小鼠骨髓干细胞诱导分化为肝细胞的实验研究

目的探讨成年小鼠骨髓干细胞在肝细胞生长因子(HGF)作用下分化为肝细胞的可能性及其分化特性，为肝细胞移植提供实验基础。方法HGF100ng／ml体外诱导小鼠骨髓干细胞向肝细胞分化，于诱导的第0、7、l4、21、28天，观察细胞形态特征；半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测细胞白蛋白(ALB)、甲胎蛋白(AFP)mRNA水平的表达；免疫细胞化学法检测ALB、AFP和细胞角蛋白l9(CK19)蛋白水平的表达。结果新鲜分离的骨髓干细胞ALB及AFP mRNA呈弱阳性。在非诱导组，培养7d时ALB mRNA已检测不到，AFP mRNA明显减弱，14d时消失。在诱导组，7d时ALB mRNA检测不到，14d时再次出现阳性条带，21d时表达量最大，而AFP mRNA在诱导组始终呈阳性，14d时表达量最大，以后逐渐减少。免疫细胞化学结果与RT-PCR结果基本一致，但CK19蛋白始终阴性。结论小鼠骨髓干细胞在HGF单独作用下能诱导分化为肝细胞样细胞，诱导分化的最佳时期是2～3周。     

aFGF、HGF体外诱导小鼠ESC向肝细胞定向分化及标志物研究

目的观察酸性成纤维细胞生长因子(acid fibroblast growth factor,a FGF)、肝细胞生长因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)对小鼠胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell,ESC)体外定向诱导分化作用及诱导后肝细胞标志物的表达水平。方法体外培养小鼠ESC使其发育成拟胚体,然后加入a FGF、HGF诱导ESC定向分化成肝细胞。收集培养上清液,RIA法测定甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein,AFP)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)浓度。PCR和免疫印迹法检测ALB、细胞角蛋白8(CK8)以及细胞角蛋白18(CK18)在细胞内mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果 ESC培养5 d后发育成为拟胚体,加入不同浓度a FGF继续培养,5 d后AFP浓度降低,ALB浓度升高,与对照组相比有显著性差异。细胞内ALB、CK8及CK18表达水平明显升高。一次诱导后加入HGF,继续诱导5 d,上清液中AFP浓度降低,ALB浓度升高,具有浓度依赖性。ALB、CK8及CK18在细胞内表达升高。结论体外培养小鼠ESC,加入a FGF、HGF后可诱导其向肝细胞定向分化。肝细胞标志物AFP水平明显降低,ALB、CK8以及CK18表达水平明显升高。     

肝细胞生长因子联合成纤维细胞生长因子-4诱导人骨髓来源的多能成体祖细胞向肝样细胞分化

目的 探索肝细胞生长因子（HGF）-4成纤维生长因子4-（FGF-4）诱导人骨髓来源多能成体祖细胞（hMAPCs）分化为肝细胞的可行性，为肝组织工程提供新的种子细胞来源。方法 （1）取志愿者适量骨髓后采用梯度密度离心＋贴壁培养获取骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs），将MSCs通过CD45、GlyA免疫微磁珠负分选得到hMAPCS。（2）将hMAPCs用HGF＋FGF-4进行诱导分化。实验分组：A组：HGF（20ng／m1）＋（FGF-4）10ng／m1诱导hMAPCS；B组（阳性对照组）：L-02人肝细胞株；C组（阴性对照组）：未加任何诱导因素的hMAPCs。（3）免疫细胞化学鉴定不同诱导分化阶段细胞的白蛋白（A1b）、甲胎蛋白（AFP），细胞角蛋白-18（CK-18）等肝细胞特征的表型变化评计数阳性细胞比率。（4）逆转录-聚合酶链反应检测不同诱导分化阶段细胞的A1b、AFP，CK-18的mRNA转录。（5）Western blot检测诱导分化第21，35天后细胞的A1b表达。结果（1）免疫细胞化学结果：A1b、CK18在诱导组中不同时间段基本为阳性着色；AFP在诱导分化第7天为阳性着色，在诱导第14，21天为阴性着色。（2）逆转录聚合酶链反应结果：作为不成熟肝细胞表型的AFP，在诱导分化的第7天有mRNA阳性表达；作为成熟肝细胞表型的A1b及CK-18，在不同时间段mRNA均为阳性表达。（3）Western blot检测诱导分化第21、35天后细胞的A1b表达。结论hMAPCS在一定诱导条件下具有向肝样细胞分化的潜能。     

多种生长因子分阶段诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为胰岛素分泌细胞

目的以一种5个阶段的诱导方法诱导小鼠胚胎干(ES)细胞分化为胰岛素分泌细胞。方法以一种5个阶段的、包含胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)、肝细胞生长因子(HGF)、神经生长因子(NGF)、β细胞素(betaceuulin)、激活素A(activin A)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)和尼克酰胺等7种生长因子的诱导方法诱导ES细胞30d,应用RT-PCR、双硫腙染色和免疫组化检测胰岛素表达,以流式细胞仪检测胰岛素阳性细胞百分比,用RIA法测定培养液胰岛素水平。结果分化细胞中可检测到胰岛素和一些其他胰岛相关基因mRNA表达。双硫腙染色和胰岛素免疫组化染色阳性。分化细胞胰岛素阳性细胞百分比为(24.0±2.5)%(n=6)。在5.6mmol/L和25mmol/L葡萄糖浓度作用下,培养液胰岛素水平分别为(0.05±0.01)μg/L和(0.13±0.02)μg/L(n=6)。结论应用上述分阶段诱导方法可将小鼠ES细胞诱导分化为胰岛素分泌细胞,在葡萄糖作用下该细胞能释放胰岛素到培养液中,胰岛素分泌水平随着葡萄糖浓度的增高而增高。     

ES细胞的三维培养与肝细胞分化的初步研究

目的 探索用生物材料三维培养胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell,ES细胞)并向肝细胞分化的可行性.方法 胰酶消化悬滴法形成5 d的鼠拟胚胎,将1×106/mL鼠ES细胞与细胞外基质MatrigelTM1:1混合接种于聚乳酸(poly-L-lactic acid,PLLA)和聚乙醇酸(polyglycolic acid,PGA)共聚合三维支架内,用DMSO、地塞米松、HGF、FGF4、胰岛素等诱导ES细胞向肝细胞分化,动态观察ES细胞的培育和生长情况,并用RT-PCR、免疫荧光染色检测其肝细胞标志物白蛋白(ALB)和甲胎蛋白(AFP)的表达.结果 立体显微镜见ES细胞及分化细胞在聚合支架材料上呈三维立体状态生长,并保持细胞活力,随培养时间延长不断增殖.RT-PCR检出分化细胞表达ALB mRNA和AFP mRNA,同样免疫荧光染色也证实表达ALB和AFP.结论 ES细胞可在生物材料聚合三维可降解支架及MatrigelTM上生长,并在诱导剂的作用下向肝细胞分化.     

小鼠骨髓基质干细胞的鉴定及体外诱导分化为肝细胞的可行性

目的:分离、鉴定小鼠骨髓基质干细胞(MSCs)并探讨在体外多种细胞因子的诱导下分化为肝细胞的可行性.方法:获取小鼠骨髓干细胞,进行体外贴壁培养、纯化,观察不同传代次数细胞形态特点.流式细胞法检测不同传代细胞的表面标志物CD45和CD90.分离后的MSCs再经含有HGF,FGF-4,EGF三种细胞因子的诱导体系继续培养21 d,分别以半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和Western blot方法检测诱导后细胞的白蛋白(ALB)、细胞角化蛋白18(Cg18)、以及甲胎蛋白(AFP)在基因和蛋白水平的表达.结果:培养的骨髓干细胞随传代次数增多细胞形态趋向为长梭形.传代到第5代,基质干细胞的表面标志CD90阳性细胞从原代的25.42%增加到93.47%,造血干细胞的表面标志CD45表达阳性细胞从原代的86.49%降低到2.77%.通过RT-PCR可检测出诱导第7天细胞表达AFP mRNA,ALB mRNA及CK18 mRNA;通过Western blot可检测出诱导第21天的细胞表达ALB和CK18.结论:小鼠MSCs可以在体外被有效地分离纯化,可以被诱导为表达肝细胞表面标志的肝细胞样细胞.     

含淤胆血清的培养体系体外诱导胚胎干细胞表达肝细胞功能的研究

目的探讨病理微环境体外诱导对小鼠胚胎干细胞(ESC)表达肝细胞功能的作用。方法悬滴培养ESC发育5～7d的拟胚体，将其离散细胞种植于不同的分化体系，观察ESC在自主分化、肝细胞生长因子(HGF)或5％淤胆血清 HGF诱导下每天的分化情况(倒置相差显微镜)，以及细胞的糖原、甘油三酯、白蛋白及尿素氮合成功能，细胞吲哚氰绿(ICG)和荧光二乙酯(FDA)染色的情况。结果ESC自主分化难以控制，分化为3个胚层的细胞。HGF促进ESC向内脏内胚层和中胚层(心肌)分化，但两者仅能表达低水平的肝细胞特异性功能。引入淤胆血清的HGF诱导体系中ESC能分化为较为均一的多角形细胞，具有较高水平的糖原、甘油三酯、白蛋白和尿素氮合成能力，ICG和FDA染色阳性。结论自主分化和HGF诱导ESC表达肝细胞代谢的能力有限。体外模拟病理性微环境可诱导ESC定向分化为肝系细胞，并具有较高水平的肝细胞代谢功能。     

体外诱导人脐血间充质干细胞向肝细胞样细胞分化的研究

目的 探讨人脐血间充质干细胞能否在体外诱导分化为肝细胞样细胞,并探索其定向诱导分化为肝细胞样细胞的分化机制。方法 无菌条件下采集正常产妇脐血,用相对密度为1.077的淋巴细胞分离液分离脐血MNC,进而采用贴壁培养法获得MSC,流式细胞仪检测其表面际志。分别用HGF、FGF4、俩者联合、无生长因子四种处理因素,及含2％FBS的DMEM,1×ITS讲行诱导培养,并于诱导前及诱导后的第7、14、21、28天留取细胞,RT～PCR法检测AFP、白蛋白及C-met FGFR2mRNA的表达,免疫细胞化学法检测AFP、白蛋白、抗肝细胞抗体和CK18的表达,PAS法进行糖原染色,分析是否诱导出肝细胞样细胞。结果 MSC强表达CD29、CD44,不表达CD34。诱导后7,21天分别检测出AFP,白蛋白mRNA及蛋白的表达,28天检测出CK18、抗肝细胞抗体的表达,21天、28天均可检测到糖原染色阳性细胞,随诱导时间的延长C-met,FGFR2 mRNA表达增高,HGF FGF4诱导组肝系细胞标志阳性率均高于单独生长因子诱导组(P<0.05);单独生长因子诱导组间无明显差异(P>0.05)。无生长因子诱导组在以上时间点均未检测到上述指标。结论HGF、FGF4均能诱导人脐血MSC分化为具有肝系细胞表型和功能的细胞,且二者在一定程度上有联合作用。生长因子与其相幢受体之间,可能存在正反馈调节机制。     

骨形态发生蛋白2在骨髓间充质干细胞向肝细胞分化中的作用

目的：观察骨形态发生蛋白2（BMP2）在骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs）向肝细胞分化中的作用。方法采用贴壁法分离培养大鼠股骨BMSCs ,将体外扩增的第3代BMSCs制作细胞爬片,并行肝细胞定向诱导。根据诱导因子不同分为：肝细胞生长因子（ HGF）组、HGF＋BMP2组、BMP2组及空白对照组。培养10 d左右收集细胞,观察各组细胞形态的变化,并采用ELISA法检测培养液上清中肝细胞特异性标志物甲胎蛋白（ AFP）、白蛋白（ ALB）,免疫细胞化学法检测诱导分化后细胞CK-18的表达。结果 HGF组和HGF＋BMP2组可检测到ALB、AFP及CK-18,且HGF＋BMP2组ALB、AFP及CK-18明显高于HGF组（P均＜0．05）。结论 BMP2不能单独诱导BMSCs向肝细胞分化,但能增强HGF诱导BMSCs向肝细胞分化的作用。     

脐带间充质干细胞体外诱导分化为肝细胞样细胞的研究

目的探讨人脐带间充质干细胞（UC-MSCs）体外诱导分化为肝细胞的可行性和方法,观察分化后的细胞白细胞表面抗原表达的改变。方法采用酶学法从脐带全层组织中分离UC-MSCs,采用改良的肝分化培养体系体外诱导UC-MSCs向肝细胞分化。诱导后2、4周,观察细胞形态,免疫荧光细胞化学染色法检测甲胎蛋白（AFP）、白蛋白（ALB）;RT-PCR检测肝细胞标志性基因AFP、ALB和CK19 mRNA。ELISA法检测诱导后的细胞培养液中ALB水平。流式细胞仪检测诱导后细胞白细胞表面抗原HLA-Ⅰ和HLA-Ⅱ。结果从人脐带基质中分离培养的UC-MSCs在向肝细胞诱导分化培养体系的培养下,细胞形态由长梭形逐渐转化成为多角形或类圆形,并且表达AFP、ALB mRNA和蛋白,诱导后的UC-MSCs以时间依赖方式产生ALB,诱导后的细胞不表达HLA-DR。结论UC-MSCs具有向肝细胞分化的潜能,分化后的M细胞仍具有低免疫原性。     

Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo

OBJECTIVE: Embryonic stem (ES) cells have a pluripotent ability to differentiate into a variety of cell lineages. Cell‐to‐cell contact is important for cell differentiation. Mouse ES cells were cocultured with mouse fetal liver cells and the green fluorescent protein (GFP) positive ES cells were transplanted into rats liver through the portal vein in order to investigate their potential to differentiate into hepatocytes. METHODS: Mouse ES cells were cocultured with the mouse fetal liver cell line, BNL.CL₂. They did not make direct contact; instead the culture media was exchanged freely. After coculture for 48 h, albumin, transthyretin, glucose 6 phosphates, hepatic nuclear factor 4 and SEK1 mRNA were assayed by RT‐PCR, and alpha‐fetoprotein by immunohistochemistry. The morphology was investigated by microscopy. After transplantion of the GFP‐positive ES cells, the whole liver was removed from a rat every four days. The liver slices were examined under a fluorescent microscope to detect the GFP‐positive cells. Albumin was detected on the same slices by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: After coculture with BNL.CL₂ cells, the differentiated ES cells had the same morphology as the BNL.CL₂ cells, and albumin, transthyretin, glucose 6 phosphates and SEK‐1 mRNA were found by RT‐PCR, and alpha‐fetoprotein was detected immuno­histochemically. The transplanted GFP‐positive ES cells were found in the rats’ liver slices by GFP fluorescence, and development of teratomas was not observed. The immunohistochemistry results indicated that the transplanted GFP‐positive ES cells retained an albumin‐producing ability. CONCLUSIONS: Cell‐to‐cell contact is important for the differentiation of ES cells. Mouse embryonic stem cells can differentiate into hepatocytes directly either in vitro or in vivo.     

Promoted differentiation of cynomolgus monkey ES cells into hepatocyte-like cells by co-culture with mouse fetal liver-derived cells

INTRODUCTION Embryonic stem (ES) cells are self-renewing, pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell masses of preimplantation blastocysts[1,2]. They can be expanded without limit and retain a potential to differentiate into various somatic cell types …     

部分肝切除后的肝损伤血清和肝细胞生长因子促进大鼠骨髓细胞表达甲胎蛋白和白蛋白

目的 检测大鼠骨髓中是否存在肝脏干细胞，并用肝损伤血清和肝细胞生长因子(HGF)刺激骨髓细胞向肝细胞转化。方法 SD大鼠骨髓单个核细胞分3组进行培养：(1)单纯培养基对照组；(2)肝损伤血清组(15％，血清来自于2-AAF 75％肝切除大鼠)；(3)HGF(20ng／ml)组。用甲胎蛋白(AFP)和白蛋白作为细胞标志，用免疫组织化学、逆转录聚合酶链反应(PCR)、巢式PCR和western blot方法，观察大鼠肝损伤血清和HGF对骨髓细胞转化的促进作用。结果 肝损伤血清组和HGF组培养后10d和20d AFP免疫组织化学和western blot染色阳性；RT-PCR AFP mRNA阳性，新鲜骨髓细胞和单纯IMDM／F12培养基组AFP蛋白和mRNA均阴性。新鲜骨髓细胞存在白蛋白mRNA表达，在肝损伤血清组和HGF组培养后10d和20d，白蛋白mRNA表达增强。结论 大鼠肝损伤血清和HGF可促使体外培养骨髓细胞表达AFP mRNA和AFP。骨髓中可能存在骨髓源性肝干细胞，并微弱表达白蛋白mRNA；肝损伤血清和HGF可以促进骨髓细胞表达白蛋白mRNA。     

导入外源肝细胞生长因子基因对肝细胞增殖的影响

目的 利用重组腺病毒载体将外源人肝细胞生长因子(HGF)基因导入原代培养的大鼠肝细胞, 观察HGF表达对肝细胞增殖特性的影响。方法 同源重组构建表达HGF的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒AdHGF,用 其感染原代培养的肝细胞。逆转录聚合酶链反应检测肝细胞HGF和c—met(HGF受体)mRNA的表达;酶联免 疫吸附实验测定培养上清液中HGF水平。MTS测定感染前后细胞增殖情况;流式细胞仪测定细胞周期的变化; 细胞免疫荧光法检测HGF基因导入后增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达。结果 同源重组获得约4×10~(10)efu/ml 滴度的AdHGF。AdHGF感染原代培养肝细胞后,肝细胞HGF和c-met mRNA表达均明显上调;细胞上清液 中HGF分泌水平显著增加,达到(5 939.00±414.39)pg/ml(F=13.661,P<0.01)。细胞增殖能力增强(F ≥15.158,P<0.01),细胞周期由G_0/G_1期向S期转化(X~2=41.616,P<0.01);细胞免疫荧光法提示HGF 基因导入后PCNA指数显著提高(F=42.122,P<0.01)。结论 通过重组腺病毒载体将外源HGF基因 导入肝细胞后可维持HGF高效表达并能促进肝细胞增殖,是基因修饰供体肝细胞、增强肝细胞移植治疗效 果的有效方法。     

Efficient generation of functional hepatocytelike cells from mouse liver progenitor cells via indirect co-culture with immortalized human hepatic stellate cells

BACKGROUND: Differentiation of liver progenitor cells(LPCs) to functional hepatocytes holds great potential to develop new strategies for hepatocyte transplantation and the screening of drug-induced cytotoxicity. However, reports on the efficient and convenient hepatic differentiation of LPCs to hepatocytes are few. The present study aims to investigate the possibility of generating functional hepatocytes from LPCs in an indirect co-culture system.METHODS: Mouse LPCs were co-cultured in Transwell plates with an immortalized human hepatic stellate cell line(HSCLi) we previously established. The morphology, expression of hepatic markers, and functions of mouse LPC-derived cells were monitored and compared with those of conventionally cultured LPCs. RESULTS: Co-culturing with HSC-Li cells induced differentiation of mouse LPCs into functional hepatocyte-like cells. The differentiated cells were morphologically transformed into hepatocyte-like cells 3 days after co-culture initiation. In addition, the differentiated cells expressed liver-specific genes and possessed hepatic functions, including glycogen storage, lowdensity lipoprotein uptake, albumin secretion, urea synthesis, and cytochrome P450 1A2 enzymatic activity.CONCLUSIONS: Our method, which employs indirect co-culture with HSC-Li cells, can efficiently induce the differentiation of LPCs into functional hepatocytes. This finding suggests that this co-culture system can be a useful method for the efficient generation of functional hepatocytes from LPCs.     

Efifcient generation of functional hepatocyte-like cells from mouse liver progenitor cells via indirect co-culture with immortalized human hepatic stellate cells

BACKGROUND: Differentiation of liver progenitor cells (LPCs) to functional hepatocytes holds great potential to de-velop new strategies for hepatocyte transplantation and the screening of drug-induced cytotoxicity. However, reports on the efifcient and convenient hepatic differentiation of LPCs to hepatocytes are few. The present study aims to investigate the possibility of generating functional hepatocytes from LPCs in an indirect co-culture system.
METHODS: Mouse LPCs were co-cultured in Transwell plates with an immortalized human hepatic stellate cell line (HSC-Li) we previously established. The morphology, expression of hepatic markers, and functions of mouse LPC-derived cells were monitored and compared with those of conventionally cultured LPCs.
RESULTS: Co-culturing with HSC-Li cells induced differentia-tion of mouse LPCs into functional hepatocyte-like cells. The differentiated cells were morphologically transformed into hepatocyte-like cells 3 days after co-culture initiation. In addi-tion, the differentiated cells expressed liver-speciifc genes and possessed hepatic functions, including glycogen storage, low-density lipoprotein uptake, albumin secretion, urea synthesis, and cytochrome P450 1A2 enzymatic activity.
CONCLUSIONS: Our method, which employs indirect co-culture with HSC-Li cells, can efifciently induce the differentiation of LPCs into functional hepatocytes. This ifnding suggests that this co-culture system can be a useful method for the efifcient generation of functional hepatocytes from LPCs.     

胆汁化血清对骨髓间充质干细胞向肝细胞样细胞定向分化的诱导

目的:寻找生物人工肝和肝细胞移植需要合适的肝细胞来源,研究不同诱导方法对骨髓间充质干细胞(MSC)在体外分化为肝细胞样细胞的影响。方法:本研究应用贴壁法对MSC进行分离和培养后,应用胆汁化血清及肝细胞生长因子不同诱导方式对之进行诱导分化,研究MSC转化为肝细胞样细胞的可能性,并进行转化的鉴定。结果:经贴壁分离和培养的MSC在5%胆汁化血清诱导作用下,21 d后可分化为形态似肝细胞样的细胞,经免疫组织化学显示,该细胞可表达细胞角蛋白18(CK18)和甲胎蛋白(AFP),且原位杂交显示,在培养的第35天,部分细胞还可合成清蛋白,与肝细胞生长因子(HGF)有着相似的诱导效果。结论:在合适的条件下,MSC可向肝细胞方向转化,且本方法操作简捷,胆汁化血清易于获得,具有潜在的应用价值。