Detection of bladder tumors with 3-dimensional sonography and virtual sonographic cystoscopy.

OBJECTIVE: Bladder tumors are among the most common types of malignant neoplasms of the urinary tract. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential value of 3-dimensional (3D) sonography and sonographic cystoscopy in detection of bladder tumors. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with suspected or known bladder tumors were included this study. All patients underwent 3D sonography and conventional cystoscopy within 15 days. The number, size, location, and morphologic features of the lesions were evaluated on gray scale, 3D virtual, and multiplanar reconstruction images obtained from the patients. The results of 3D sonographic cystoscopy were compared with the findings from conventional cystoscopy, which was considered the reference standard. RESULTS: Twenty-eight (90.3%) of 31 3D virtual sonographic cystoscopic studies had good or excellent image quality. Conventional cystoscopy revealed 47 lesions in 22 of 28 patients; 3D sonographic virtual cystoscopy showed 41 (87.2%) of 47 lesions. Three-dimensional virtual sonography alone had sensitivity of 96.2%, specificity of 70.6%, a positive predictive value of 93.9%, and a negative predictive value of 80% for tumor detection. The combination of gray scale sonography, multiplanar reconstruction, and 3D virtual sonography had sensitivity of 96.4%, specificity of 88.8%, a positive predictive value of 97.6%, and a negative predictive value of 84.2% for tumor detection. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional sonography is a promising alternative noninvasive technique for use in detection of bladder tumors, their localization, and perivesical spreading. The location, size, and morphologic features of the tumors shown on 3D sonography agreed well with the findings of conventional cystoscopy.     

Three‐Dimensional Ultrasonography‐Based Virtual Cystoscopy of the Pediatric Urinary Bladder

Objective. The purpose of this study was to validate the feasibility and potential of 3‐dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS)‐based virtual cystoscopy in the pediatric urinary bladder. Methods. Twenty patients (age range, newborn–14 years) underwent urinary tract ultrasonography and 3DUS of the urinary bladder. From this data set, virtual cystoscopy was reconstructed for visualization of the inner bladder surface. Three‐dimensional ultrasonography was compared with 2‐dimensional ultrasonographic (2DUS) findings, voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) results, and reports from cystoscopy or surgery when available. Results. Three‐dimensional ultrasonography was feasible in all patients. Data quality was sufficient for virtual cystoscopy without major motion artifacts. The 3DUS results matched all other findings; particularly, 3DUS superiorly visualized the ureteral ostium and the bladder neck configuration; in 5 patients, 3DUS depicted pathologically shaped ostia not detected by 2DUS. This correlated with the presence of vesicoureteral reflux on VCUG. Performing virtual cystoscopy added 1 minute to the investigation time (range, 0.5–2 minutes) and 3 minutes for postprocessing and viewing (range, 2–5 minutes). Conclusions. Three‐dimensional ultrasonography‐based virtual cystoscopy is feasible in the pediatric urinary bladder without sedation. It reveals surface information not accessible by 2DUS, improving detection of pathologic conditions such as atypically shaped ureteral ostia. Three‐dimensional ultrasonography‐based cystoscopy may become a valuable adjunct to 2DUS of the pediatric urinary tract, improving selection criteria for further imaging such as VCUG, and potentially may help reduce the need for endoscopic cystoscopy. However, these preliminary results still have to be confirmed in prospective studies with larger patient numbers.     

Bladder carcinoma: MDCT cystography and virtual cystoscopy

Bladder carcinoma is the most common tumor among the low urinary tract, accounting for 90% of cancer cases. Conventional cystoscopy represents the gold standard for diagnosis and local management of bladder carcinoma. As the prevalence of transitional cell carcinoma is four-fold greater in men than in women, the endoscopic procedure presents objective difficulties related to the length and bending of male urethra. The most important problems are represented by intense discomfort for the patient and bleeding; furthermore, the high cost, invasivity, and local complications such as infections and mechanical lesions are well-known drawbacks. Additionally, conventional cystoscopy does not provide information about extravescical extensions of the tumor. CT cystography, combined with virtual cystoscopy, is mandatory for TNM staging of the tumor and also is useful when conventional cystoscopy is inconclusive or cannot be performed. We presents the CT cystography findings with virtual endoscopy correlation and bladder carcinoma appearance.     

The diagnostic accuracy of multidetector computed tomography with multiplanar reformatted imaging and virtual cystoscopy in the early detection and evaluation of bladder carcinoma: comparison with conventional cystoscopy

Purpose

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) with multiplanar reformatted imaging and virtual cystoscopy (VC) in early detection and evaluation of bladder masses with comparison with conventional cystoscopic findings.

Materials and methods

This prospective study included 35 patients with suspected bladder cancer were studied by computed tomographic cystography (CTC) and virtual cystography (VC) in both the supine and prone positions after distending the bladder with air. The patient population was divided into three groups based on lesion size at conventional cystoscopy (CC). Results of the CT study were compared with those of CC.

Main outcome measures

Sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive value was used to study the association between VC and CC as regarding lesion detection.

Results

The size of the tumors varied from 2 mm to occupying more than three quarters of the bladder. Of the 71 lesions detected on CC, 47 lesions were positive in histopathology, 28 were <4 mm (19 were positive and 9 were negative for neoplasia), and four of these were missed on VC, with one of 3 mm missed on CC and correctly located by VC. Thus, all lesions of >4 mm were detected by VC and 24 of 28 <4 mm. The locations of all were correctly described at VC when compared with CC. The overall sensitivity of VC vs. CC was 94.36%, specificity 71.42%, PPV was 97.1%, and NPV was 55.55%.

Conclusion

Cystoscopy remains the standard of reference for the evaluation of the urinary bladder, but MDCT is indicated for examination of patients on whom CC is contraindicated, difficult to perform, unsatisfactory in interpretation, and as an adjuvant tool in the evaluation of areas difficult to assess with CC.     

经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术联合髂内动脉栓塞化疗治疗高龄高危浸润性膀胱癌的临床效果

目的探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术(TURBt)联合髂内动脉栓塞化疗治疗因高龄高危不能耐受根治性膀胱全切的肌层浸润性膀胱癌的临床疗效。方法对2010年2月-2016年5月26例经B超、CT及膀胱镜检查确诊为肌层浸润性膀胱癌但不能耐受根治性膀胱全切的高龄高危患者采用TURBt联合髂内动脉栓塞及灌注化疗进行治疗,TURBt可于灌注化疗前或灌注化疗后进行,具体视肿瘤大小及患者病情而定。结果 26例患者手术及髂内动脉栓塞化疗均顺利完成。术前栓塞化疗16例,术后栓塞化疗1次18例,2次9例,3次5例。术后7例复发者再次行TURBt,2例2次复发,行第3次TURBt,复发者再次术前栓塞化疗1次3例。6例合并前列腺增生(BPH)致排尿困难者同时行经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)。未发生与手术相关的严重并发症,无围手术期死亡。术后病理报告均为肌层浸润性移行细胞癌。灌注化疗期间未发生骨髓抑制、贫血和肝肾功能损害等严重毒副作用。术后随访3个月~6年,2年内死亡2例,2~5年内死亡4例,18例生存至今,2例失访。结论对于肌层浸润性膀胱癌的高龄高危患者,TURBt联合髂内动脉栓塞化疗,具有微创、痛苦小、并发症少的特点,避免了根治性膀胱全切术带来的高风险性,以及由于尿流改道而造成的生活质量下降,有效延缓了病情的进展。方法安全、疗效可靠。     

Cystosonography in the detection of bladder tumors: a prospective and retrospective study.

To determine the sensitivity of real-time abdominal ultrasound as a screening test to detect bladder tumors, a prospective study of 100 patients with painless hematuria was undertaken. Each patient was examined by excretory urography, bladder ultrasound, and cystoscopy. Results of the ultrasound and intravenous urography examinations were compared with cystoscopy results. Of 14 bladder lesions noted, ultrasound detected seven prospectively whereas intravenous urography detected 12. With awareness of the ultrasonographic appearance of bladder tumors, 12 lesions could be detected retrospectively. A fully distended bladder is necessary to avoid simulation of a neoplasm and false-positive ultrasound findings. Awareness of the cystosonographic appearance of bladder tumors may allow detection of asymptomatic tumors during routine pelvic ultrasound examinations.     

Virtual cystoscopy

Bladder cancer is a common problem facing urologists worldwide. The gold standard for its diagnosis and follow-up is the direct visualization of the tumor using conventional cystoscopy. Despite having high sensitivity and specificity for detecting bladder cancer, conventional cystoscopy is regarded as an invasive procedure which is associated with several complications. In addition, regular follow-up of patients with bladder cancer is a financial burden on the health system. With the progressive development in diagnostic imaging and medical computer software technologies, it was possible to generate virtual reality images to aid the clinician to inspect the interior of the bladder in real time. This technology is considered as a safe test for bladder cancer diagnosis and follow-up, and it is associated with cancer detection rates comparable with conventional cystoscopy. However, it is associated with some drawbacks that limit its use in routine clinical practice at the current time. In this paper, we review the development and clinical applications of this technology.     

超声显像与静脉肾盂造影、膀胱镜检查对膀胱癌诊断价值的比较

目的　比较超声、静脉肾盂造影及膀胱镜检查对膀胱癌的诊断价值。方法　对临床疑为膀胱癌的 45例患者首先应用超声显像检测 ,然后部分患者再进行静脉肾盂造影及 或膀胱镜检查 ,检查结果与术后病理结果进行对照分析。结果　超声、静脉肾盂造影及膀胱镜检查诊断膀胱癌与手术病理诊断符合率分别为 95 .6% (4 3 45 )、75 .0 % (2 1 2 8)及 97.2 % (3 5 3 6)。在膀胱癌的诊断上 ,超声与静脉肾盂造影相比有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,超声与膀胱镜检查相比无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　超声显像对膀胱癌的诊断可提供重要诊断依据。但应与膀胱移行上皮增生 ,膀胱腺体增生 ,小房小梁形成伴出血进行鉴别。     

Adapting nurse‐led cystoscopy experience to the United States: Tele‐cystoscopy a possible compromise?

Urology workforce shortages in rural areas limit access to diagnostic cystoscopy for hematuria or surveillance cystoscopy for patients with bladder cancer. To address this, we developed a tele‐cystoscopy model in which urologic advanced practice professionals (APPs) perform cystoscopies that are interpreted in real‐time by board‐certified urologists at their home institution. This collaborative model allows the cystoscopic interpretation to be performed by a board‐certified urologist. This model may both improve access for patients in remote locations and may lead to greater acceptance of nurse‐led cystoscopy in the medical legal environment found in the United States.     

静脉膀胱造影64排螺旋CT扫描及仿真内镜成像技术探讨

目的探讨静脉膀胱造影膀胱CT扫描方法,提高膀胱CT仿真内镜图像质量。方法将94例膀胱检查患者分为三组：A组30例,盆腔增强扫描后,将尿液排完,再口服300 ml水,上检查床翻转两次后行膀胱扫描;B组32例,扫描同A组相同,但喝水量则根据扫描时所测膀胱充盈后的体积口服等量的水;C组32例,盆腔增强扫描后,不排尿,等候30 min,上检查床后反转两次后行膀胱扫描。测定膀胱腔内不同区域液体密度的CT值;对膀胱仿真内镜图像进行评分,统计分析结果。结果 A组和B组膀胱腔内不同区域所测CT值差别无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,显示膀胱内对比剂均匀性较好。C组膀胱腔内不同区域所测CT值差别有统计学意义（P〈0.001）,显示膀胱内对比剂均匀性差。三组CT仿真内镜图像评分之间总体差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）;两两比较,A组与B组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,A组与C组及B组与C组之间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。A组和B组图像明显优于C组。结论盆腔增强扫描后,将尿液排完,再口服300ml水,上检查床反转两次后行膀胱扫描,可获得良好的CT仿真内镜图像。     

Bladder tumors: virtual MR cystoscopy

Virtual cystoscopy is a promising new technique based on computer-simulated rendering of the inner surface of the urinary bladder using volumetric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging data, thus enabling maneuvers that normally are not possible with conventional cystoscopy. Due to several distinct advantages over conventional cystoscopy such as minimal invasiveness, evaluation of the urethral orifice from a cranial point of view and an opportunity to observe diverticula formations and the inner urethral space, gadolinium-enhanced MR cystoscopy has a great potential for competing with conventional cystoscopy under some clinical circumstances. The recent improvement in MR scanners has significantly facilitated virtual cystoscopic evaluation of the urinary bladder lumen by MR imaging. Volumetric data associated with powerful postprocessing procedures allow imaging of the inner urinary bladder surface with excellent detail. In this article, imaging techniques and clinical applications of gadolinium-enhanced virtual MR cystoscopy are presented.     

实时影像虚拟导航系统在肝癌微创治疗中的初步应用

目的 应用实时影像融合虚拟导航技术对常规超声显示不佳的肝癌病灶行经皮肿瘤微创治疗,明确此影像技术的安全性、可行性及临床应用价值.方法 15例患者共22个肝癌病灶接受虚拟导航引导下经皮消融术,并于术后1月内经增强CT/MR评定消融效果.结果 20个病灶完全消融,2个病灶有局部残留.未出现与治疗相关的并发症.结论 实时影像虚拟导航系统能精确定位病灶,引导穿刺和监控治疗,特别对常规超声不显示的肝癌病灶,虚拟导航技术更显示出优越性.     

CT仿真膀胱内窥镜的初步临床应用

目的 探讨CT仿真膀胱内窥镜成像技术的临床应用价值。材料和方法 对17例患者的膀胱充盈高密度造影剂，然后行螺旋CT容积扫描。17例中13例经静脉注射造影剂，半小时后进行扫描；另4例经导尿管注入造影剂后立即扫描。将获得的容积数据经软件处理成仿真内窥镜影像，并与膀胱镜及手术结果比较。结果 CT信真膀胱内窥阄能够显示膀胱内壁、输尿管口及憩室内壁。9例膀胱移行上皮细胞癌中，仅1例病灶呈广泛粟粒状而漏诊。另1例膀胱炎亦漏诊。结论 CT仿真膀胱内窥镜可作为膀胱镜的补充手段，有其一定的优越性，尤适用于不宜做膀胱镜检查者。     

实时影像虚拟导航系统在肝癌微创治疗中的初步应用

目的 应用实时影像融合虚拟导航技术对常规超声显示不佳的肝癌病灶行经皮肿瘤微创治疗,明确此影像技术的安全性、可行性及临床应用价值.方法 15例患者共22个肝癌病灶接受虚拟导航引导下经皮消融术,并于术后1月内经增强CT/MR评定消融效果.结果 20个病灶完全消融,2个病灶有局部残留.未出现与治疗相关的并发症.结论 实时影像虚拟导航系统能精确定位病灶,引导穿刺和监控治疗,特别对常规超声不显示的肝癌病灶,虚拟导航技术更显示出优越性.     

窄带光成像在膀胱癌早期诊断及复发监测中的应用研究

目的探讨窄带光成像（narrow band imaging,NBI）在膀胱癌早期诊断和随访中的作用。方法64例患者,其中48例为初发可疑膀胱癌患者,16例为膀胱癌术后随访患者。采用随机方法分别对同一病例使用普通白光成像（white light imaging,WLI）和NBI进行观察,对可疑病灶标记并进行活检病理学检查。结果本组共46例诊断为膀胱癌,其中34例WLI和NBI均可发现,另12例只能通过NBI发现。WLI诊断灵敏度为78．8％,NBI为100％（P=0．038）;WLI诊断假阳性率为27．3％,NBI为23．3％（P〉0．05）。结论NBI较WLI对膀胱肿瘤更敏感,有利于早期诊断膀胱肿瘤。     

Comparative viewing modalities for CT cystography

Background: To define the speed and accuracy of two different reconstructive techniques using computed tomography (CT) cystography for the detection and measurement of urinary bladder masses and determine the overall ease of use. Methods: Ten patients scheduled for cystoscopy for the evaluation of hematuria or bladder masses were studied by means of thin-section CT of the air-distended bladder. Two techniques were employed by two radiologists to blindly interpret the data: conventional two-dimensional data with interactive three-dimensional problem solving (2D3DPS) and surface-shaded display (SSD) three-dimensional images. The results were compared with the data from cystoscopy. Results: Twenty-two (100%) of 22 masses detected on cystoscopy were visualized using the reconstructive techniques. Both modalities were shown to have high accuracy, but only the 2D3DPS had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% for both observers at the patient-level diagnosis. The sensitivities for detecting individual masses for the two observers were 100% and 64% for 2D3DPS and 64% and 70% for SSD. Conclusion: Both methods used to display the CT data had a high sensitivity and specificity for masses, but only the 2D3DPS had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% at the patient-level diagnosis, thus making it a feasible imaging modality for cystography. It was also preferred overall for ease of use, high accuracy, and relative low cost. Received: 22 March 2000/Accepted: 3 May 2000     

磁共振仿真输尿管膀胱镜成像技术研究

目的 探讨磁共振仿真内窥镜尿路成像方法和技术。方法 采用磁共振水成像（MRH）和／或磁共振静脉尿路造影（MR－IVU）作为影像源,应用导航软件对150例患者进行了磁共振仿真尿路镜观察,其中107例同时行了X线静脉尿路造影（X－IVU）,33傲地了输尿管镜或膀胱镜检查。结果 单层块单激发FSE序列除外,几种MRH和MRIVU技术,均有效地采集了全尿路影像,并获得仿真内镜图像,无任何与检查相关的并发症,结论 磁共振仿真尿道镜的内腔和病变的内镜样显示,可由二维HT2－FSE或多薄层单激发FSE序列,和一次屏气下的二维或三维快速破坏梯度重聚FSPGR序列获取,是常规磁共振成像有效的补充方法。     

Comparison of CD44 and cytokeratin 20 mRNA in voided urine samples as diagnostic tools for bladder cancer

ObjectivesWe evaluated the diagnostic efficacy of urinary CD44 and cytokeratin 20 (CK20) mRNA in comparison with voided urine cytology (VUC) for the detection of bladder cancer.Design and methodsA total of 136 Egyptian patients provided a single voided urine sample for CD44, CK20 mRNA and VUC before cystoscopy. Of the 136 cases, 111 were histologically diagnosed as bladder cancer whereas the remaining 25 had benign urological disorders. A group of 20 healthy volunteers was also included in this study. Voided urine was centrifuged and the urine sediment was used for cytology, estimation of CD44 by ELISA and RNA extraction. CK20 mRNA was detected by conventional RT-PCR and quantitative real-time RT-PCR.ResultsThe best cutoff values for CD44 and relative CK20 mRNA detected by real-time RT-PCR were calculated by receiver operating characteristic curve. The positivity rates and the mean ranks for CD44 and CK20 mRNA showed significant difference among the three investigated groups (p = 0.001). Quantitative real-time RT-PCR results were comparable to conventional RT-PCR for the detection of CK20 mRNA. The positivity rate of CD44 was significantly associated with schistosomiasis and urine cytology. The overall sensitivity and specificity were 52.3% and 88.9% for VUC, 63.1% and 88.9% for CD44, and 82.0% and 97.8% for CK20 mRNA. Combined sensitivity of VUC with CD44 and CK20 mRNA together (95.5%) was higher than either the combined sensitivity of VUC with CD44 (78.4%) or with CK20 mRNA (91.0%) or than that of the biomarker alone.ConclusionUrinary CD44 and CK20 mRNA had higher sensitivities compared to VUC. However, when the diagnostic efficacy was considered, CK20 mRNA by either conventional RT-PCR or real-time RT-PCR had the highest sensitivity and specificity compared to CD44 and VUC.     

CEUS in the differentiation between low and high-grade bladder carcinoma

IntroductionBladder cancer ranks 4th overall in the number of newly diagnosed cancers and 10th in causes of cancer deaths. More than 90% of all cases of bladder cancer are transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). The goal of this study is to confirm the usefulness of low mechanical index contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS), also in association with time–intensity curves, in the differentiation between high- and low-grade bladder malignant lesions.Materials and methodsFrom February 2006 to February 2012 we recruited 144 patients. All patients underwent grayscale ultrasonography (US), color-Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS). Subsequently all patients underwent cystoscopy and TURB.ResultsHistological diagnoses were: 88 high-grade carcinomas (61.1%), and 56 low-grade carcinomas (38.9%). Sensitivity and specificity of CDUS were 87.5% (126/144) and 60%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of CEUS were 90.9% and 85.7%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of TIC were 91.6% (132/144) and 85.7%, respectively.Discussion and conclusionsCEUS is a reliable noninvasive method for differentiating low- and high-grade bladder carcinomas since it provides typical enhancement patterns as well as specific contrast-sonographic perfusion curves.     

Gastric cancer by multidetector row CT: preoperative staging

The role of computed tomography (CT) in the preoperative staging of gastric cancer, even if controversial, may be fundamental for evaluating the local extent and nodal involvement of the disease, especially in locally advanced cases. However, previous results of CT staging have not been satisfactory for predicting the invasive depth of the tumor or possible nodal metastases. Recently introduced multidetector row CT (MDCT) and three-dimensional (3D) imaging are expected to overcome the limitations in cancer staging by offering rapid and accurate information for space perception, detailed hemodynamics, and real-time 3D processing of volumetric data sets. In particular, virtual endoscopic imaging may be helpful for detecting early gastric cancer. In our experience, T and N stagings of gastric cancer were improved with 3D MDCT when using volume rendering and virtual endoscopic imaging compared with conventional axial two-dimensional (2D) CT (accuracy of T staging with 3D vs. 2D CT images, 84% vs. 77%; accuracy of N staging, 63% vs. 61% with 3D vs. 2D images, respectively). In particular, the detection rate of early gastric cancer was markedly increased up to 96% when using 3D MDCT. Therefore, we believe that 3D MDCT of the stomach may enhance the performance of CT in the preoperative evaluation of patients who have gastric cancer by offering easy early detection of lesions and accurate tumor staging through the 3D imaging process.