基于深度学习的计算机辅助诊断系统检出DR胸部正位片中的骨折

目的 观察基于深度学习的计算机辅助诊断系统（DL-CAD）检出DR胸部正位片中骨折的效能及其对低年资放射科医师的辅助作用。方法 ①试验1：回顾性收集547例DR胸部正位片,其中361例存在胸部骨折（共983处骨折）、186例无胸部骨折,评估DL-CAD对骨折的预测性能。②试验2：随机选取试验1中的397例DR胸片,其中211例存在胸部骨折（共604处骨折）、186例无胸部骨折,记录并比较单独DL-CAD（1组）、单独低年资医师（2组）、DL-CAD辅助低年资医师（3组）、单独高年资医师（4组）的检出结果。结果 ①试验1：983处骨折中,DL-CAD识别出672处,正确识别641处,误诊31处,敏感度65.21%（641/983）,F值为77.46%;361例骨折患者中,DL-CAD识别出320例,正确识别314例,误诊6例,敏感度86.98%（314/361）,F值92.22%。②试验2：1、2、3、4组观察者检出骨折的敏感度分别为62.09%（375/604）、61.59%（372/604）、86.75%（524/604）和83.44%（504/604）,F值分别为75.38%、74.62%、90.74%及89.84%;3、4组检测效能均高于1、2组（P均<0.001）,而1组与2组间、3组与4组间差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 DL-CAD对DR胸部正位片中骨折的检出效果较好,且可有效提高低年资放射科医师对胸部骨折的检出效能。     

固定床架用于超声筛查婴儿发育性髋关节发育不良

目的 观察固定床架用于超声筛查婴儿发育性髋关节发育不良(DDH)的价值。方法 将400名接受DDH筛查且无髋关节异常婴儿分为低年资医师使用固定床架组(A组)、低年资医师不使用固定床架组(B组)、高年资医师使用固定床架组(C组)及高年资医师不使用固定床架组(D组)共4组,每组100名。比较4组婴儿一般资料、超声筛查DDH时间及髋关节超声图像质量;采用Bland-Altman一致性分析评估低年资医师与复核医师(与高年资医师工作年限相同的另外3名医师)复核α角和β角测值的一致性,评估固定床架的应用价值。结果 4组婴儿性别、年龄及体质量差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05); A组和B组超声检查时间均大于C组和D组(P均＜0.05)。4组合格图像数量差异有统计学意义(χ²=85.777,P＜0.001),B组与其他3组差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05)。不使用固定床架时,低年资医师与复核医师所测α角之差的最大绝对值为7°,所测β角之差的最大绝对值为2°;使用固定床架时,低年资医师与复核医师所测α角之差的最大绝对值为3°,所测β角之差的最大绝对值为2°。结论 固定床架对于辅助低年资医师超声筛查婴儿DHH具有较高价值,而对高年资医师检查结果无明显影响。     

柔性减影CE-Boost技术对CT肺动脉造影图像质量的影响

目的 观察柔性减影CE-Boost技术对CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)图像质量的影响。方法 回顾性分析66例疑诊肺栓塞(PE)患者的肺部CT平扫及CTPA资料,对平扫期和增强动脉期图像进行薄层重建,以Sure-Subtraction Lung软件行柔性减影,获得CE-Boost序列图像。将重建后增强动脉期图像(A组)与CE-Boost图像(B组)上传至Toshiba Vitrea后处理工作站,测量肺动脉及其分支CT值,计算信噪比(SNR)及对比噪声比(CNR);并由2名影像科医师采用5分法对图像质量进行主观评分。结果 B组肺动脉主干,左、右肺动脉干,左、右上肺动脉分支及左、右下肺动脉分支的CT值、SNR值及CNR值均高于A组(P均＜0.001)。B组图像主观评分5(4,5)分,高于A组的2(1,2)分(Z=－4.980,P＜0.001),且2名医师对A、B组图像质量评分的一致性较高(Kappa=0.896)。结论 柔性减影CE-Boost技术可提高CTPA图像质量。     

零回波时间3.0T MRI用于检出肺癌结节

目的 观察零回波时间(ZTE)3.0T MRI检出肺癌结节的价值。方法 前瞻性纳入126例肺癌患者(共176个肺结节),以3.0T MR仪行肺部轴位ZTE成像和常规序列成像,包括T1容积内插屏气检查(VIBE)、T2刀锋序列(BLADE)及T2半傅里叶采集单次激发快速自旋回波(HASTE)序列扫描;分析ZTE MRI与CT显示肺结节特征的一致性,观察以不同MR序列检出肺结节的敏感度。结果 176个肺结节中,ZTE MRI检出140个、漏诊36个。ZTE MRI与CT显示肺结节最大径及其实性部分最大径的一致性均好(ICC=0.954、0.943,P均<0.001)且差异较小,显示气管血管束、胸膜凹陷及内部支气管充气征的一致性均好(Kappa=0.894、0.912、0.917),显示结节类型及形状的一致性中等(Kappa=0.661、0.501)。ZTE MRI检出肺结节的敏感度均高于其他单独MR序列(P均<0.05);ZTE与T2-BLADE组合的敏感度均高于其他序列组合(P均<0.05)。结论 ZTE 3.0T MRI检出肺癌结节的效能较好,优于常规MR序列;与T2-BLADE联合可进一步提高其敏感度。     

2017年美国放射学会甲状腺影像报告与数据系统鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节

目的 探讨2017年美国放射学会（ACR）推荐的甲状腺影像报告与数据系统（TI-RADS）对鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理确诊的497个甲状腺结节的超声资料,采用2017年ACR TI-RADS分类对结节评分和分类,与病理结果对照,采用ROC确定最佳临界评分,计算TI-RADS分类诊断良恶性结节的敏感度、特异度和准确率。评价高年资与低年资医师采用此最佳临界评分诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的效能和一致性。结果 采用2017年ACR TI-RADS分类诊断甲状腺恶性结节的ROC曲线下面积为0.883（P<0.001）,最佳临界评分为5分,敏感度86.22%,特异度78.68%。以TI-RADS评分> 5分归为恶性结节,高年资和低年资医师诊断的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为78.22%（176/225）、76.47%（208/272）、77.26%（384/497）和77.33%（174/225）、74.26%（202/272）、75.65%（376/497）,二者诊断良恶性结节具有中等一致性（Kappa=0.581）。结论 2017年ACR TI-RADS具有较高临床应用价值,鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的最佳界值为5分。     

区域CT值在预测股骨近端骨折中的价值

目的:探讨60岁以上成人发生股骨近端骨折的股骨颈部松质骨CT值。方法:自2020年1月至2020年12月,回顾性分析行双髋关节CT检查的年龄＞60岁的280例研究对象,男85例,女195例;年龄75(66,82)岁;左侧120例,右侧160例。其中136例股骨近端骨折患者为研究组,144例无骨折者为对照组。采用GEOptima CT机扫描并分别重建出股骨近端水平位、冠状位和矢状位层面。测量并比较两组股骨颈部松质骨的CT值;采用Logistic回归分析股骨颈松质骨CT值与股骨颈骨折间的关系。结果:骨折组年龄79(73.3,85.0)岁,无骨折组年龄69.5(64.0,78.8)岁,两组年龄比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。骨折组区域CT值8.62(-3.62,27.15) HU低于无骨折组34.31(-5.93,71.74) HU(P＜0.05)。冠状位平面内骨折组的区域CT值-8.48(-30.96,17.46) HU低于无骨折组40.49(5.55,80.71) HU(P＜0.05);矢状位平面内骨折组区域CT值-31.28(-54.91,-5.11) HU低于无骨折组7.74(-20.12,44.54) HU(P＜0.05);水平位平面内骨折组区域CT值0.17(-23.13,24.60) HU低于无骨折组46.40(10.42,85.18) HU(P＜0.05);骨折组股骨颈部区域CT值低于无骨折组(P＜0.05)。经Logistic回归分析,冠状位区域CT值是股骨近端骨折的影响因素,可以写入预测骨折概率的回归方程。结论:在60岁以上成人,随着年龄的不断增大,股骨颈部松质骨CT值呈下降趋势。股骨颈部松质骨CT值越小发生股骨近端骨折的风险越大。     

基于MRI自动化定量海马体积诊断颞叶癫痫患者海马硬化

目的 评估基于MRI自动化定量海马体积诊断颞叶癫痫患者海马硬化（HS）的效能。方法 回顾性分析经术后病理检查证实的64例存在HS的颞叶癫痫患者,采用AccuBrain软件对头部3D T1WI进行自动化定量分析,检测海马体积指数（HVI）;以病理结果为诊断金标准,统计2名医师目测诊断HS结果。采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线获得HVI诊断HS的截断值及曲线下面积（AUC）,计算HVI诊断HS的敏感度、特异度和准确率,评价2种诊断方式所获结果的一致性。结果 64例中,38例左侧HS、26例右侧HS。医师目测诊断HS的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为90.63%（58/64）、100%（64/64）及95.31%（122/128）。ROC曲线结果显示,HVI诊断HS的最佳截断值为0.185,AUC为0.936。HVI诊断HS的敏感度、特异度、准确率分别为87.50%（56/64）、93.75%（60/64）及90.63%（116/128）。医师目测与HVI诊断HS的准确率一致性较强（Kappa=0.684,P<0.05）。结论 MRI自动化定量海马体积可用于诊断颞叶癫痫患者HS,其诊断效能较高。     

术中滑轨CT辅助在经皮骶髂关节螺钉治疗骨盆后环损伤中的应用

目的：比较术中滑轨CT联合C形臂X线机辅助与单纯使用C形臂X线机辅助透视下经皮骶髂关节螺钉治疗骨盆后环损伤临床疗效。方法：自2018年12月至2022年2月收治76例骨盆后环损伤患者,其中,C形臂联合滑轨CT辅助下行内固定治疗39例为CT组,男23例,女16例,年龄(44.98±7.33)岁;仅在C形臂透视下行内固定治疗37例为C形臂组,男24例,女13例,年龄(44.37±10.82)岁。合并有前环骨折患者42例,均采用经皮髂前下棘内置外固定架(internal fixation,INFIX)或耻骨上支螺钉固定骨盆前环。术后比较两组随访时间、置钉时间、并发症。比较两组Matta复位评价、Majeed疗效评价、CT分级及二次手术翻修率。结果：CT组置钉时间(32.63±7.33) min,短于C形臂组(52.95±10.64) min(t=-9.739,P＜0.05)。CT组随访时间(11.97±1.86)个月,C形臂组(12.03±1.71)个月,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。两组术后并发症发生比较,差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.159,P＞0.05)。CT组Matta复位评价结果(Z=2.79,P＜0.05)、Majeed疗效评价结果(Z=2.79,P＜0.05)、CT分级(Z=2.83,P＜0.05)均优于C形臂组。CT组二次手术翻修率低于C形臂组(χ²=5.641,P＜0.05)。结论：术中滑轨CT联合C形臂辅助下经皮骶髂关节螺钉置入手术与传统C形臂透视相比,具有手术时间短、准确度及安全性高、术后二次翻修率显著下降等特点,是重建骨盆骨折后环稳定性的有效方法之一。     

CT影像组学联合CT特征预测肺亚实性结节侵袭性

目的 观察CT影像组学联合CT特征预测肺亚实性结节侵袭性的价值。方法 回顾性分析170例肺亚实性结节患者资料,包括6例非典型腺瘤样增生(AAH)、12例原位腺癌(AIS)、58例微浸润性腺癌(MIA)及94例浸润性腺癌(IAC),将AAH、AIS和MIA归为非侵袭组、IAC归为侵袭组。按7∶3比例将患者分为训练集(n=119,含5例AAH、9例AIS、36例MIA及69例IAC)和验证集(n=51,含1例AAH、3例AIS、22例MIA及25例IAC)。采用单因素及logistic回归分析训练集患者一般资料及病灶CT表现,筛选预测肺亚实性结节侵袭性的独立危险因素并建立CT模型;基于训练集提取及筛选病灶最佳影像组学特征,以之构建影像组学模型。基于CT模型及影像组学模型构建联合模型,并以列线图将其可视化。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC),基于验证集评估各模型诊断效能;以校准曲线评价联合模型的校准程度。结果 CT所示结节长径和最大CT值为预测肺亚实性结节为IAC的CT相关独立危险因素,以之构建CT模型。基于训练集筛选出6个最佳影像组学特征并构建影像组学模型。CT模型、影像组学模型及联合模型预测验证集肺亚实性结节侵袭性的AUC分别为0.772、0.785及0.869;联合模型的AUC高于CT模型(Z=2.336,P=0.019)而与影像组学模型差异无统计学意义(Z=1.925,P=0.054),其预测结果与实际结果的一致性较高。结论 CT影像组学联合CT特征可有效预测肺亚实性结节侵袭性。     

对比人工与人工智能图像后处理冠状动脉CT血管造影显示冠状动脉解剖及其病变

目的 对比人工与人工智能(AI)后处理用于冠状动脉CT血管造影(CCTA)显示冠状动脉解剖及病变的效能。方法 回顾性分析158例疑诊冠心病患者的CCTA资料,分别以人工(人工组,含1名负责图像后处理的影像科主任医师和2名负责分析图像的影像科主治医师)及深睿、数坤AI软件(记为A₁组、A₂组)行后处理,于容积再现(VR)图像中测量冠状动脉分支数目,于曲面重组(CPR)图像中测量左前降支(LAD)、左回旋支(LCX)及右冠状动脉(RCA)管腔拉直长度;观察LAD(近、中、远段)、LCX(近、中远段)、RCA(近、中、远段)有无管腔狭窄及其程度、有无斑块及其性质,分析3组评估结果的差异及一致性。结果 3组所示冠状动脉分支数总体差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),A₁组、A₂组所示数目均多于人工组(P=0.04、＜0.01)。A₁组(P=0.04、0.03)、A₂组(P均＜0.01)所测LAD和RCA长度均大于人工组,其余组间LAD和RCA长度差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。3组所测LCX长度(P=0.18)及评估LAD、LCX及RCA狭窄程度及斑块性质结果差异均无统计学意义(P均＞0.05)。A₁组、A₂组评估LAD、LCX、RCA狭窄程度(Kappa=0.58、0.51、0.57),以及A₁组(Kappa=0.55、0.57、0.62)、A₂组(Kappa=0.56、0.58、0.67)与人工组评估结果的一致性均为一般。结论 CCTA图像经AI后处理后显示冠状动脉分支较人工后处理更为完整;人工与AI后处理评估冠状动脉狭窄程度及钙化结果的一致性均不高。     

Correlation of rib fracture patterns with abdominal solid organ injury: A retrospective observational cohort study

PurposeRib fractures are one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality and are associated with abdominal solid organ injury (ASOI). The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of ASOI with the number, location, and involved segments of rib fracture(s) in blunt chest trauma.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients with blunt chest trauma over the age of 15 years, who were hospitalized with the diagnosis of rib fractures from July 2015 to September 2020. After ethic committee approval, a retrospective chart review was designed and patients with a diagnosis of rib fractures were selected. Patients who had chest and abdominopelvic CT scan were included in the study and additional data including age, gender, injury severity score, trauma mechanism, number and sides of the fractured ribs (left/right/bilateral), rib fracture segments (upper, middle, lower zone) and results of chest and abdominal spiral CT scan were recorded. The correlation between ASOI and the sides, segments and number of rib fracture(s) was assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient.ResultsAltogether 1056 patients with rib fracture(s) were included. The mean age was (42.76 ± 13.35) years and 85.4% were male. The most common mechanism of trauma was car accident (34.6%). Most fractures occurred in the middle rib zone (60.44%) and the most commonly involved ribs were the 6th and 7th ones (15.7% and 16.4%, respectively). Concurrent abdominal injuries were observed in 103 patients (34.91%) and were significantly associated with middle zone rib fractures.ConclusionThere is a significant relationship between middle zone rib fractures and ASOI. Intra-abdominal injuries are not restricted to fractures of the lower ribs and thus should always be kept in mind during management of blunt trauma patients with rib fractures.     

可吸收肋骨固定钉加涤纶补片治疗多发性肋骨骨折12例

目的：介绍加用涤纶补片外包裹固定治疗多发性肋骨骨折的方法及适应证,以减少骨折移位并发症的发生。方法：自2006年9月至2008年3月采用可吸收肋骨钉加涤纶补片治疗多发性肋骨骨折12例,男8例,女4例;年龄22～51岁,平均38.2岁;受伤至手术时间：2h～3d。均为闭合性损伤且伴有明显胸痛及胸闷气闭,其中伴呼吸困难、咳痰中带血、血氧饱合度下降4例。X线检查：单侧肋骨骨折3例,双侧肋骨骨折9例,均伴有血气胸。结果：12例患者均获得随访,时间2～26个月,平均8个月。所有病例骨折均愈合。依据评定标准,从疼痛、呼吸、肋骨对位情况等方面对疗效进行观察：优10例,良1例,可1例。结论：应用可吸收肋骨钉加涤纶补片治疗多发性肋骨骨折是安全有效的,特别适用于骨质疏松、粉碎性骨折及斜形骨折的患者。     

Cervical Spine CT Can Miss Fractures in American Football Players When Protective Equipment is in Place: A Cadaver Study

BackgroundIatrogenic worsening of spinal injury can result in significant harm to American football players and complicate management when equipment is removed in the acute setting by inexperienced personnel. Spine imaging before removal of protective equipment mitigates this risk. There is no consensus regarding the ideal timing of equipment removal or whether current diagnostic imaging modalities are effective to detect such injuries without equipment removal. Prior data suggest that CT is a diagnostic modality for this purpose; however, radiologists’ accuracy in detecting fractures in the presence of protective equipment requires additional study.Questions/purposes(1) Does the introduction of American football equipment result in a significant reduction in sensitivity for cervical spine fracture detection? (2) Absent specific guidance as to parameters needed to establish diagnostic quality, can a radiologist determine whether such CTs are of diagnostic quality by subjectively relying on the ability to identify anatomic landmarks?MethodsA pendulum device was engineered to deliver a measured axial load to the crown of cadavers to produce a variety of cervical spine fractures in 13 cadaver specimens. The cadavers were then imaged using a standardized CT protocol first without and then with protective football equipment. The images were presented to three board-certified, fellowship-trained radiologists to (1) identify all fractures from the occiput to T1 and (2) subjectively assess the diagnostic quality of the resulting CTs. A sensitivity analysis was performed against a reference standard of fractures produced by the consensus of all radiologists in this study to determine whether there was any reduction in radiologists’ ability to detect fractures once football equipment was in place.ResultsWe found that CT scans obtained with football protective equipment in place resulted in lower sensitivity in diagnosing cervical spine injuries than CT scans obtained without pads. A total of 42 fractures were identified in the reference standard, allowing for a combined 126 possible fracture identifications between the three interpreters. Without football equipment, a combined 98 fractures were identified, whereas a combined 65 fractures were identified once the equipment was introduced. Overall, the sensitivity was reduced by 26% (52% [65 of 126] versus 78% [98 of 126] [95% CI 14.8% to 37.5%]; p < 0.001). Of the 78 total CT series imaged with football equipment, 92% (72 of 78) were considered to be of diagnostic quality. However, the study radiologists failed to identify 50% (53 of 105) of fractures present in those CT images.ConclusionThe sensitivity of cervical spine fracture detection using CT is diminished in the setting of protective American football equipment. Future studies in live subjects with cervical spine fracture may be warranted to support these conclusions.Clinical RelevanceThese findings contradict previous studies that determined CT to be a diagnostic imaging modality to image the cervical spine through equipment. Although the interpreting radiologists consistently deemed CTs performed in the presence of helmets and shoulder pads to have subjectively diagnostic quality, numerous fractures that had been detected in the absence of equipment were missed in their presence. Furthermore, this study established that subjective approval of the appearance of an imaging study based on the ability to recognize anatomic landmarks is insufficient to reliably determine the diagnostic quality of a CT study.     

Far posterior rib plating: Preliminary results of a retrospective case series

IntroductionFar posterior, or paraspinal rib fractures, defined as fractures that are medial to the medial border of the scapula (and may involve the costovertebral articulation), are often treated nonoperatively. However, in certain cases, including severe displacement, persistent pain, nonunion, or persistent respiratory distress, stabilization with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) may be warranted. There is a paucity of literature regarding the surgical approach and clinical outcomes following ORIF for far posterior rib fractures and fracture-dislocations. The purpose of this paper is to describe the surgical approach and to report the first collection of clinical outcomes for patients undergoing paraspinal rib ORIF.Patients and methodsA retrospective case series was performed at a single urban level 1 trauma center. Patients 18 years of age or older who underwent ORIF of far posterior rib fractures were included in this study. Far posterior rib fractures were defined as fractures that occurred medial to the medial border of the scapula underneath the paraspinal musculature. Data collection including patient demographics, injury characteristics, operative variables, and postoperative outcomes were collected and analyzed.ResultsTwenty-six patients, with a mean age of 50.7 years, who underwent paraspinal rib ORIF were included in this study. The mean follow-up was 12.1 months. 80.8% of patients had a flail chest injury. On average, 3.4 ribs were instrumented posteriorly with 22.8% of patients requiring fixation spanning the costotransverse articulation. No intraoperative complications occurred. Only one patient required a repeat procedure. Total hospital length of stay averaged 17.3 days with an intensive care unit stay averaging 6.2 days. Total ventilator time averaged 4 days. 7 patients were diagnosed with postoperative pneumonia and 6 patients required tracheostomy.ConclusionOpen reduction and internal fixation for far posterior, or paraspinal rib fractures and fracture-dislocations is a safe procedure with low complications rates and favorable postoperative outcomes including hospital length of stay, ICU length of stay, need for tracheostomy, postoperative pneumonia, and mechanical ventilation time.     

Utility of skull radiographs in infants undergoing 3D head CT during evaluation for physical abuse

BackgroundClinical practice guidelines recommend performing head CT and skull radiographs (SR) when evaluating infants for physical abuse. We compared the accuracy of 3-dimensional CT (3DCT) and SR for detecting skull fractures.MethodsWe reviewed children <12 months evaluated for physical abuse undergoing 3DCT and SR between January 2017 and December 2018. 3DCT and SR images were blindly read by 2 radiologists. Interrater reliability (IRR) was calculated. Diagnostic accuracy was compared using McNemar's test.Results158 infants with a mean age of 5.0 months underwent 3DCT and SR. Consensus reading identified 46 fractures (29.1%) on 3DCT and 40 fractures (25.3%) on SR. IRR was higher for 3DCT (κ = 0.95) than for SR (=0.65). 11 fractures were identified on 3DCT but not SR. 5 fractures were identified on SR but not 3DCT. There was no difference in the diagnostic accuracy of 3DCT and SR (χ² = 1.56, p = 0.211).ConclusionsWe found no difference in the accuracy of 3DCT and SR for detecting skull fractures in infants. Because 3DCT has better IRR and evaluates for both bony and intracranial injuries it is superior to SR. Omitting SRs may be acceptable if a 3DCT is performed, and would reduce radiation exposure without compromising diagnostic accuracy.     

Platelet concentrate injection improves Achilles tendon repair in rats

Background and purpose We have previously shown that early fracture callus of rat rib has viscoelastic and contractile properties resembling those of smooth muscle. The cells responsible for this contractility have been hypothesized to be myofibroblast-like in nature. In soft-tissue healing, force generated by contraction of myofibroblasts promotes healing. Accordingly, we tried to identify myofibroblast-like cells in early fibrous callus.

Animals and methods Calluses from rat rib fractures were removed 7, 14, and 21 days after fracture and unfractured ribs acted as controls. All tissues were analyzed using qPCR and immunohistochemistry. We analyzed expression of smooth muscle- and myofibroblast-associated genes and proteins including alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA), non-muscle myosin, fibronectin extra domain A variant (EDA-fibronectin), OB-cadherin, connexin-43, basic calponin (h1CaP), and h-caldesmon.

Results In calluses at 7 days post-fracture, there were statistically significant increases in expression of αSMA mRNA (2.5 fold), h1CaP mRNA (2.1 fold), EDA-fibronectin mRNA (14 fold), and connexin-43 mRNA (1.8 fold) compared to unfractured ribs, and by 21 days post-fracture mRNA expression in calluses had decreased to levels approaching those in unfractured rib. Immunohistochemistry of 7 day fibrous callus localized calponin, EDA-fibronectin and co-immunolabeling of OB-cadherin and αSMA (thus confirming a myofibroblastic phenotype) within various cell populations.

Interpretation This study provides further evidence that early rat rib callus is not only smooth muscle-like in nature but also contains a notable population of cells that have a distinct myofibroblastic phenotype. The presence of these cells indicates that in vivo contraction of early callus is a mechanism that may occur in fractures so as to facilitate healing, as it does in soft tissue wound repair.     

预成型肋骨锁定钛板联合超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞治疗老年多发性肋骨骨折

目的:探讨预成型肋骨锁定钛板内固定手术与超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞联合应用对于老年多发性肋骨骨折患者的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2016年2月至2020年11月收治的221例老年多发性肋骨骨折患者,根据是否手术治疗,分为预成型肋骨锁定钛板联合超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞组(手术组)102例,保守治疗组(非手术组)119 例。手术组中男58 例,女44 例;年龄60~85(67.2±3.6)岁;肋骨骨折3~12(5.3±2.1)处。非手术组中男66 例,女53 例;年龄60~84 (66.8±3.2)岁;肋骨骨折2~11 (6.1±2.3)处。比较分析两组患者的临床资料、治疗效果及并发症情况。结果:两组患者术前临床资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),所有患者顺利出院。手术组患者肺部感染(P=0.028),肺不张(P=0.032),呼吸衰竭(P=0.026),主动下床时间(P=0.040),骨折愈合时间(P=0.035),住院时间(P=0.043),治疗后3 d疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)(P=0.028),治疗后5 d VAS (P=0.032),治疗后7 d VAS (P=0.019),术后3个月最大自主通气量(maximal voluntary ventilation,MVV)(P=0.042),1 s用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)(P=0.035)以及术后6个月MVV(P=0.021),FEV1(P=0.026)均优于非手术治疗组。结论:对于老年严重多发肋骨骨折的患者,预成型肋骨锁定钛板与超声引导下胸椎旁神经阻滞的联合应用与非手术治疗相比较,能够及时有效镇痛,恢复胸廓稳定性,缩短住院时间,减少肺部感染及急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS) 等并发症的发生率。预成型肋骨锁定钛板治疗老年多发性肋骨骨折具有较好的临床效果。     

基于腰椎螺旋CT图像以卷积神经网络技术全自动识别并重建椎间盘的可行性

目的观察基于腰椎螺旋CT图像以卷积神经网络技术全自动识别及重建椎间盘的可行性。方法回顾性分析400例腰痛患者的腰椎CT资料,以其中320例为训练集、40例为验证集、40例为测试集。以人工智能(AI)系统进行学习训练和测试。以深度学习(DL)卷积神经网络3D V-Net技术分割腰椎轴位CT图像中的椎体与椎间盘,并轴位重建椎间盘;以Dice系数评估分割精度。由2名放射科医师分别对AI重建图像及人工重建图像进行图像质量评分并进行对比。结果AI分割骶椎椎体、L5椎体、L1~L4椎体及椎间盘的Dice系数分别为0.953、0.940、0.940及0.926,平均为0.940。针对测试集40例,采用腰椎螺旋CT数据经卷积神经网络技术完成197个椎间盘重建。2名放射科医师对197幅AI重建图像及人工重建图像的中位评分均为4分,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05);评分一致性加权Kappa值为0.862[95%CI(0.778,0.946),P<0.001]。结论基于腰椎螺旋CT图像卷积神经网络全自动识别及重建椎间盘的可行性令人满意。     

基于Faster R-CNN及增强CT图像自动检测肝血管瘤

目的 基于快速区域卷积神经网络（Faster R-CNN）构建肝血管瘤自动检测系统,观察其检出增强CT图像中的肝血管瘤的效能。方法 收集经腹部增强CT诊断的128例肝血管瘤患者、共2 304幅增强CT图像,按8∶2比例将其分为训练集（n=102）和测试集（n=26）,分别含1 836幅及468幅增强CT图像。利用Faster R-CNN、针对增强CT图像构建自动检测肝血管瘤系统,基于迁移学习方案,采用Resnet50预训练分类网络作为提取特征模块的基础骨架,以区域提议网络提取训练集增强CT图像特征,以边界框分类回归模块输出预测边框的精确位置坐标和类别的概率分数。训练过程中绘制Loss曲线,评估模型对训练集的训练效果及其稳定性;采用随机梯度下降法作为优化器对参数进行调整,以提升模型性能。通过平均精度均值（mAP）评估系统检出测试集增强CT图像中的肝血管瘤的效能。结果 训练集训练过程损失函数Loss曲线中,自动检测系统呈快速下降趋势,提示模型学习能力良好,预测性能稳定。mAP曲线显示,迭代次数epoch为40~80时,系统对测试集468幅增强CT图像检出肝血管瘤的mAP为0.962~0.973,波动小,提示模型已收敛,自动检测效果良好。结论 基于Faster R-CNN的增强CT图像自动检测系统可有效检出肝血管瘤。