复口腔下颌骨缺损：3例报道

目的：腓骨游离瓣是最常见的修复瓣之一，逆行吻合游离腓骨瓣较为少见。本文探讨３例逆行吻合游离腓骨瓣修复口腔下颌骨缺损的改良手术方法及适应症。方法：自１９９６年８月至１９９７年８月内２６例腓骨瓣用于治疗下颌骨缺损，其中３例应用逆行吻合技术。结果：三例逆行吻合游离腓骨瓣全部成活，无任何并发症，术后外形理想，供区也恢复良好。结论：逆行动脉吻合游离腓骨瓣技术要求高，应严格掌握特征，静脉应仔细解剖。     

腓骨游离瓣重建下颌骨缺损的应用进展

腓骨游离瓣是重建大型下颌骨缺损的有效方法之一。它可提供约２５ｃｍ长的腓骨修复各种类型的大型下颌骨缺损；可携带皮岛修复口腔粘膜及面部皮肤缺损；血管口径大，蒂长，易于与颈部血管吻合。骨结合种植体及神经皮瓣的联合应用可使口腔功能进一步改善。     

颈内静脉残端作为头颈部游离瓣移植受区静脉的可靠性探讨

目的：探讨颈内静脉残端作为头颈部游离瓣移植受区静脉的可靠性。方法：回顾分析2001年5月至2006年12月在北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔颌面外科就诊的16例头颈部恶性肿瘤患者，均采用颈内静脉残端作为头颈部游离瓣移植受区静脉的手术方法及手术效果。结果：全部游离瓣的血管蒂长度均能直接到达颈内静脉残端的位置，术后无1例游离瓣出现血管危象，全部游离瓣均获得100％成活。结论：在没有其他合适受区静脉的情形下，颈内静脉残端可以作为头颈部游离瓣移植可靠的受区静脉。     

髂骨复合瓣与前臂皮瓣串联重建大型下颌骨复合缺损

由于恶性肿瘤的根治性切除致下颌骨大型复合缺损３例，采用髂骨复合瓣与前臂皮瓣串联重建，其中１例切取双侧髂骨复合瓣。３例病人７块皮瓣全部成活，随访３～１２月，供受区外形及功能结果较满意，经Ｘ摄片随访观察显示移植骨愈合改建过程迅速，骨吸收量少。结果表明，前臂皮瓣可弥补髂骨复合瓣携带皮岛的不足，两者串联应用是重建下颌骨大型复合缺损的一种理想方法。     

Deep circumflex iliac artery perforator flap with iliac crest for oromandibular reconstruction

When combined with iliac bone, perforator flaps are more chimeric, and there is increased mobile skin island to reconstruct soft tissue defects in the oral and maxillofacial region. This study examined oromandibular defects reconstructed using deep circumflex iliac artery perforator flap with iliac crest (DCIAPF). We retrospectively reviewed records of 23 patients with mandibular defects received DCIAPFs after oncological resection for oromandibular reconstruction from November 2015 to August 2016. All perforators, identified before surgery by Doppler examination, were terminal perforators of DCIA. DCIAPFs were successfully harvested in all patients. The flap survival rate was 95.6% (22/23); one flap failed due to artery spasm. Three patients developed slight skinedge necrosis in the skin island. Anatomical reconstruction contour of the mandible and sufficient bone length and height were achieved, with no serious donor-site complications during the follow-up period. The results demonstrated that DCIAPF is a favorable single-flap option for oromandibular reconstruction after oncological resection with fewer donor-site complications because of its adequate bone tissue and satisfactory soft tissue, with a constant location of the perforator.     

两种血管化游离骨肌瓣移植修复下颌骨缺损临床分析

目的:评价血管化游离髂骨肌瓣和腓骨肌瓣移植修复下颌骨缺损的临床效果,比较两种修复方法的优缺点。方法:对44例血管化髂骨肌瓣和腓骨肌瓣移植修复下颌骨缺损的病例进行回顾性研究,分析两种骨肌瓣修复后对患者面部外形与口腔功能的影响,对比供受区并发症的差异。结果:20例髂骨肌瓣,24例腓骨肌瓣均成活;二者在恢复面部外形与口腔功能上无明显差异,在移植骨长度上,两者有明显不同。结论:血管化游离髂骨肌瓣与腓骨肌瓣作为下颌骨缺损修复的常用方法,可以满足不同类型下颌骨缺损修复的需要,但根据两种骨肌瓣的特点,对于缺损长度低于8 cm,可优先考虑髂骨瓣,而缺损范围大于8 cm的可选腓骨瓣。     

A combined superficial inferior epigastric artery flap and vascularized iliac crest flap in the reconstruction of extended composite defects of the posterior mandible and adjacent soft tissue: first clinical results

The technique of posterior facial reconstruction using a combination of a superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap and a microvascular iliac crest flap (deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) flap) is described. 12 cases are reported. The patients had unilateral squamous cell carcinoma of the posterior mandible affecting parts of the soft palate and tonsil region or the posterior cheek. In all patients unilateral neck dissection, resection of the posterior and lateral mandible, was performed. Reconstruction was carried out during primary surgical therapy, followed by postoperative radiotherapy. A flap combination of a SIEA and a DCIA flap was used. There were no problems with pedicle length or anastomoses. There was no flap loss or severe postoperative complications. All patients had good aesthetic and functional results. One patient had distant metastases 2 years postoperatively. All other patients were free of tumour relapse or metastases within 12-58 months of follow up. The SIEA flap and vascularized iliac bone flap combination is useful in reconstructing the posterior face. The iliac bone flap is well suited for posterior mandible reconstruction and the SIEA flap for reconstruction of the soft palate, lateral pharyngeal wall and cheek. Both flaps are harvested from the same donor site.     

Venous superdrainage using superficial circumflex iliac vein in deep circumflex iliac artery perforator flap with iliac crest for oromandibular reconstruction

The deep circumflex iliac artery perforator flap with iliac crest (DCIAPF) is considered a favourable single-flap option for oromandibular reconstruction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of venous superdrainage using the superficial circumflex iliac vein (SCIV) in the DCIAPF for oromandibular reconstruction. The data of 22 patients (12 female, 10 male) aged 10–76 years (median 53 years) who underwent simultaneous oromandibular reconstruction with a DCIAPF were reviewed retrospectively. Eleven patients received the DCIAPF with SCIV for superdrainage (group A) and another 11 patients received the conventional single-pedicled DCIAPF flap (group B). No flap loss occurred in either group. Venous congestion due to relative venous insufficiency was significantly more frequent in group B (P = 0.045). There was no significant difference in the incidence of partial flap necrosis and wound dehiscence, or in the total operation time between the two groups. Superdrainage using the SCIV has the potential to reduce the incidence of venous congestion due to relative venous insufficiency in DCIAPF used for oromandibular reconstruction.     

Microsurgical tissue transfer for rehabilitation of the patient with cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: Three case reports of microsurgically revascularized tissue transfer for secondary closure of complex oronasal fistulae in cleft lip and palate patients are reported. One scapular and two radial forearm flaps were used in that respect; the scapular flap was transferred without a skin paddle and was left for secondary epithelialization whereas iliac crest bone was transplanted in the two patients with the forearm flaps in a further surgical step. CONCLUSIONS: These microsurgical flaps represent solutions in selected cases of oronasal fistulae in patients with cleft lip and palate with extensive scarring, large defects, or both. Alternative free flaps of the vast spectrum available today, however, also deserve consideration.     

CT血管造影在血管化髂骨肌瓣临床设计中的应用

目的:探讨CT血管造影(CT angiography,CTA)在血管化髂骨肌瓣临床设计中的应用价值。方法:选取2014年8月~2015年9月,收治的12例拟行血管化髂骨肌瓣修复手术的患者。术前行CT 血管造影,利用影像工作站(Philips Medical Systems),观察并测量旋髂深动脉(deep circumflex iliac artery,DCI)起始管径、起始点与双侧髂前上棘连线的成角以及起始点至髂前上棘的距离。依据成角的角度及距离行旋髂深动脉起始点体表定位,并模拟血管化髂骨肌瓣切取。结果:旋髂深动脉起始管径(2.8±0.61) mm,旋髂深动脉起始点与双侧髂前上棘连线的成角(55±1.7)°,旋髂深动脉起始点距髂前上棘的距离为(65.1±1.24) mm。依据重建影像可以成功模拟血管化髂骨肌瓣的切取。结论:CT 血管造影可以准确显示旋髂深动脉的解剖位置,能够指导血管化髂骨肌瓣的制备。     

Comparison of outcome of microvascular bony head and neck reconstructions using the fibular free flap and the iliac crest flap

Several microvascular free flaps are available for reconstruction of the osseous components after resections for head and neck cancer. We have prospectively evaluated patients treated by bony microsurgical reconstruction to identify predictors of adverse outcomes for delayed wound healing and failure of free flaps. All patients from July 2007 to June 2011 who had reconstructions with microvascular fibular or iliac crest flaps immediately after resection of the tumour were evaluated. There were a total of 156 bony free flaps: 120 (77%) fibular and 36 (23%) iliac crest flaps. A total of 133 (85%) were successful. Delayed wound healing was more common with the iliac crest flap (p = 0.01) at the intraoral site (p = 0.04). Significantly more iliac crest free flaps failed (p = 0.02). Anastomosis to the facial artery (p = 0.05) and facial vein (p = 0.04), and duration of overall operating time were associated with a significantly higher risk of failure of the flap. Patients with cancer of the head and neck who require microsurgical bony reconstruction are at increased risk of postoperative complications. Significantly more complications were found with the iliac crest flap, whereas the fibular flap was associated with a significantly longer operating time.     

前臂桡侧游离皮瓣静脉回流障碍的临床观察:附13例报道

目的:探讨前臂桡侧皮瓣(radial forearm free flap,RFFF)移植术后静脉危象的临床治疗。方法:选择因口内软组织缺损接受RFFF移植修复的患者178例,回顾分析其中因静脉危象行手术探查的13例患者的临床资料。采用SPSS11.5软件包对数据进行统计学处理。结果:13例发生静脉回流障碍的病例经手术探查后,9例抢救成功,4例失败。其中,6例吻合2条静脉(失败2例),7例吻合1条浅静脉(失败2例)。除1例埋入瓣外,所有进行探查的皮瓣均出现颜色改变。4例出现皮瓣边缘渗出性出血,至皮瓣渗血停止、出现颜色变化后才进行手术探查。结论:RFFF发生危象主要是由于局部静脉回流障碍,吻合2条静脉与1条静脉相比,危象发生率与抢救失败率无显著差异。发生静脉危象时,皮瓣颜色由远及近改变,主要是由于远端静脉回流障碍所致。术后皮瓣边缘渗出性出血是静脉回流障碍的早期表现,应及时检查。静脉回流障碍时间越长,血栓范围越大,皮瓣坏死的可能性越大。