经射频导管消融治疗恶性室性心律失常研究进展

室性心律失常包括室性早搏(室早)、非持续性室性心动过速(室速)、持续性室速、心室扑动、心室颤动(室颤)等。恶性室性心律失常主要指发作时伴明显血流动力学障碍,甚至可导致猝死危险的室性心律失常,常见于室速和室颤。本文重点介绍经射频导管消融治疗室速和室颤研究进展。1经射     

蒲肯野纤维在室性心律失常发生和维持中的作用及机制

心脏蒲肯野纤维(purkinje fiber,PF)由于有着独特的解剖位置、细胞结构和电生理特征,在电冲动向心室肌的传播过程中起着重要的作用.近来的研究证实,PF在诸多疾病类型的室性心动过速(室速)和心室颤动(室颤)中起触发和(或)维持作用,因而PF成为近来人们关注的热点.由于PF易于发生早后除极(EAD)、晚后除极(DAD)和异常的自律性,所以许多心脏病的室性心律失常起源于PF系统.通过折返机制和局灶机制(异常自律性、触发活动或微折返),PF参与了室颤的维持.针对异常PF电位的消融已越来越多地被应用于室速/室颤的治疗.本文拟对PF在室性心律失常发生和维持中的作用及机制进行讨论.     

对室性心律失常的认识及药物治疗现状

室性心律失常包括室性早搏(室早)，室性心动过速(室速)，心室扑动(室颤)及心室颤动(室颤)。持续时间少于30秒的室速称非持续性室速，超过30秒称持续性室速，有时需电击终止。按室速形态可分为单形性及多形性室速。室性心律失常常发生在有器质性心脏病的患者，但也可以发生在正常人、水一电解质和(或)酸碱平衡紊乱以及应用某些药物时。室性心律失常的发生机制有折返激动(微折返及大折返)及自律性异常     

室性心律失常的非药物治疗

室性心律失常包括室性早搏(室早)、室性心动过速(室速)、心室扑动(室扑)和心室颤动(室颤).室性心律失常的治疗目的主要为:终止急性发作或减慢心室率,预防复发.室性心律失常的治疗包括药物和非药物治疗.     

室性心律失常机制和防治

室性心律失常虽没有室上性心动过速那么多见 ,但属于致命的心律失常 ,因此在防治上显得特别重要 ,至今在治疗上争论甚多。故仅就现今在室性心动过速 /心室颤动 (室速 /室颤 )防治上一些看法 ,作一简要地介绍。一、室速 /室颤病因和机制室速的病谱范围很广 ,从发生 3个室性早搏 (室早 )到持续 10 0次 /ｍｉｎ以上、起自希氏束分叉以下宽ＱＲＳ波的心动过速 ,都称室速。持续时间不足 30ｓ自限性的室速称为非持续性室速 ,持续时间 30ｓ以上 ,不加干预不易中止者称持续性室速。心动过速发作中保持一种ＱＲＳ波形者称为单形性室速 ,表现 2种或连…     

植入埋藏式心脏转复除颤器患者室性心律失常发生的多因素分析

目的探讨植入埋藏式心脏转复除颤器(ICD)患者术后发生室性心动过速/心室颤动(简称室速/室颤)的危险因素。方法回顾分析植入ICD/心脏再同步化治疗除颤(CRTD)的患者51例,随访(39.4±22.3)个月,19例ICD/CRTD记录到持续性室速和或快室速、室颤,为室性心律失常组;32例ICD/CRTD未记录到持续性室速和或快室速、室颤事件,为非室性心律失常组。分析ICD/CRTD植入患者发生室性心律失常的临床因素以及两组患者临床事件的发生情况,并作logistic回归分析。结果对51例ICD/CRTD植入患者月随访中,发现有19例(37.3%)ICD/CRTD记录到室速/快室速/室颤,而且ICD/CRTD给予恰当治疗(ATP或电击),其中3例经历了室速电风暴。对ICD/CRTD植入患者术后室性心律失常和临床事件发生作多因素分析发现,室性心律失常的发生与术后12个月的左室射血分数(LVEF)值显著相关(r=0.149,P=0.047),ICD/CRTD术后住院/死亡的发生与缺血性心肌病(r=17.643,P=0.045)、可达龙(r=14.672,P=0.013)、室性心律失常(r=21.561,P=0.046)显著相关。结论术后12个月LVEF值的显著提高可减少室性心律失常的发生。缺血性心肌病及术后室性心律失常的发生会增加ICD/CRTD植入患者术后住院/死亡的发生,而可达龙可有效降低住院/死亡率。     

室性心律失常的药物治疗

室性心律失常包括室性期前收缩 (室早 )、室性心动过速 (室速 )、心室扑动 (室扑 )与心室颤动 (室颤 )等。由于室扑与室颤的治疗多在心肺复苏中讲述 ,本文只介绍室早与室速在循证医学广泛开展的今天应如何治疗。1　室早与室速的分类与危险分层室早与室速有多种分类方法。为便于治疗 ,以下分类较为适用 :①特发性室性心律失常 :无器质性心脏病 ;②器质性室性心律失常 :有器质性心脏病。后者又分为单形性 (QRS形态基本一致 )和多形性 (QRS形态多变 )两种。为了正确诊治室性心律失常 ,必须熟悉其心电图特点 ,才能及时作出治疗决策。根据危险…     

慢性室性心律失常的治疗

定性心律失常主要包括室早、室速和室颤(室扑为时短暂,多为室颤的前驱)三种形式。慢性室性心律失常是指定性心律失常反复发作或持续存在,其病程较长者。心律失常的治疗是心血管疾病中的一大难题,慢性室性心律失常的治疗尤为棘手。     

恶性室性心律失常的药物治疗现状

恶性室性心律失常是指伴有严重血流动力学障碍的室速、室颤或具有潜在危险的室性心律失常，易恶化为室颤，均为致命性心律失常。此类心律失常常见于器质性心脏病，如冠心病、心肌梗死、非缺血性心脏病、肥厚性心脏病、致心律失常性右室发育不全、重症心肌炎，少见于无心脏结构异常者，如特发性左室室速、右室流出道室速、LQTS、Brugada综合征、特发性多形性室速、室颤等。     

植入型心律转复除颤器治疗两例患者

心脏性猝死以室性心动过速(室速)、心室颤动(室颤)引起者占82%以上.多个大规模临床试验已经证明植入型心律转复除颤器(ICD)降低室性心律失常病人死亡率的效果明显优于抗心律失常药物.ICD术后辅以相应的抗心律失常药物可减少快速心律失常的发生.     

Idiopathic verapamil-sensitive left ventricular tachycardia complicated by right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.

Idiopathic ventricular tachycardias (VTs) are generally divided into those arising from the right ventricle and those arising from the left ventricle. There has been few reports of two morphologically distinct VT occurring in patients with no apparent structural heart disease. We report a patient with verapamil-sensitive left VT with a right bundle branch block pattern that spontaneously changed to VT with a left bundle branch block pattern. Ventricular fibrillation was induced by the application of programmed stimulation. Although it is unclear if our patient with pleomorphic VT has ventricular vulnerability, it is necessary to investigate further and follow him carefully.     

Annual distribution of ventricular tachycardias and ventricular fibrillation

Background

Ischemic events and coronary deaths show seasonal variability with a peak during December and January. It remains unclear whether ventricular tachycardias (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) follow a similar pattern. The purpose of this study was to investigate the annual distribution of malignant ventricular arrhythmias.

Methods

Over a period of 11 years, all appropriate shock episodes (SE) after VT and VF in patients with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (lCD) were analyzed with respect to the month of occurrence. An appropriate SE was defined as out-of-hospital VT/VF terminated by lCD shocks. Multiple shocks within 1 week were defined as 1 SE.

Results

Two hundred and thirty-three of 308 patients with an lCD had appropriate SE during follow-up. In these patients the seasonal variation of 753 SE was calculated. Most SE occurred during January (93 SE), and the fewest SE occurred during June (39 SE). The seasonal pattern was statistically significant with a peak during winter (P = .001). The seasonal pattern did not differ between patients with an ischemic and those with a nonischemic underlying cardiac disease.

Conclusion

Appropriate shock episodes due to out-of-hospital VT/VF in patients with an lCD show seasonal variation with a significant peak during winter. The pattern is similar in patients with ischemic and nonischemic cardiac disease.     

致心律失常性右心室心肌病患者心室晚电位与室性心动过速关系

目的探讨致心律失常性右心室心肌病(arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy,ARVD/C)合并室性心动过速与心室晚电位的关系。方法ARVD/C38例,男28例,女10例,年龄(35±15)岁。心电图检查进行信号叠加,记录心室晚电位量化参数:总QRS时限(total QRS duration,QRST)、QRS终末部位电压低于40μV时限(low potential terminal signals,LPS40)、QRS最后40ms电压方根均数(root mean square of the last 40 ms,RMS40);动态心电图检查记录室性心动过速和室性期前收缩。使用χ2及Mann-Whitney秩和检验统计。结果①心室晚电位阳性25例,其中室性心动过速18例;心室晚电位阴性13例,室性心动过速3例(P=0.004);②室性心动过速阳性21例,阴性17例,QRST:室性心动过速阳性组109～233(中位数147)ms,阴性组85～158(中位数104)ms(P=0.000);LPS40:阳性组15～158(中位数53)ms和阴性...     

Late ventricular potentials and spontaneous and electric stimulation-induced ventricular tachycardia

The purpose of this study was to compare the relation of signal averaged variables of the QRS complex to spontaneous and to inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia. Signal averaging of the surface QRS complex was performed in 96 patients with coronary artery disease and ventricular arrhythmias. Twenty eight of them were evaluated by programmed electrical stimulation. Signal average variables were considered abnormal as: 1) the QRS duration as the time from the onset to end point of the QRS vector complex greater than 120 ms, 2) the maximal amplitude of the terminal 40 ms of the QRS vector complex less than 25 microV, 3) the duration of low (less than 40 microV) amplitude signal of QRS vector complex less than or equal to 40 ms. The ventricular late potentials were defined as the pressure of 2 or 3 abnormal averaged variables. Programmed electrical stimulation was performed using single and double extrastimuli at sinus rhythm and at ventricular pacing rates 100, 120, 140 bpm, followed by ventricular burst pacing (3 and 10 consecutive beats) at sinus rhythm. If stimulation of the right ventricular apex did not initiate ventricular arrhythmias (sustained ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation or two repetitive nonsustained ventricular tachycardias) right ventricular outflow tract stimulation was performed. Sustained ventricular tachycardia was defined as ventricular tachycardia lasting 30 s or requiring termination because hemodynamic compromise. Quantitative comparison of signal averaged variables was performed in patients with inducible versus noninducible ventricular tachycardia and in patients with spontaneous versus non-spontaneous ventricular tachycardia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Cyanotic patient with right ventricular dilatation and ventricular arrhythmias

Uhl's disease is a very rare congenital anomaly of the heart. Extreme dilatation of the right ventricle is accompanied by virtual absence of the right ventricular myocardium. We report on a 30-year-old woman with ventricular arrhythmias and atrial-septal defect where the diagnosis was made by echocardiography and confirmed by angiocardiography. Diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities are discussed.