肝癌门静脉癌栓伴肝动脉-门静脉分流的栓塞治疗

目的探讨聚乙烯醇颗粒(PVA)配合碘油乳剂栓塞治疗门静脉癌栓伴肝动脉-门静脉分流(APS)的可行性及疗效。方法对24例原发性肝癌伴有门静脉癌栓伴APS患者进行选择性TACE,根据肿瘤血供特点,采用不同的PVA及碘油乳剂注入方式,对分流血管及肿瘤血供进行栓塞。术后观察APS闭塞情况、肿瘤大小变化、生存期等指标。结果 24例中,23例治疗后APS闭塞;多次治疗后19例肿瘤体积缩小,5例病情进展;3、6、12个月及以上生存率分别为95.83%(23/24)、79.17%(19/24)、79.17%(19/24)。结论 PVA配合碘油乳剂超选择栓塞原发性肝癌并门静脉癌栓伴APS安全有效。     

联合cTACE和D-TACE治疗1例晚期肝细胞性肝癌伴肝内转移的体会

目的总结联合传统的肝动脉栓塞化疗术(cTACE)和使用载药微球的肝动脉栓塞化疗术(D-TACE)治疗1例晚期肝细胞性肝癌伴肝内转移患者的经验体会。方法重庆医科大学附属第二医院肝胆外科于2018年10月收治了1例无法行根治性手术、行TACE的晚期肝细胞性肝癌患者,对该患者总共施行了3次TACE治疗,总结相关经验。结果经MDT讨论后,重庆医科大学附属第二医院对该患者施行了3次介入手术。第1次外院行cTACE治疗后复查CT检查示,肝脏病变内有碘化油沉积,且病灶较前稳定;第2次联合cTACE和D-TACE治疗后,复查CT检查示肿瘤内碘化油沉积较多,肿瘤较局限且明显缩小;第3次行cTACE治疗后,复查CT检查见肿瘤得到有效控制,无进展。第4次cTACE治疗后该患者已获访2个月,随访期间肝内病灶稳定,无进展。结论晚期肝细胞性肝癌伴肝内转移不能行根治手术时,TACE是最佳治疗方案,联合D-TACE与cTACE可以取得较好的临床疗效。     

DEB-TACE与cTACE治疗不可切除肝细胞性肝癌的疗效与安全性对比:系统综述与荟萃分析

目的经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞(transarterial chemoembolizatin,TACE)包括传统TACE(cTACE)和载药微球TACE(DEB-TACE)。本研究旨在比较两种TACE疗法治疗不可切除肝细胞性肝癌(以下简称肝癌)的效果和安全性。方法检索电子全文数据库PubMed,纳入比较DEB-TACE和cTACE治疗不可切除肝癌疗效/安全性的随机对照研究(Randomized controlled trail, RCT),检索年限为建库至2019年6月30日。使用Review Manager 5.3软件分析数据。结果最终纳入4项随机对照研究,共纳入475例患者,其中231例接受DEB-TACE治疗,244例接受cTACE治疗。DEB-TACE组的肿瘤反应率、不良反应发生率和cTACE组相似,无明显差异(所有P0.05)。结论 DEB-TACE和cTACE在治疗不可切除肝癌时具相似的安全性和有效性。     

原发性肝癌DSA表现与TACE疗效的关系分析

目的:探讨原发性肝癌数字减影血管造影(DSA)表现与经肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)疗效的关系。方法:选择2012年4月—2014年4月间行DSA造影并进行TACE治疗的原发性肝癌患者61例,根据术中DSA表现,将患者分为富血供组(44例)和中等血供组(17例),术后随访3个月至2年,以m RECIST标准评估肿瘤疗效,分析DSA血供分型与患者疗效及预后的关系。结果:TACE术后2个月,富血供组完全缓解(CR)2例(4.5%),部分缓解(PR)29例(65.9%),疾病稳定(SD)6例(13.6%),疾病进展(PD)7例(8.6%),客观有效率(CR+PR)70.4%,疾病控制率(CR+PR+SD)84.0%;中等血供组CR 0例(0.0%),PR 5例(29.4%),SD 4例(23.5%),PD 8例(47.1%),客观有效率29.4%,疾病控制率52.9%。富血供组、中等血供组中位生存期分别为14与7.9个月,6、12、24个月累计生存率分别为91.0%、68.0%、20.4%与59.1%、23.0%、12.1%,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:原发性肝癌DSA血供分型与TACE治疗效果密切相关,富血供型肝癌TACE治疗效果较好。     

原发性肝癌经动脉化疗栓塞供血改变

目的研究经动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)治疗原发性肝癌的供血变化,用以改进和完善原发性肝癌的介入治疗。方法回顾126例进行过TACE的原发性肝癌患者,观察分析其血管变化情况。结果原发性肝癌患者血供随着介入治疗次数的增加而更加复杂,肝动脉狭窄闭塞率分别为0.8%(第1次)、11.9%(第2次)、18.4%(第3次)、35.3%(第4次)、60.0%(>4次);肝外侧支循环发生率分别为9.4%(第1次)、14.9%(第2次)、21.1%(第3次)4、1.2%(第4次)8、0.0%(>4次);肝外侧支循环形成与肿瘤的发生部位有着一定的联系,发生率高的是肝脏的7、8段,再者分别为5、6段和肝左叶。结论原发性肝癌患者血供随着介入治疗次数的增加而更加复杂,应积极对肿瘤供血动脉充分找寻和完全栓塞,以求最大疗效和减少并发症等。     

常规TACE与药物洗脱微球TACE治疗CNLC Ⅱb和Ⅲa期肝细胞癌效果及患者预后影响因素

目的 对比观察常规TACE(cTACE)与药物洗脱微球TACE(DEB-TACE)治疗中国肝癌分期(CNLC)Ⅱb和Ⅲa期肝细胞癌(HCC)效果,分析预后影响因素。方法 回顾性分析91例CNLC Ⅱb或Ⅲa期HCC患者,其中47例接受cTACE(cTACE组)、44例接受DEB-TACE(DEB-TACE组);比较治疗后组间不良反应发生率及短期疗效[肿瘤客观缓解率(ORR)及疾病控制率(DCR)],统计患者总生存期(OS)及无进展生存期(PFS),观察TACE治疗HCC后患者OS的影响因素。结果 治疗后组间不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。DEB-TACE组首次[84.09%(37/44) vs. 63.83%(30/47),90.91%(40/44) vs. 74.47%(35/47),P=0.028、0.040]及再次[75.00%(33/44) vs. 55.32%(26/47),86.36%(38/44) vs. 68.09%(32/47),P=0.049、0.039]TACE后ORR和DCR均高于cTACE组。Ⅲa期HCC患者首次DEB-TACE后ORR和DCR高于首次cTACE后(P=0.035、0.027);中等肿瘤负荷患者首次DEB-TACE后ORR高于首次cTACE后(P=0.017),但DCR差异无统计学意义(P=0.182)。随访期间(中位随访时间25.0个月)组间OS和PFS差异均有统计学意义(χ²=6.631、10.172,P=0.006、0.001)。门静脉癌栓、肿瘤最大径≥5 cm及肿瘤数目≥4个均为TACE治疗HCC后患者OS的独立影响因素。结论 DEB-TACE用于治疗CNLC Ⅱb和Ⅲa期HCC效果优于cTACE,治疗CNLC Ⅲa期和中等肿瘤负荷患者短期效果更佳;门静脉癌栓、肿瘤大小及数目为TACE治疗HCC后患者预后的影响因素。     

彩色多普勒超声评估复发性肝癌经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术患者临床预后价值

评估彩色多普勒超声对复发性肝癌患者经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)术后临床预后的价值。2016年3月至2019年3月95例复发性肝癌患者均行TACE治疗并随访1年,根据患者1年生存、复发、转移情况,分别纳入预后良好组、预后不良组,对比两组患者TACE术前、术后彩色多普勒超声相关参数差异,分析彩色多普勒超声预测复发性肝癌患者TACE术后近期预后的价值。结果显示,95例患者均获得有效随访,37例患者纳入预后不良组,58例患者纳入预后良好组。两组患者术后2周肿瘤内部、肿瘤周边血供分级均较术前下降,预后良好组术后2周肿瘤内部、肿瘤周边血供分级均低于预后不良组(P<0.05)。两组患者术后2周肝动脉VPs均较术前下降,门静脉TAV均较术前上升;预后良好组术前、术后2周肝动脉VPs均低于预后不良组,其门静脉TAV均高于预后不良组(P均<0.05)。Logistic多因素回归分析示,肿瘤最大径≥5 cm,以及术前、术后2周肿瘤内部、周边血供Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,术前、术后2周肝动脉VPs分别>130 cm/s、100 cm/s,术前、术后2周门静脉TAV分别<14 cm/s、<16 cm/s,均为影响复发性肝癌患者TACE术后近期预后的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结果表明,复发性肝癌患者术前肿瘤最大径、肿瘤内部及周边血供、肝动脉VPs、门静脉TAV等彩色多普勒超声检查结果能够评估患者TACE术后近期预后,可据此调整治疗方案以改善患者预后。     

原发性肝癌经肝动脉栓塞化疗术后预后指标的多因素分析

目的探讨影响无法手术切除原发性肝癌经肝动脉栓塞化疗(transarterial chemoembolization,TACE)术后预后的独立因素。方法回顾性分析163例行TACE治疗的无法手术切除原发性肝癌患者的临床资料。结果全组均获随访,随访时间为12～63月,平均为(21.8±27.3)月。总体患者TACE术后的1、3、5年累积生存率分别为69.75%、37.49%和21.84%。单因素分析显示,TNM分期、癌灶个数、肿瘤有无假包膜、病灶分布情况、肿瘤大小、门静脉癌栓情况、血清AFP状态、Child-Pugh分级、肿瘤碘油沉积情况及治疗次数与TACE术后生存率显著相关(P均<0.05);经Cox多因素回归分析得出影响肝癌患者TACE术后长期生存的独立预后因素依次为:Child-Pugh分级、术后碘油沉积情况、门静脉癌栓。结论Child-Pugh分级、术后碘油沉积分型及门静脉癌栓是影响TACE术后肝癌患者的独立预后因素。     

辅助性肝动脉化疗栓塞术对原发性肝癌切除手术预后的影响

目的 研究辅助性肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)对原发性肝癌切除术后患者预后的影响,为临床评估术后合理选择辅助性TACE提供参考.方法 回顾性分析福建医科大学附属泉州第一医院2002-2008年311例原发性肝癌患者的临床资料.利用COX回归模型逐步分析,Kaplan-Meier法分析辅助性TACE对肿瘤直径≤5 cm高危组(76例)、低危组(91例)以及肿瘤直径＞5 cm高危组(65例)、低危组(78例)患者预后的影响.低危组定义为肿瘤单发且无血管侵犯;高危组定义为肿瘤多发和(或)血管侵犯.结果 在肿瘤直径＞5 cm高危组,术后行辅助性TACE者总生存期高于术后未行辅助性TACE者(P＜0.05).其他亚组术后是否行辅助性TACE对总生存期无明显影响(P＞0.05).结论 辅助性TACE对于肿瘤直径＞5 cm的高危组肝癌术后患者是有受益的.     

肝动脉插管化疗栓塞术治疗肝癌的护理体会

肝动脉插管化疗栓塞术(TACE)是治疗中晚期肝癌最常见的介入治疗方法,其疗效已得到临床肯定.TACE是利用肝癌供血以动脉为主,将化疗药物和碘油乳剂经肝动脉进行肿瘤化疗栓塞,该治疗方法的特点是微创相对安全和治疗效果较好被广泛运用.肝动脉化疗栓塞术后由于肝动脉供血量突然减少,加上化疗药物的作用,可产生栓塞综合征,即腹痛,发热,呕吐,骨髓抑制等不良反应和并发症并发症,直接影响肝癌病人的整体治疗及预后.为预防和减少不良反应和并发症的发生,精心周到的护理措施在肝癌介入治疗中起着重要的作用,其术前、术后良好的护理是保证治疗疗效和减少并发症的重要因素.我们认为以下术前、术后护理措施对肝癌TACE患者是非常重要的.     

Rat liver preservation

The mechanisms by which cold preservation solutions exert their protective effects are only partially understood. The consequences of mixing different solutions, with presumably different modes of action, may be additive and beneficial or may be deleterious. It is commonplace in clinical liver preservation to use Ringer's lactate (RL), Eurocollins (EC), and University of Wisconsin (UW) solution in sequence for washout of blood, precooling, and cold storage of the organ. In this study, 114 Sprague Dawley rats received orthotopic liver transplants that were flushed in various sequences with RL, EC, and UW solutions. One-week animal survival served as the criterion of preservation success. The results demonstrated that liver preservation with UW solution alone is significantly superior (P<0.01) to any combination of RL, EC, and UW solutions and may explain some of the instances of primary nonfunction in clinical liver transplantation.     

Kinetic analysis of contralateral liver hypertrophy after radioembolization of primary and metastatic liver tumors

Background

Radioembolization induces liver hypertrophy, although the extent and rate of hypertrophy are unknown. Our goal was to examine the kinetics of contralateral liver hypertrophy after transarterial radioembolization.

Effects of taurine on liver preservation in UW solution with consecutive ischemic rewarming in the isolated perfused rat liver

Taurine (2-aminoethane sulfonic acid) is a physiologic amino acid involved in cellular osmoregulation in various species including man. This study was intended to compare the respective effects of cold storage and consecutive ischemic rewarming of the liver on postischemic hepatic flow and hepatocellular outcome upon reperfusion with or without the addition of taurine to the preservation medium. Livers from male Wistar rats were rinsed free of blood via the portal vein and stored ischemically at 4 °C in UW solution. Livers from group 1 were then rinsed again with 10 ml Ringer's solution and reperfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer at a constant pressure of 10 mmHg for 45 min at 37 °C in a nonrecirculating manner. Livers from groups 2 and 3 were subjected to 30 min of warm ischemia subsequent to cold storage and prior to reperfusion with 10 mM taurine added to the UW solution in group 3. While there were only very few signs of hepatic injury in group 1, the additional period of warm ischemia (group 2) led to a significant reduction in early perfusate flow and enhanced enzyme leakage from the livers during postischemic rinse and reperfusion. Livers in group 3 exhibited an amelioration in hepatic circulation and significantly reduced enzyme release as compared to group 2. The results clearly demonstrate a remarkable impact of postischemic rewarming on graft viability. Furthermore, the addition of taurine to the preservation medium was shown to improve hepatic circulation and enhance viability of the liver upon reperfusion.     

新型多层平板型生物人工肝治疗急性肝功能衰竭犬的疗效

目的 评价新型多层平板型生物人工肝治疗急性肝功能衰竭动物的疗效.方法 以新鲜猪肝细胞及猪骨髓基质干细胞为细胞来源,共培养于新型多层平板型生物反应器内,从而构建一种新型的生物人工肝.采用D-氨基半乳糖给药方式构建犬急性肝功能衰竭模型,实验组(n=8)给予生物人工肝治疗;对照组(n=8)仅给予一般监护.观察和检测所有动物一般情况、生化指标及生存率.结果 实验组动物经生物人工肝治疗后,肝性脑病及一般精神状况均得到较明显改善,丙氨酸氨基转移酶从( 1512±183) U/L降至(86±25) U/L;天冬氨酸氨基转移酶从(1472±365) U/L降至(46±1l)U/L;乳酸脱氢酶从(463±76) U/L降至(312±84)U/L;总胆红素从(28.8±6.2) μmol/L降至(12.5±3.6) μmol/L;血氨从(56±15)μmol/L降至(34±10) μmol/L,同时凝血功能及白蛋白水平亦得到改善.8条犬中,5条存活、3条死亡,治疗过程中未出现严重并发症.对照组动物一般情况未见明显改善,各项化验指标呈逐渐加重趋势,最终8条犬中5条死亡,3条存活.但两组生存率的差异无统计学意义(P=0.294).结论 新型多层平板型生物人工肝对急性肝功能衰竭动物具有显著疗效,是治疗急性肝功能衰竭的一种有效支持手段.     

Protective effect of a prostaglandin oligomer on liver mitochondria in situ: time-shared measurements of fluorescence and reflectance in the cold-preserved rat liver

The protective effect of a new oligomeric derivative of prostaglandin B₂, known as OC-5186, was evaluated using time-sharing spectrofluorometry in the coldpreserved rat liver. Experiments were divided into three groups: in group A, a 5000 ng dose of OC-5186 was administered via the peripheral vein, 1000 ng via the portal vein, and 200 ng/ml in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution; in group B, the OC-5186 dosage was ten times greater than that in group A; in group C (control group), liver procurement and storage were performed without OC-5186. At 0, 12, and 24 h after cold preservation at 4°C, the liver was perfused for 30 min at 12°C with oxygenized Krebs-Henseleit solution, after which the perfusate was switched to deoxygenized Krebs-Henseleit solution. Time sharing spectrofluorometry was used to follow NADH fluorescence at 450 nm with a 360-nm excitation wavelength, as well as the reflectance of cytochrome aa ₃ with 605 minus 620 nm from oxidation to reduction. Rate constants of NADH fluorescence and cytochrome aa ₃ reflectance were used as indices of integrity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. In group C, the rate constant of NADH fluorescence decreased significantly (P<0.05) from the control value of 8.31±0.21×10^-3 (sec^-1) to 4.97±0.15×10^-3 and 5.58±0.16×10^-3 (mean±SEM) at 12 and 24 h after cold preservation, respectively. By contrast, in groups A and B, the rate constant of NADH fluorescence was maintained at significantly (P<0.05) higher levels of 6.57±0.54×10^-3 and 7.29±0.48×10^-3, and 6.94±0.44×10^-3 and 6.86±0.44×10^-3 at 12 and 24 h, respectively. The rate constant of cytochrome aa ₃ reflectance between the OC-5186 groups and the control group was not significant. It is concluded that OC-5186 has a protective effect on the mitochondrial respiratory chain against cold-preservation and/or reperfusion injury.     

Anatomy of the liver

The liver is the largest organ in the body. Its gross anatomical divisions comprise the right, left, caudate and quadrate lobes, which do not correspond with its functional division into eight hepatic segments, each with their own blood supply and biliary drainage. The porta hepatis transmits the hepatic artery, portal vein and right and left hepatic ducts (the portal triad), together with lymphatic and autonomic nerves. The venous drainage of the liver, directly into the inferior vena cava, comprises the right, left and middle hepatic veins, together with the small accessory hepatic veins.     

Analysis of growth in children after orthotopic liver transplantation

Growth after pediatric liver transplantation is an important factor in determining the quality of life. We collected data on height, skeletal age, and liver function of 45 consecutive pediatric transplant recipients and assessed the influence of primary diagnosis, liver function, and immunosuppressive regimen on their growth. Height and skeletal age were plotted as median standard deviation scores versus years post-transplantation. Growth, in terms of both height and skeletal age, were continuous without catch-up growth. Primary diagnosis was found to have no influence on height and poor liver function had a negative effect on both height and skeletal growth. A higher alternate day prednisolone maintenance dose also had a negative effect on skeletal growth. Thus, it can be concluded that a pretransplant lack of growth will not be restored and is an indication for early transplantation in endstage liver disease, especially in younger children.     

Ranitidine as an inhibitor of liver regeneration

The effects of ranitidine, a new H2-receptor antagonist, on liver regeneration were investigated using a protocol described previously. The animals in Group I had standard two-thirds hepatectomy. In Group II, the rats received an 8 mg/kg intramuscular dose of ranitidine immediately and 24 and 48 hours after two-thirds hepatectomy. In Group III, the rats had the same amounts of ranitidine after a sham operation. Mortality rate, liver weight restoration, mitotic activities of the residual livers, and serum levels of aminotransferases were examined from 24 hours to 14 days after operation. The mortality was very high in Group II (45 percent), whereas no rats died in Group I, and only 1 of 35 animals died in Group III. Administration of ranitidine after hepatectomy resulted in suppression not only of liver restoration, but also of the mitotic activities of hepatocytes. The serum aminotransferase levels in Group II had a tendency to increase after hepatectomy, compared with the levels in Group I. Using light microscopy, we detected that the hepatectomized group treated with ranitidine (Group II) underwent profound liver steatosis and marked dilatation of sinusoidal spaces. The present and previous observations by us indicate that ranitidine also inhibits, like cimetidine, liver regeneration after hepatectomy. The causes of the inhibitory effects of both cimetidine and ranitidine on hepatocyte cell division have also been discussed herein.     

Erythromycin ototoxicity in liver transplant patients

We reprot on three liver transplant patients who developed erythromycin-related ototoxicity. This complication has been described in renal transplant patients and in patients with liver dysfunction, but to our knowledge it has not yet been reported in liver transplant patients. The influence of hepatic dysfunction, common renal failure, and the interaction between cyclosporin and erythromycin in the development of erythromycin ototoxicity are discussed.     

Carotenoids and alcoholic liver disease

Chronic and excessive consumption of alcohol leads to the development of alcoholic liver disease. The depletion of vitamin A is a well-known consequence of alcohol consumption, and may be associated with the observed alcohol-induced hepatic injury. The provitamin A carotenoid β-carotene has been demonstrated to increase alcohol-induced hepatic injury when given in high doses, while low dose supplementation provides protection against hepatic injury. However, it is unknown if the hepatoprotective effects of low dose β-carotene are due to the protective actions of β-carotene itself or if the alterations are due to restored vitamin A levels. Future studies are needed to provide further insight into the specific mechanisms by which β-carotene exerts its protective effect. Further, supplementation studies utilizing high doses of β-carotene in the presence of alcohol must be done with caution.