胰管结石的外科治疗

目的:探讨胰管结石外科治疗的术式选择。方法:回顾性分析11例胰管结石患者的临床资料。11例中采用胰管切开取石胰管空肠Roux en Y吻合术3例，胰管切开取石、胰管空肠Roux en Y吻合术＋胆管探查＋T管外引流术2例，胰管切开取石＋气压弹道碎石＋胰管空肠Roux en Y吻合术3例，胰体尾切除、胰断端空肠Roux en Y吻合术1例，合并胰腺癌采用胰十二指肠切除术2例。结果:11例均痊愈;2例合并胰腺癌者于术后1～1.5年后死亡。结论:引流术和胰腺切除术仍是胰管结石的主要治疗方法，有主胰管扩张者采用引流术，无胰管扩张和胰腺病变局限化者采用胰腺部分切除加引流术；对结石位于胰头钩突、胰管扩张而无法取净的胰管结石需采用气压弹道碎石＋引流术。     

胰管结石22例临床分析

目的：探讨胰管结石的诊治方法。
方法：回顾分析6年间收治的22例胰管结石患者的临床资料。
结果：22例均有间歇性上腹痛,伴黄疸、发热1例,伴腹泻2例,伴糖尿病3例。22例均行胰管切开取石,其中4例附加Oddis氏括约肌切开成形,3例加行胰管空肠吻合术,1例行胰尾加脾切除。术后恢复均满意。
结论：胰管结石的治疗首选胰管切开取石,结石分布广泛、复发者选择胰管空肠Roux-en-y吻合术,合并Oddis氏括约肌狭窄的胰头结石行胰管切开取石加Oddis氏括约肌成形术。     

胰管结石37例诊断与治疗

目的 探讨胰管结石的诊断与治疗方法.方法 回顾性总结我院1977 年8 月至2010 年11 月收治的37 例患者,其中伴慢性胰腺炎30 例,伴胆囊炎、胆管结石5 例,胰头部囊肿4 例,胆总管囊肿2 例,胰腺癌5例,糖尿病8 例.其中手术治疗25 例,内镜下治疗7 例,自动出院5 例.结果 胰管结石的临床表现以上腹部疼痛、脂肪泻、糖尿病、梗阻性黄疽及腹部包块多见,有时甚至表现为上消化道出血.B 超、CT、MRCP、ERCP 等确诊率高,ERCP 可清晰显露胰管结石,对胰头部结石可行十二指肠乳头切开取石.本组行胰十二指肠切除术2例;胰管切开取石、胰管空肠吻合术19 例,加做胰腺囊肿切开内引流术3 例,胆总管囊肿切除2 例,胆囊切除、胆道探查5 例;内镜下十二指肠乳头切开(EST)取石7 例;4 例合并胰腺癌的患者分别行"胰体尾部联合脏器切除"(1 例)、"胰腺癌扩大根治术加自体小肠移植"(1 例)及"胰十二指肠切除术"(2 例).结论 应重视胰管结石的早期诊断及治疗,对于良性患者首选术式为胰管切开取石、胰管空肠吻合术.CT 对胰管结石合并胰腺癌有很好的定性定位价值,强调制定"个体化手术治疗方案"治疗胰管结石合并胰腺癌的患者.     

胰管结石的诊断及处理

目的探讨胰管绱石的诊断及外科处理方法。方法对1985—2005年于术治疗的24例胰管结石的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果全组均采用影像学检查方法（B超，腹部X线平片，CT，内镜逆行胰胆管造影．磁共振胰胆管造影）确诊。行胰切开取石、胰管空肠侧侧Roux-en-Y吻合术19例，胰体尾切除、胰断端套入空肠端Roux-en-Y吻合术4例，胰十二指肠切作术1例。无手术并发症。术后24例随访2个月至4年。23例术前有上腹痛症状者，术后19例腹痛消失，4例腹痛减轻。8例合并糖尿病者，4例血糖恢复正常。5例合并脂肪泻者，2例脂肪泻消失，1例减轻。结论影像学检查是确诊胰管结石的主要方法。胰管切开取石、胰管空肠侧侧Roux-en-Y吻合术为治疗胰管结石的主要术式。     

胰石症的诊断与治疗体会(附16例报告)

目的 探讨胰管石症的诊断与治疗方法。方法 回顾性总结我院1977～2002年6月收治的16例病人，3例合并胰腺癌，2例合并胰头部囊肿，1例合并胆总管囊肿，其中手术治疗10例，十二指肠乳头切开取石3例，拒绝手术自动出院3例。结果 胰石症多以上腹痛为首发症状，B型超声、ERCP、CT等确诊率高，其中B型超声为首选检查方法，CT对胰管结石合并胰腺癌有很好的定性定位价值，ERCP可清晰显露胰管结石，对胰头部结石可行十二指肠乳头切开取石。本组行胰管切开取石、胰管空肠吻合术8例，2例胰管结石合并胰腺癌的病人分别行“胰体尾部联合脏器切除术”和“胰腺癌扩大根治术加自体小肠移植”，内镜下十二指肠乳头切开取石3例，加做胰腺囊肿切开内引流术2例，胆总管囊肿切除1例。结论 B型超声为诊断胰石症的首选检查法，首选术式为胰管切开取石，胰管空肠吻合术。CT对胰管结石合并胰腺癌有很好的定性定位价值，强调制定“个体化手术治疗方案”治疗胰管结石合并胰腺癌的病人。     

胰管结石的诊治探讨

目的：探讨胰管结石的诊治方法。方法：对15例胰管结石患者,11例行胰管切开取石,或胰管内巨大结石用体内微爆破碎石仪碎石,T型管引流加大网膜黏合于引流管周围。3例胰管取石或胰尾切除后行胰管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。1例行胰十二指肠切除术。结果：14例术后随访1～5年,1例术后11个月发现结石复发伴胰头部占位,再手术行胰十二指肠切除术,1例胰管内乳头状黏液性癌患者术后27个月死于癌症复发。6例伴有糖尿病者术后2例恢复正常,4例症状有不同程度改善。2例慢性脂肪泻患者症状改善。1例发生胰瘘,经治疗痊愈。结论：胰管结石切开取石、T型管引流术为治疗胰管结石的理想术式。     

慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石的治疗体会

目的 探讨慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石的治疗方案及效果。方法 回顾分析2007年10月至2012年9月间我院收治的13例慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石患者的临床资料,总结治疗方案和效果。结果 手术治疗11例,内科治疗2例。其中行胰管切开取石、胰管空肠Roux-y吻合术9例,行胆管空肠Roux-y吻合术1例;行胰体尾部切除加脾脏切除术1例。术后疼痛完全缓解7例;糖尿病症状得以缓解5例;2例特发性慢性胰腺炎的患者,术后腹痛症状完全缓解且分别在术后2个月和4个月时完全停用胰岛素。结论 慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石应遵循个体化治疗的原则,手术方式以简单安全和缓解患者临床症状为前提,对于伴有胰腺肿块的要尽量行肿块的切除,年轻的患者手术效果较明显。     

胰管结石11例诊治体会

目的探讨胰管结石的诊断与治疗。方法对2001～2007年间11例胰管结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果胰管结石患者均以上腹痛为主要首发症状且合并慢性胰腺炎，多数有内、外分泌功能障碍。B超、CT、ERCP及MRCP均可明确诊断。6例行胰管切开取石、胰管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合术，3例胰体尾部结石行胰体尾切除、胰断端套入空肠端Roux—en-Y吻合术；2例行胰十二指肠切除术，1例胰头部结石行胰管切开取石，主胰管内置T型管引流。结论：B超、CT及MRCP是诊断胰管结石最主要的手段。外科手术治疗仍是目前治疗胰管结石的主要方法。手术方式的选择主要取决于胰管结石的部位、主胰管有无狭窄及是否合并胰腺癌。     

慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石的诊断和治疗方法。方法：回顾分析总结2003年1月至2010年1月慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石患者19例,其中手术治疗13例。结果：慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石多以上腹部疼痛不适为首发症状,B超可作为首选的诊断方法,多种辅助检查的联合应用有助于该病及其它相关并发症的明确诊断。胰管切开取石、胰管空肠侧侧吻合术是目前胰管结石治疗的主要手段,应重视术前的准确评估和手术技巧的应用,防止结石残留。结论：B超为诊断胰管结石的首选检查法,首选术式为胰管切开取石、胰管空肠侧侧吻合术。     

胰管结石诊治13例报告

目的探讨胰管结石症的诊断与治疗。方法回顾性总结１９８７～１９９７年６月收治的胰石症患者１３例,其中手术治疗１１例。结果胰石症多以上腹痛为首发症状,术前Ｂ型超声、ＥＲＣＰ、ＣＴ等都可成功诊断,其中Ｂ型超声为首选检查方法,ＥＲＣＰ可清晰显露胰管结石,对本病诊断有特殊临床意义。本组行胰管切开取石、胰管空肠ＲｏｕｘｅｎＹ吻合术１１例,其中加做Ｏｄｄｉｓ括约肌成形术３例,加做胰腺囊肿穿刺针吸术３例,效果良好。结论Ｂ型超声为诊断胰石症的首选检查法,首选术式为胰管切开取石,胰管空肠ＲｏｕｘｅｎＹ吻合术     

13例胰腺胃泌素瘤的诊断和外科治疗

目的 探讨胰腺胃泌素瘤的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1990年1月至2011年12月期间海南省人民医院收治的13例胰腺胃泌素瘤患者的临床资料.术前根据临床表现及实验室检查结果进行定性诊断,以腹部彩色多普勒超声、CT等检查进行定位诊断.术后根据病理学结果给予相应的放化疗.结果 13例患者均行手术治疗.术中发现肿瘤位于胰头者9例,胰尾者1例,胰体者2例以及胰腺内多发肿瘤者1例;肿瘤直径为0.2～4.0cm,其中＞2.0 cm者11例.行胰体尾+脾切除术1例,行瘤摘除术7例,行胆胰结合部切除术2例,行胰十二指肠切除术3例.术后出现胰液漏1例,切口感染2例.13例中有12例获得随访,随访时间16～120个月,平均随访时间为78个月.12例胰腺胃泌素瘤患者术后腹泻等临床症状消失;服用质子泵抑制剂治疗,半年后行电子胃镜检查,显示溃疡均愈合,基础胃酸分泌及12 h胃液量均在正常范围内.1例因其他疾病于术后1年死亡;1例因肿瘤复发于1.5年后死亡,另1例因肝转移行再次手术治疗4年后死亡;其余10例痊愈.结论 外科治疗是胰腺胃泌素瘤有效的治疗方法.     

Surgical management of pancreatic lymphoma

The clinical and pathologic records of 12 patients with pancreatic lymphoma were reviewed retrospectively to determine distinguishing clinical features. Radiologically, all patients had large abdominal masses in the region of the pancreas. Preoperative percutaneous cytologic biopsy specimens failed to make the diagnosis, and two specimens were interpreted incorrectly as poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The diagnosis was difficult to make in two cases, even at laparotomy. Four patients underwent a biliary bypass, and two underwent a concomitant gastric or duodenal bypass. Two patients died postoperatively. Four patients responded well to chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, and two did not have any recurrences at 3 and 7 years postoperatively. Although rare, lymphoma should be considered in patients with undiagnosed pancreatic masses. The diagnosis may only be made with appropriate preoperative or intraoperative suspicion, and treatment may be rewarding, particularly in comparison with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.     

胰管结石的手术治疗

目的 探讨胰管结石的手术治疗方式.方法 对1997-2007年间24例胰管结石患者的手术治疗方式进行回顾性分析.结果 24例胰管结石中行胰管纵行切开取石、胰管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合17例,其中附加主胰管外引流2例,附加胆管空肠吻合3例,附加胰腺囊肿空肠吻合1例,1例术后并发胰肠吻合口出血,1例术后早期出现应激性溃疡,均经保守治疗治愈;胰十二指肠切除3例,1例并发吻合口出血,经保守治疗治愈;胰体尾切除2例,保留十二指肠胰头切除1例,胰管切开取石、Ⅰ期缝合1例,术后均无并发症.全组21例得到随访,17例效果优良.结论 胰管纵行切开取石、胰管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合是治疗胰管结石的合理术式,保留十二指肠的胰头切除和胰管切开取石、Ⅰ期缝合用于治疗胰管结石是可行的.     

Stapling techniques to facilitate resection of the head of the pancreas

Thirteen patients underwent duodenocephalopancreatectomy (DCP) with the mechanical staplers to divide the pancreatic neck and to secure haemostasis of the retroportal pancreatic lamina. The stapling techniques used on the pancreas are described. In nine patients with DCP the stapled distal pancreas was anastomosed to the jejunum with Roux-en-Y drainage; one pancreatic complication and no deaths were observed. In four other patients undergoing DCP who were at high risk for severely compromised general conditions, reconstruction of the digestive tract was simplified by leaving the stapled distal pancreas definitively closed: pancreatic complications were recorded in two cases, with no deaths. Mechanical staplers considerably facilitated resection of the neck of the pancreas and of the retroportal pancreatic lamina. All 13 patients who underwent DCP with the use of stapler techniques on the pancreas, including four high-risk patients, were discharged to convalesce on an oral diet after a median postoperative hospital stay of 23 days (range 16-90 days).     

Pancreaticojejunostomy versus alternative treatment of the pancreatic stump after pancreaticoduodenectomy: a comparative analysis of early postoperative outcome

The operative management of the pancreatic stump after pancreaticoduodenectomy has been shown to be an important factor influencing the postoperative development of pancreatic fistula. Thus far, there is no ideal technique for reconstruction, and end-to-end pancreaticojejunostomy (PJS) represents the preferable method. Comparative analysis of early postoperative outcome was done between two groups of patients who underwent either end-to-end PJS or pancreatic remnant ligation (PRL) after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Between January 1997 and December 2001, 39 consecutive patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy at the 1st Department of Surgery, University of Athens Medical School. All operations were performed or supervised by two senior surgeons, and all patients underwent a Whipple's procedure. After pancreaticoduodenectomy, 23 patients underwent end-to-end PJS (PJS group), whereas the remaining 16 patients underwent PRL without pancreatic reconstruction (PRL group). We compared the two groups in terms of patients' characteristics, clinical presentation, serum laboratory values on admission, operative details, and postoperative course. The morbidity and mortality rates were 15.4% and 5.1%, respectively, for the whole series. In the PJS group, the morbidity rate was 8.7%, the pancreatic fistula formation rate was 4.3%, and the mortality rate was 4.3%. In the PRL group, the morbidity rate was 25%, the pancreatic fistula formation rate was 12.5%, and the mortality rate was 6.25%. These differences were not statistically significant. There were two deaths in the whole series (one in each group); however, none of the deaths were related to pancreatic fistula formation. Hospital stay was similar in both groups. Both PJS and PRL are valid surgical options that correlate with acceptable postoperative incidence of pancreatic fistula formation, morbidity, and mortality rates. Although PRL avoids the construction of the most risky anastomosis, the results of this study show that early postoperative results after PRL are not superior to PJS; therefore, the method should not be considered as the treatment of choice for the pancreatic stump after a Whipple's procedure. Meticulous surgical technique, surgical experience, and close postoperative care are essential for a successful outcome after this major abdominal operation.     

The use of pancreatic ductoscopy in the operative management of benign and malignant pancreatic disorders

Direct visualization of the pancreatic duct was helpful in decision making during complex pancreaticobiliary operations. Two-, 3-, or 5-mm scopes were introduced into the pancreatic ducts of 32 patients with pancreatic disorders. Scopes were passed into the ductal system of: (1) 16 patients undergoing pancreaticojejunostomy; (2) six patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy; (3) four patients with pancreatic pseudocysts or choledochal cysts: (4) two patients undergoing resection of the pancreatic tail; and (5) two patients undergoing accessory ductoplasty for pancreas divism or stricture. Eight patients had calculi removed utilizing the scope, and multiple strictures were identified and filleted. Pancreatic ductoscopy was used in two patients to document successful sphincteroplasty of an accessory duct. In two instances benign pancreatic duct tumors were removed. Pancreatic ductoscopy was used to search for coexistent duct neoplasms in the eight patients who underwent resection. The technique permits intraoperative inspection, biopsy, and removal of lesions intrinsic to the ductal system. Combined with surgical procedures this endoscopic method proved a useful adjunct in difficult cases.     

Experience with laparoscopic ultrasonography for defining tumour resectability in carcinoma of the pancreatic head and periampullary region

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) is currently the most widely available staging investigation for pancreatic tumours. However, the accuracy of CT for determining tumour resectability is variable and can be poor. Laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) is potentially a more accurate method for disease staging. The authors' experience of LUS for staging carcinoma of the pancreatic head and periampullary region is described. METHODS: Fifty-one patients with potentially resectable pancreatic tumours defined at CT underwent further investigation with LUS. Twenty-seven patients subsequently had an open laparotomy. The evaluations of tumour resectability at CT and LUS were compared with the operative findings. RESULTS: At LUS, 24 patients were considered to have resectable tumours, 21 non-resectable tumours and six patients were shown to have no pancreatic tumour mass. Twenty-two patients deemed to have a resectable tumour at LUS underwent surgery. Twenty patients were confirmed to have resectable disease and two patients had non-resectable disease. A further five patients underwent surgery. In all five the ultrasonographic diagnosis was confirmed at surgery (four patients with non-resectable disease and no pancreatic tumour in one patient). LUS prevented unnecessary extensive surgery in 53 per cent of patients. For the 22 patients who underwent surgery for potentially resectable disease, the positive predictive value of LUS for defining tumour resectability was 91 per cent. CONCLUSION: LUS is an accurate additional investigation for defining tumour resectability and directing management in patients with potentially resectable carcinoma of the pancreatic head or periampullary region.     

胃肠道异位胰腺的诊治

本文通过１８例胃肠道异位胰腺的资料分析，对胃肠道异位胰腺的临床特点，诊断，治疗进行了讨论。提示，对久治不愈的溃疡和原因不明的反复消化道出血，应考虑到本病的可能，以便得到正确的诊断和及时的治疗。     

Bleeding pseudocysts and pseudoaneurysms in chronic pancreatitis

Spontaneous haemorrhage associated with chronic pancreatitis in 17 patients was related to a pseudocyst in 15 (88 per cent) patients and to pancreatic lithiasis (one patient) or to infarction-rupture of the spleen (one patient). Bleeding was massive in six patients and intermittent in 11. It resulted from erosion of the gastroduodenal or the splenic artery in four patients. Bleeding into the pancreatic duct occurred in four patients and erosion of the duodenum by a bleeding pseudocyst in five. Haemorrhage was confined to a pseudocyst in six patients and was intraperitoneal in two. Of the 15 patients with bleeding pseudocysts, ten underwent primary pancreatic resection (eight proximal and two distal pancreatectomies) with no mortality but four had early complications. Four of the five patients who underwent transcystic ligation of bleeding vessels and pseudocyst drainage had postoperative complications: one died from sepsis and liver failure and three underwent reoperation for severe postoperative bleeding. Of these, two had proximal pancreatic resection with one death. The third patient had further suture ligation and external drainage. The overall postoperative mortality rate was 12 per cent and following emergency surgery 33 per cent. Favourable results were achieved in two-thirds of patients when the primary operative strategy could be directed towards the control of bleeding and removal of the affected pancreatic segment. Primary pancreatic resection, although technically demanding in the presence of haemorrhage, is recommended whenever possible for the treatment of bleeding pancreatic pseudocysts and pseudoaneurysms associated with chronic pancreatitis.     

中段胰腺切除治疗胰腺良性病变

目的探讨胰腺中段切除术对胰腺良性疾病的处理方法与效果。方法回顾性分析12例胰腺中部良性疾病的临床特征、手术方式及疗效。7例胰岛细胞瘤及3例胰腺囊肿采用胰腺中段病灶及部分胰腺切除,胰腺近端断面缝合,胰腺远端断面胰腺与空肠行Roux-en-Y吻合。2例胰腺结石采用中部胰腺切除、取石,两侧断端胰腺与空肠行Roux-en-Y吻合。结果 12例均治愈出院。无死亡,无胰瘘、出血、肠瘘等并发症。12例随访半年至3年,无腹痛、发热及低血糖等情况。结论胰腺中段切除是处理胰腺中部良性病变的一种安全有效的方法。