经翼点入路显微手术切除颅内肿瘤

目的介绍20例经翼点入路切除颅内肿瘤的方法、体会。方法回顾性分析了应用翼点入路及显微神经外科技术切除垂体瘤、颅咽管瘤和蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤等20例手术。结果16例肿瘤全切除，3例大部切除，1例部分切除；17例恢复正常的工作、学习，良好率为85％。结论垂体瘤、颅咽管瘤和蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤等经翼点入路，采用显微手术，是提高全切除率的重要手段。     

经眶上翼点入路显微手术切除巨大鞍区肿瘤

目的 总结经眶上翼点入路显微手术切巨大鞍区肿瘤的经验。方法 经上翼点入路显微手术切除巨大鞍区肿瘤18例,其中垂体腺瘤7例,颅咽管瘤8例,生殖细胞瘤、脑膜瘤、成熟性畸胎瘤各1例。结果 肿瘤全切除12例,次全切除6例。术后随访4－23个月,恢复良好12例,生活自理3例,生活需人照顾2例,死亡1例。结论 眶上翼点入路能很好地显露鞍区 肿瘤及其周围结构,显微手术是安全切除肿瘤、保护下丘脑功能的关键。     

内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路切除颅咽管瘤手术方法及术后护理对策

目的:总结内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路显微手术切除颅咽管瘤方法及术后护理对策.方法:采用眶上锁孔入路,内镜辅助显微技术切除颅咽管瘤11例.其中鞍内-鞍上型2例,鞍上-视定叉周围-脑室外型8例,脑室内-外型1例.结果:术后复查MRI,肿瘤全切除8例,次全切除3例,残余瘤体给予放疗,无手术死亡.随访3个月-2.3年,肿瘤复发1例.颅咽管瘤术前原有症状均有明显不同程度的好转.结论:内镜辅助眶上锁孔入路能清楚显露颅咽管瘤与周围结构的关系,提高了显微手术的精细度与安全性,及时有效的术后护理,提高了疾病的治愈率,防止并发症的发生.     

显微手术治疗颅咽管瘤19例

目的 报道颅咽管瘤显微手术的入路选择及手术疗效。方法 回顾分析近28个月来收治的19例颅咽管瘤患者的临床材料及治疗方法和结果。开颅手术13例，其中全切除7例，次全切除4例，部分切除2例，经蝶手术6例，其中次全切除4例，部分切除2例。结果 手术后死亡1例，动眼神经麻痹1例。结论 采用合理的手术入路，显微手术能有效治疗颅咽管瘤。     

颅咽管瘤显微外科手术62例分析

目的 探讨颅咽管瘤显微外科手术的临床效果. 方法 应用显微外科手术切除颅咽管瘤62例,其中翼点入路19例、额下入路25例、经胼胝体入路11例、经蝶入路7例,根据临床、影像学术后随访结果分析临床效果.结果 手术全切除37例,垂体柄完全保留19例,肿瘤复发1例,死亡1例;手术部分切除25例,垂体柄完全保留24例,肿瘤复发5例,死亡1例. 结论 应用显微外科手术,选择合理的手术入路,可以改善肿瘤全切除率、垂体柄的保留率,减少复发率以及并发症的发生.     

眶上经眉弓锁孔入路显微手术治疗鞍区肿瘤

目的探讨经眉弓锁孔入路显微手术切除鞍区肿瘤的技术. 方法 2001年7月～2004年6月我院采用经眉弓2.0 cm×3.0 cm游离小骨窗锁孔入路,开放鞍区脑池,显露深部结构,切除鞍区肿瘤33例. 结果 26例垂体瘤全切除19例,次全切除7例;4例颅咽管瘤全切除3例,1例次全切除;2例脑膜瘤全切除;1例视交叉胶质瘤大部分切除.术后5例出现一过性尿崩症,1例发生癫痫大发作,无出血、感染等术后并发症.33例随访4～36个月,平均27个月,全切24例肿瘤无复发,7例垂体瘤、1例颅咽管瘤、1例视交叉胶质瘤术后放疗肿瘤未见增大. 结论经眉弓锁孔入路对脑组织无效暴露少,创伤小,术后并发症少,提高了手术安全性.     

经胼胝体-穹窿间入路显微手术切除颅咽管瘤

目的探讨经胼胝体-穹窿间入路显微切除颅咽管瘤的临床效果。方法经胼胝体-穹窿间入路切除颅咽管瘤21例。结果在手术显微镜下全切除10例，近全切除8例，大部分切除3例，无死亡病例。结论应用显微外科技术该入路可以切除第三脑室内颅咽管瘤，术野显露清楚，不易造成穹窿、丘脑、大脑内静脉、丘纹静脉的损伤，减少了术后并发症的发生。     

复发性颅咽管瘤的手术治疗

目的　探讨复发性颅咽管瘤的手术治疗方法。方法　回顾性分析 4 0例复发性颅咽管瘤患者的临床资料。其中男 2 4例 ,女 16例 ,平均年龄 35 1岁。主要临床表现 :视力减退 2 5例 ,头痛9例 ,视野缺损 2例 ,闭经 2例 ,性欲减退 1例 ,多饮多尿 1例。平均复发时间 2 9年。 32例为手术后肿瘤残留复发 ,8例为手术肿瘤全切除后复发。肿瘤位于鞍上 19例 ,鞍上 鞍下 9例 ,鞍下 5例 ,第三脑室者 7例。囊性肿瘤 2 1例 ,实性 19例。钙化者 2 7例 ,其中大块样钙化 ( >2cm)者 5例。有脑积水者 12例。手术采用翼点入路 33例 ,额下入路 5例 ,纵裂经胼胝体入路 2例。结果　经翼点入路 33例中 ,2 2例全切除 ,近全切除 9例 ,大部切除 2例。额下入路 5例 ,4例全切除 ,1例近全切除。纵裂胼胝体前部入路 2例中 1例肿瘤全切除 ,1例近全切除。术中垂体柄保留 8例 ,术中断裂 9例 ,术中未见垂体柄 2 3例。术后多饮多尿 17例 ,下丘脑功能低下 12例 ,术后 35d因下丘脑功能低下死亡 1例。随访 3个月～ 3年 ,2 2例患者正常生活和工作 ,11例患者可做轻工作或生活自理 ,6例患者生活需要照顾。结论　虽然复发性颅咽管瘤与周围下丘脑结构有不同程度的粘连 ,但是多数复发性颅咽管瘤患者手术治疗仍可达到良好的效果     

经蝶入路显微外科切除颅咽管瘤

目的　为探求一种颅咽管瘤切除的手术径路可能性。　方法　回顾总结１８ 例颅咽管瘤的诊断方式,手术技巧和治疗结果,均经 Ｃ Ｔ 或 Ｍ Ｒ Ｉ扫描确诊。手术采取经唇下蝶窦入路或经鼻前庭鼻中隔蝶窦入路两种方式行肿瘤切除术。　结果　９ 例肿瘤获全切除,４ 例次全切除,余５ 例为部分切除,术后无死亡。１５ 例获长期随访（ 平均３１ 年） ,有１２ 例恢复良好。　结论　对位于鞍内的颅咽管瘤或肿瘤系囊性并向鞍上扩展者,采用经蝶入路显微手术切除是一种安全、有效的方法     

经蝶窦入路显微手术切除小儿颅咽管瘤

目的 探讨经蝶窦入路切除小儿颅咽管瘤的手术技巧及适应证。方法 10例接受了11次经蝶窦手术,10次采用唇下－鼻中隔－蝶窦入路,1次采用鼻外侧－筛窦－蝶窦入路,在X线透视监测及显微放大10－15倍下切除肿瘤,对未能全切除病例术后加后放疗1个疗程。结果 无死亡、 无严重并发症,全切除4例,次全切除4例,部分切除2例,其中1例残瘤病例再次经蝶窦手术获得全切除。随访3个月－9年,肿瘤消失5例,残瘤静止4例,1例复发。结论 小儿颅咽管瘤局限于鞍内或伴蝶窦扩大的鞍内 －鞍上型可经蝶窦手术,但钙化明显的肿瘤经该入路难以获得令人满意的切除。     

结节性甲状腺肿术后复发原因及防治

目的 分析结节性甲状腺肿术后复发的原因，并探讨防治其术后复发的有效方法。方法 回顾性分析1988～2000年我院收治的结节性甲状腺肿术后复发病人76例。结果 76例中首次手术表现为结节性甲状腺肿58例，甲状腺腺瘤样改变18例。行单纯结节切除16例，腺叶部分切除34例，一侧次全切除加对侧结节摘除18例，双侧腺叶次全切除8例。再次手术均行双侧甲状腺叶次全切除术。术后无严重并发症。再次术后给予甲状腺素片治疗。随访2～10年，无一例复发。结论 结节性甲状腺肿术后复发与病变性质，手术适应证的掌握以及手术方式密切相关。严格掌握手术指征，正确选择手术方式以及术后系统的服用甲状腺素，可以降低结节性甲状腺肿术后复发。     

110例颅咽管瘤手术经验

目的 探讨手术全切除颅咽管瘤的有效方法。方法 110例颅咽管瘤患者,男性62例,女性58例。年龄15．0－67．0岁,平均34．4岁。其中102例患者取翼点入路,5例经额下入 路,3例经纵裂从胼胝体至穹窿间隙和第三脑室前部切除肿瘤。术中根据肿瘤位置,从视交叉前间隙、视神经外侧间隙和颈内动脉外侧间隙切除肿瘤。术中注意保护下丘脑神经结构和防止穿通动脉的 损伤。结果 101例患者达到肿瘤全切除,6例次全切除,3例大部切除。术中垂体柄保留57例,断裂29例,未见垂体柄24例。术后54例患者有多饮多尿,52例3个月内恢复,2例持续1年以上;52例患者有血钠紊乱,均在3个月内恢复;3例术后视力减退加重;3例动眼神经麻痹,其中1例1年以上仍无恢复,2例暂短性肢体瘫;4例死亡。术后随访1个月－5．0年,平均1．1年。101例肿瘤全切除患者,有4例复发。本组患者术后99例能参加日常工作,5例生活自理,2例需要生活照顾。结论 选择合适的手术入路,保护下丘脑结构和功能,是颅咽管瘤全切除并获得良好效果的关键。     

Spontaneous complete regression of hypothalamic pilocytic astrocytoma after partial resection in a child,complicated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome: a case report and literature review

Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is the most common pediatric central nervous system glial neoplasm and the most common pediatric cerebellar tumor. The spontaneous regression that occurs after partial/subtotal resection is multifactorial, depending on multiple factors, as for the case of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of the host to the implanted tumor. A 7-year-old boy was referred to a neurosurgery clinic with headache. Further imaging workup revealed hypothalamic PA. Partial resection of the lesions was performed with right-side pterional approach. The patient developed a severe panmucositis [Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)] and respiratory failure plus conjunctivitis, due to phenytoin allergy. During the patient’s 6-month follow-up, postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a residual tumor, and about 9 months later (at 15 months postoperatively), the MRI showed total regression of the tumor. Clinically, symptomatic PA may undergo spontaneous regression after partial resection. We report a well-documented case of spontaneous regression hypothalamic PA after partial resection that complicated with SJS. Immune system reaction in SJS may have a role in tumor behavior and spontaneous regression. Multiple studies confirmed spontaneous regression in PA after partial/subtotal resection. This phenomenon occurs due to humoral and cell-mediated host immune responses to the implanted tumor. The immune system reaction in SJS may have a role in tumor behavior and spontaneous regression.     

Microsurgical management of craniopharyngiomas.

A retrospective analysis of 34 patients who underwent microsurgical therapy for craniopharyngioma from 1975 to 1989, a period when CT imaging was routinely used, is presented. Mean follow-up was 6.4 years with no patients lost to follow-up. Those who underwent subtotal resection with adjuvant radiation had a significantly better recurrence-free interval compared with those who either underwent total or subtotal surgical resection only (p < 0.05 and p < 0.025). Among patients treated with surgery alone, the total resection group had a recurrence rate of 20% and those with a subtotal resection 60%. Those with subtotal resection and radiation had a 12% rate of recurrence. Endocrine and visual deficits were common after surgery. Based on this review, our results suggest that with a policy of attempted total resection where possible, subtotal removal along with adjuvant radiation, in cases where total resection was deemed unsafe, may be more effective than aggressive total resection alone as the initial management of craniopharyngioma.     

Extended transsphenoidal surgery for suprasellar craniopharyngiomas: infrachiasmatic radical resection combined with or without a suprachiasmatic trans-lamina terminalis approach

BACKGROUND: An extended transsphenoidal approach allowed for direct midline exposure of the parasellar structures such as the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and the third ventricle. To evaluate the capability of this approach for removal of suprasellar craniopharyngiomas, surgical outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. METHODS: During a 9-year period, 20 consecutive patients with suprasellar craniopharyngioma underwent transsphenoidal tumor resection. The average follow-up period was 55 months. No patient had a purely intrasellar tumor, 9 had prechiasmatic tumors, 9 had retrochiasmatic tumors, and 2 had purely intraventricular tumors. RESULTS: Total resection was achieved in 86% of operations. Even in mostly intraventricular cases, a transsphenoidal trans-lamina terminalis approach afforded complete resection. Visual improvement and preservation of the pituitary stalk were achieved in 84% and 95% of cases, respectively. New postoperative deterioration of pituitary function occurred in about 65% of cases, and no patient resolved their preoperative hormonal disturbance after surgery. The overall percentage of patients with diabetes insipidus increased to 61% postoperatively from 11% preoperatively. Nonendocrinologic surgical complications were observed: worsening of vision in 3 patients, hyperphagia in 3 patients, short-term memory loss in 2 patients, and cerebrospinal fluid leakage in 3 patients. Recurrence after total resection occurred in 2 (11%) patients with retrochiasmatic tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Reasonable surgical results in this study suggest that the extended transsphenoidal approach is safe and effective for removal of craniopharyngiomas. Although preservation of the pituitary stalk can be achieved in a high percentage of patients, postoperative endocrinopathy still remains as a significant problem after radical removal of the craniopharyngioma.     

显微手术切除颅底沟通性脊索瘤

目的 探讨不同颅面入路治疗颅底沟通性脊索瘤的入路选择和显微手术方法.方法 手术治疗并经病理证实的颅底沟通性脊索瘤22例.采用颅面入路或联合入路显微手术切除,包括扩大的前颅底入路8例,改良Weber-Ferguson入路8例,下颌入路6例.其中部分向颅内生长明显的沟通性肿瘤,联合经颅手术,包括翼点入路3例,颞颧入路1例,枕下乙状窦后入路2例.对患者预后进行长期随访.结果 肿瘤全切除10例,次全切除7例,大部切除4例,部分切除1例.肿瘤全切除或次全切除占77.3%.术后无死亡和严重神经功能障碍患者.术后脑脊液漏1例,伤口感染1例,动眼神经不全麻痹2例,展神经麻痹1例.本组中20例进行了随访,随访1～10年,平均3.4年.恢复正常工作或部分工作12例,不能工作但能生活自理5例,生活不能自理1例,死于肿瘤复发2例.结论 颅底沟通性脊索瘤侵犯范围广泛,应争取手术尽可能全切.根据肿瘤的不同部位和生长方向,选择不同入路或联合入路.显微外科手术可提高切除率、降低并发症,同时应注意硬脑膜的修补和颅底的重建.     

Management of Recurrent Craniopharyngioma

Summary Although histologically benign, craniopharyngioma can regrow either from macroscopic remnants of the tumour left behind at operation, or even after an apparently gross total removal. Recurrence rates vary significantly in the literature, depending on the efficacy of surgical treatment and also on the growth potential of the tumour itself. The main factor influencing tumour regrowth is obviously the extent of surgical resection, as total removal carries a much lesser risk of recurrence compared to subtotal or partial resections (although in such cases radiation therapy can lower this risk significantly). Other factors involved are the duration of follow-up and patient's age at operation, as children tend to relapse more frequently than adults. Even in the “microsurgery” era, characterized by high percentages of total resections, recurrences remain high and continue to represent a major problem of craniopharyngioma treatment. Twenty-seven children and adolescents were operated on for craniopharyngioma at the Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, between June 1985 and June 1997. Total tumour resection was achieved in 18 cases, subtotal in 7 and partial 2 instances. One patient died post-operatively. Post-operative neuroradiological investigations confirmed the operative findings, although 3 children with an apparently gross total removal showed a residual non-enhancing calcium fleck adherent to the hypothalamus (which remained stable at the following examinations). Three of the 9 patients with less than total removal underwent post-operative radiation therapy. Out of the 26 surviving patients 6 presented a recurrence of their craniopharyngioma, 2 after an apparently gross total removal and 4 after a subtotal or partial resection (one of them had received radiation therapy). The diagnosis was merely neuroradiological in 5 cases, as only one child presented a clinical picture suggestive of tumour regrowth. Surgery was the first therapeutic option in all cases. Total tumour resection was accomplished in 3 cases, subtotal in 2 and partial in the last one. One child died post-operatively. Four of the 5 survivors received radiation therapy. All the patients are presently alive and stable (mean follow-up: 5.6 yrs). The authors conclude that surgery should be the first therapeutic option in case of recurrent craniopharyngioma and that radiation therapy should also be considered but only as adjuvant therapy.     

翼点入路显微手术切除巨大型鞍结节脑膜瘤

目的总结经翼点入路显微手术切除巨大鞍结节脑膜瘤的经验. 方法 2000年2月～2004年11月我院应用显微外科技术,治疗巨大鞍结节脑膜瘤18例.偏侧生长的肿瘤选择翼点入路,先处理肿瘤基底减少血供,再充分利用鞍区脑池及肿瘤与周围结构之间的蛛网膜界面,在保护好重要结构的前提下最大限度地切除肿瘤. 结果全切除16例(88.9%),次全切除2例(11.1%),无一例手术死亡.14例随访3个月～4年,平均2.5年,肿瘤无复发. 结论翼点入路可对中颅窝、鞍区病变进行良好暴露,提高巨大型鞍结节脑膜瘤全切除率.     

Binasal Endoscopic Approach to the Sellar Region: Experience and Outcome Analysis of 80 Cases

A prospective study was performed on 80 cases of different types of sellar lesions during the period between January 2007 and December 2010. The binasal approach was used in all patients. Functioning lesions were diagnosed in 59 patients. The most common secretory tumors were prolactinomas (37 patients) followed by adrenocorticotropic hormone producing tumors (11 patients) and growth hormone producing tumors (11 patients). Nonfunctioning lesions included: 14 pituitary adenomas, 2 chordomas, 2 metastatic lesions (ovarian carcinoma and thyroid carcinoma), and 1 case of sarcoidosis, Rathke''s cleft cyst, and craniopharyngioma. Seven nonfunctioning cases developed apoplexy. Among the 59 patients with functioning pituitary lesions, postoperative endocrinological control was achieved in 51 of them (86.5%) 3 months postoperatively with normalization of pituitary functions and complete tumor resection as proved by postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Postoperative visual field defect improvement was achieved in 15 out of 23 patients (65.2%), including the cases with apoplexy, with complete tumor resection. Postoperative discomfort such as headache, vomiting, or dizziness was minimal and hospitalization period was 2 to 3 days. Postoperative leak continued in one patient in whom revision surgical repair was performed 7 days later. The merits, outcome, and limitations of the approach were discussed.