咪达唑仑在急性呼吸窘迫综合征新生儿机械通气中的镇静镇痛效果观察

目的探讨咪达唑仑在急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)新生儿机械通气中的镇静镇痛效果。方法选取2017年8月～2019年2月在我院行机械通气治疗的ARDS患儿92例,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各46例。对照组予以芬太尼治疗,观察组在此基础上联合咪达唑仑治疗。比较两组镇静效果、疼痛程度、血气指标、呼吸力学指标和用药安全性。结果观察组Ramsay评分高于对照组,儿童行为量表疼痛程度(FIACC)评分低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组氧合指数(PaO_2/FiO_2)、肺动态顺应性(Crs)水平高于对照组,气道分压(PIP)、呼吸频率(RR)水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组用药期间均未出现严重的不良反应。结论 ARDS新生儿机械通气中使用咪达唑仑可发挥良好的镇痛、镇静作用,可有效改善患儿氧合功能,降低气道阻力,提升呼吸功能,安全性较高。     

异丙酚复合马来酸咪达唑仑行无痛胃镜的临床观察

目的观察异丙酚复合马来酸咪达唑仑静脉麻醉在门诊用于无痛胃镜检查的临床效果。方法140例患者随机分成两组,异丙酚（A组70例）异丙酚复合马来酸咪达唑仑（B组70例）。A组静注异丙酚3．0mg／kg诱导;B组先加入1～2mg马来酸咪达唑仑（根据年龄体质酌情）、异丙酚2．0mg／kg诱导。待睫毛反射消失后开始操作,根据检查时间长短及病人反应,追加0．3-0．5mg／kg。记录两组诱导时间、苏醒时间、用药总量、呼吸循环参数改变和不良反应。结果术中异丙酚总量A组明显高于B组,苏醒时间A组长于B组,差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）。两组呼吸循环抑制和不良反应发生率差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论异丙酚复合马来酸咪达唑仑用于无痛胃镜的检查可减少异丙酚的用量,苏醒时间快,镇痛效果安全有效,值得推广。     

右美托咪定联合咪达唑仑用于机械通气患者的疗效观察

目的观察右美托咪定联合咪达唑仑对成人急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)机械通气患者的镇静镇痛效果、不良反应及其对血流动力学的影响。方法将重症监护病房急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者50例按照随机数字表法分为两组,右美托咪定联合咪达唑仑组25例(D+M组),咪达唑仑组25例(M组)。记录两组唤醒时间、机械通气1周咪达唑仑总用量、芬太尼总用量及其不良反应;并记录两组患者镇静前和镇静后30 min的心率、收缩压、舒张压变化。结果两组患者性别、年龄及急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。两组均能达到满意的镇静镇痛效果,D+M组唤醒时间较M组缩短[(0.16±0.06)h vs(2.11±0.59)h],P<0.01;D+M组机械治疗1周咪达唑仑总用量为(486.3±40.2)mg,芬太尼总用量为(3.25±0.58)mg,较M组亦明显减少(P<0.05)。D+M组谵妄发生例次较M组少,两组低血压、心动过缓发生率比较差异无统计学意义。D+M组和M组患者镇静后心率均有下降,镇静前后差异有统计学意义。D+M组镇静前后血压无明显变化(P>0.05),M组镇静后血压明显下降(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定联合咪达唑仑用于ARDS患者镇静镇痛效果确切,唤醒时间较短,谵妄的发生率较低,并且减少咪达唑仑、芬太尼的用量,对循环的影响小,该方案值得临床推广。     

咪达唑仑联合芬太尼辅助治疗对重症手足口病机械通气患儿炎性因子及生物化学指标的影响

选取我院2015年4月~2016年4月收治的50例重症手足口病机械通气患儿。随机分为对照组和观察组各25例。对照组给予咪达唑仑镇痛,观察组采用咪达唑仑联合芬太尼镇痛,比较两组患儿炎性因子、生物化学指标以及不良反应。两组患儿经过治疗后炎性指标均有所下降,其中观察组相比于对照组各指标更低,两组差异显著(P0.05);治疗后观察组的空腹血糖相比于对照组更低,两组差异显著(P0.05);两组患儿的不良反应发生率无明显的差异(P0.05)。利用咪达唑仑联合芬太尼辅助治疗重症手足口病机械通气患儿能够降低炎性因子,使患儿的生物化学指标达到稳定水平,且无严重的不良反应。     

异丙酚复合咪达唑仑及芬太尼静脉麻醉用于胃镜检查

目的：探讨更安全有效的无痛胃镜麻醉手段。方法：对门诊胃镜检查术患者400例,随机分为两组：异丙酚＋芬太尼组（A组）和异丙酚＋咪达唑仑＋芬太尼组（B组）,每组各200例,进行对照分析。结果：B组流泪、呛咳、肢体活动、入镜有阻力及需要追加异丙酚的发生率均低于A组。结论：异丙酚联合低剂量咪达唑仑、芬太尼用于胃镜检查,麻醉效果好,不良反应少,值得临床推广应用。     

咪达唑仑与异丙酚用于机械通气镇静效果对比研究

在救治过程中机械通气患者常见的应激反应为焦虑、恐惧和躁动等，患者应激反应的程度及能否控制直接关系其预后，因此有效的镇静对于机械通气患者非常重要。可避免人机对抗，增强患者对持续机械通气的耐受性，避免机械通气带来的相关损伤。作者将咪达唑仑和异丙酚用于ICU需机械通气的危重患者，比较其镇静效果及对呼吸、循环的影响，现报道如下。     

咪达唑仑、芬太尼、异丙酚在无痛胃镜检查中的应用

胃镜检查是上消化道疾病必备的诊疗手段.随着人们生活水平的提高,近年来,无痛胃镜也应用得越来越广泛.我院2006年1月至2011年6月共有50例患者因普通胃镜检查失败改无痛胃镜检查,50例均成功,检查中生命体征平稳,检查后患者无不适感.     

异丙酚联合舒芬太尼或咪达唑仑用于纤维胃镜检查的临床观察

目的比较异丙酚联合舒芬太尼或咪唑安定麻醉用于纤维胃镜检查的安全性和有效性。方法选择行纤维胃镜检查患者120例,随机分为异丙酚 生理盐水(P组)、异丙酚 咪达唑仑(PM组)、异丙酚 舒芬太尼(PS组)3组;各组在静脉注射异丙酚前分别静脉注射生理盐水2 ml、咪达唑仑0.04 mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.1μg/kg;待患者睫毛反射消失后插入胃镜,检查过程中连续监测心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2),从静脉注射异丙酚开始记录注射部位是否疼痛,睫毛反射消失时间、完全清醒(回答正确、行走自如)时间,术中是否知晓(知道置镜或取镜),术中不适(置镜时咳嗽、屏气、体动),呼吸抑制(暂停、舌后坠),术后是否恶心呕吐,有无头痛、眩晕、恶梦及自我感觉(舒适、无感觉、不适)。结果3组患者均未出现术中知晓、恶心呕吐,亦无恶梦发生;P组异丙酚总用量以及睫毛反射消失时间明显多于PM组和PS组[(316±29)mg vs(240±18)mg、(261±16)mg,(60±14)s vs(45±11)s、(46±10)s,均P<0.05];与术前基础值比较,3组患者术中MAP,术中最低HR、SpO2均明显降低(P<0.05);P组术中最低HR、SpO2明显低于PS和PM组[(73.28±24.33)次/min vs(77.69±15.36)次/min(、76.52±11.24)次/min,(0.81±0.10)vs(0.88±0.78)、(0.88±0.69),均P<0.05];与P组和PS组比较,PM组完全清醒时间明显延长(P<0.05),但P组与PS组间比较差异无统计学意义;PS组的注射部位疼痛发生率(10.0%)明显少于P组(77.5%)和PM组(65.0%)(P<0.01);PS组的术中不适(置镜时咳嗽、体动)发生率(7.5%)亦明显少于P组(32.5%)和PM组(27.5%)(P<0.05);所有患者均无进行气管插管抢救的情况发生。结论异丙酚联合舒芬太尼或咪达唑仑麻醉均能安全有效地用于纤维胃镜的检查,但异丙酚联合舒芬太尼较之异丙酚联合咪唑安定更适合用于纤维胃镜检查的麻醉。     

咪达唑仑在小儿机械通气中的应用58例分析

目的：探讨咪达唑仑在小儿机械通气中的临床效果。方法：选择我科危重患儿58例,机械通气后使用咪达唑仑镇静治疗,观察镇静效果及动态监测给药前后和停药时呼吸循环血氧饱和度及血气分析指标的变化,并进行统计学分析。结果：咪达唑仑镇静后,患儿的血压无明显影响;呼吸频率、心率和血气分析各指标在用药前后有明显的改善。结论：咪达唑仑是一种较理想的镇静药物,提高了患儿对气管插管和机械通气的耐受性,值得在小儿机械通气治疗中推广。     

右美托咪定与咪达唑仑对老年患者呼吸抑制时异丙酚EC_(50)的影响

目的研究右美托咪定与咪达唑仑对老年患者呼吸抑制时异丙酚的半数有效浓度(EC50)的影响。方法选择硬膜外麻醉下行下肢手术的老年患者,年龄65⁸0岁,性别不限,ASAⅠ80岁,性别不限,ASAⅠ^Ⅱ级,随机分为三组,D组、M组和C组分别静脉泵注右美托咪定0.4μg/kg、咪达唑仑0.03 mg/kg和生理盐水。之后开启靶控输注(TCI)异丙酚,D组、M组和C组第1例患者的血浆靶浓度分别设定为1.4μg/ml、1.2μg/ml和2.2μg/ml。根据呼吸抑制的发生情况确定下1例血浆靶浓度,相邻靶浓度的比值为1.1。计算出三组异丙酚TCI时患者呼吸抑制的EC50。结果 D组、M组和C组呼吸抑制时异丙酚EC50分别为1.64μg/ml(95%可信区间为1.52Ⅱ级,随机分为三组,D组、M组和C组分别静脉泵注右美托咪定0.4μg/kg、咪达唑仑0.03 mg/kg和生理盐水。之后开启靶控输注(TCI)异丙酚,D组、M组和C组第1例患者的血浆靶浓度分别设定为1.4μg/ml、1.2μg/ml和2.2μg/ml。根据呼吸抑制的发生情况确定下1例血浆靶浓度,相邻靶浓度的比值为1.1。计算出三组异丙酚TCI时患者呼吸抑制的EC50。结果 D组、M组和C组呼吸抑制时异丙酚EC50分别为1.64μg/ml(95%可信区间为1.52¹.78μg/ml)、1.18μg/ml(95%可信区间为1.151.78μg/ml)、1.18μg/ml(95%可信区间为1.15¹.21μg/ml)和2.35μg/ml(95%可信区间为2.191.21μg/ml)和2.35μg/ml(95%可信区间为2.19².51μg/ml)。D组、M组的EC50明显低于C组,M组低于D组。结论右美托咪定和咪达唑仑均能降低老年患者呼吸抑制时异丙酚的EC50,右美托咪定降低异丙酚的EC50的幅度显著小于咪达唑仑。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征发病中的细胞因子和炎性介质

研究表明 ,引起急性呼吸窘迫综合征 ( ARDS)的各种情况 ,均能触发由多种效应细胞〔包括巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞( PMN)、肺泡毛细血管内皮细胞与血小板等〕、炎症介质和细胞因子参与的反应 〔1〕。全身炎症反应综合征 ( SIRS)是导致多器官功能障碍综合征 ( MODS)的根本原因 ,ARDS是 SIRS的肺部表现〔2〕。目前已注意到 ,在许多致病因素作用下肺泡单核巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞最早产生补体 C5 a、肿瘤坏死因子α( TNFα)、白介素 1β( IL 1β)起动了炎症的级联反应 ( cascade) ,它们再刺激肺内多种细胞因子 ,介导外周循环的炎症细胞迁…     

ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者血清炎症介质的影响

目的观察ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸对急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者血清炎症介质释放的影响。方法将42例ARDS患者按随机化数字表原则,分为对照组和研究组,每组各21例。两组患者均接受等氮、等热量的全胃肠外营养,热量25kcal·kg^-1·d^-1、氮摄入量0.2g/kg,其中研究组加用ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（0.2g·kg^-1·d^-1）,共7d。分别检测治疗前和治疗后第1、3、7天血清白细胞介素1（IL-1）、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）水平,并观察动脉血氧分压和氧合指数的变化。结果加用ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸治疗后,研究组在不同时间点IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α均明显低于对照组（P均〈0.05）;两组患者动脉血氧分压和氧合指数均有改善,且研究组氧合指数较高,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。结论ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸可降低ARDS患者IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α水平,在一定程度上有利于ARDS患者呼吸功能的恢复。     

Translaryngeal tracheostomy in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients

OBJECTIVE: To prevent gas exchange deterioration during translaryngeal tracheostomy (TLT) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) ventilation is maintained through a small diameter endotracheal tube (ETT; 4.0 mm i.d.) advanced beyond the tracheostoma. We report on the feasibility of uninterrupted ventilation delivered through a high-resistance ETT in ARDS patients, and relevant ventilatory adjustments and monitoring. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective, observational clinical study in an eight-bed intensive care unit of a university hospital. Patients: Eight consecutive ARDS patients scheduled for tracheostomy. INTERVENTIONS: During TLT volume control ventilation was maintained through the 4.0-mm i.d. ETT. Tidal volume, respiratory rate, and inspiratory to expiratory ratio were kept constant. Fractional inspiratory oxygen was 1. Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) set on the ventilator (PEEP(vent)) was reduced to maintain total PEEP (PEEP(tot)) at baseline level according to the measured intrinsic PEEP (auto-PEEP). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Data were collected before tracheostomy and while on mechanical ventilation with the 4.0-mm i.d. ETT. Neither PaCO(2) nor PaO(2) changed significantly (54.5+/-10.0 vs. 56.4+/-7.0 and 137+/-69 vs. 140+/-59 mmHg, respectively). Auto-PEEP increased from 0.6+/-1.1 to 9.8+/-6.5 cmH(2)O during ventilation with the 4.0-mm i.d. ETT. By decreasing PEEP(vent) we obtained a stable PEEP(tot) (11.4+/-4.3 vs. 11.8+/-4.3 cmH(2)O), and end-inspiratory occlusion pressure (26.7+/-7.4 vs. 28.0+/-6.6 cmH(2)O). Peak inspiratory pressure rose from 33.8+/-8.1 to 77.8+/-12.7 cmH(2)O. CONCLUSIONS: The high-resistance ETT allows ventilatory assistance during the whole TLT procedure. Assessment of stability in plateau pressure and PEEP(tot) by end-inspiratory and end-expiratory occlusions prevent hyperinflation and possibly barotrauma.     

纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征

目的探讨在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中采用纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗治疗的临床效果。方法选取平江县第一人民医院2012年2月至2014年3月60例急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者,分为对照组与研究组,每组30例。给予对照组患者常规临床治疗,研究组患者在对照组基础上实施纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗治疗,分析比较两组的治疗效果。结果对照组22例患者治愈,有效率为73.3%;研究组28例患者治愈,有效率为93.3%,显著优于对照组。研究组治疗的机械通气时间、平均住ICU时间及平均住院时间均明显短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中采用纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗治疗方案具有更显著的疗效,有利于改善患者的治愈率,安全性高,值得临床推广及应用。     

肺复张对急性呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效观察

目的 观察肺复张对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗效果.方法 观察7例符合美国/欧洲危重症学会诊断标准ARDS早期患者,应用压力控制型呼吸机,在吸氧体积分数为100％条件下,监测血流动力学参数及血管外肺水指数(EVLWI).肺复张开始时将呼吸机模式调整为压力控制,吸气压力(Pi) =24 cm H2O(1cmH2O=0.0981 kPa),呼气末正压(PEEP)10cm H2O,f=50,吸呼比为5∶1.此后,先将PEEP上调至24 cm H2O,Pi上调至45 cm H2O,维持3次吸气再将Pi下调至30 cm H2O,立即查动脉血气.如果PaO2＜450mmHg (1mmHg=0.133kPa),在上次压力的基础上增加5 cm H2O,直到PaO2＞ 450 mm Hg,认为复张成功.随后,逐渐以2 cm H2O下调PEEP,每次下调后再重复上述步骤,直到PEEP到达某数值时PaO2＜ 350 mm Hg,在此PEEP上增加2 cm H2O则认为是最佳PEEP.保持气道压力不少于4h,监测复张前后血气指标以及血液动力学指标并进行比较.如果复张过程中血液动力学不稳定则立即停止复张.结果 方差分析结果表明:6位患者复张后4 h PaO2较基础明显增加(P＜0.01),PEEP比基础状态明显升高(P＜0.01),EVLWI则显著降低(P＜0.01).1位患者因血液动力学不稳而终止复张.7位患者均未出现复张相关并发症,并且6位患者治愈.结论 应用肺复张治疗ARDS是安全有效的.     

Neuromuscular blocking agents decrease inflammatory response in patients presenting with acute respiratory distress syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) on pulmonary and systemic inflammation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome ventilated with a lung-protective strategy. DESIGN: Multiple-center, prospective, controlled, and randomized trial. SETTING: One medical and two medical-surgical intensive care units. PATIENTS: A total of 36 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (Pao2/Fio2 ratio of < or =200 at a positive end-expiratory pressure of > or =5 cm H2O) were included within 48 hrs of acute respiratory distress syndrome onset. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized to receive conventional therapy plus placebo (n = 18) or conventional therapy plus NMBAs (n = 18) for 48 hrs. Both groups were ventilated with a lung-protective strategy (tidal volume between 4 and 8 mL/kg ideal body weight, plateau pressure of < or =30 cm H2O). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Bronchoalveolar lavages and blood samples were performed, before randomization and at 48 hrs, to determine the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8. Pao2/Fio2 ratio was evaluated before randomization and at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hrs. A decrease over time in IL-8 concentrations (p = .034) was observed in the pulmonary compartment of the NMBA group. At 48 hrs after randomization, pulmonary concentrations of IL-1beta (p = .005), IL-6 (p = .038), and IL-8 (p = .017) were lower in the NMBA group as compared with the control group. A decrease over time in IL-6 (p = .05) and IL-8 (p = .003) serum concentrations was observed in the NMBA group. At 48 hrs after randomization, serum concentrations of IL-1beta (p = .037) and IL-6 (p = .041) were lower in the NMBA group as compared with the control group. A sustained improvement in Pao2/Fio2 ratio was observed and was reinforced in the NMBA group (p < .001). CONCLUSION: Early use of NMBAs decrease the proinflammatory response associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and mechanical ventilation.     

乌司他丁联合大剂量氨溴索对急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者细胞因子的影响

目的观察乌司他丁联合大剂量氨溴索对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者细胞因子的影响。方法将173例入住重症监护室(ICU)的ARDS患者随机分成4组:A组43例,采用常规综合治疗和机械通气治疗;B组43例,在A组基础上加用大剂量氨溴索治疗;C组42例,在A组基础上加用乌司他丁治疗;D组45例,在A组基础上加用乌司他丁和大剂量氨溴索治疗,共7 d。观察4组患者治疗前后肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)水平的变化,记录28 d病死率。结果 C、D 2组治疗后48 h以及治疗后7 d的TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平显著低于A组(P0.01),而IL-10水平只在治疗后48 h显著低于A组(P0.01);B、C、D组28 d病死率低于A组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论乌司他丁联合大剂量氨溴索治疗能降低ARDS患者的TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平,对ARDS患者有较好的治疗作用。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者行侧卧位通气的疗效

目的：探讨侧卧位通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者氧合、血流动力学及痰液引流的影响。方法纳入25例 ARDS 患者,监测初始仰卧位、侧卧位1小时后、转仰卧位1小时各时间点的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）、动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）、痰液引流量等指标。结果与初始仰卧位比较,患者侧卧位1小时 PaO2（75±12）mmHg vs （65±11）mmHg,PaO2／FiO2（280±14）mmHg vs （200±20） mmHg 明显升高（P ＜0．05）,SpO2（96．5±2．2）vs （88．5±1．2）明显升高（P ＜0．05）,且转仰卧位1小时仍能保持, MAP、HR 差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）,侧卧位1小时气道痰液引流量较初始仰卧位明显增加（15．2±1．8）ml vs （8．2±2．0）ml（P ＜0．05）。结论侧卧位通气可改善 ARDS 患者的氧合,且恢复仰卧位后氧合改善持续存在;可改善气道痰液引流,但对血流动力学、呼吸机力学参数无明显影响。     

Effect of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome on outcome in critically ill trauma patients

OBJECTIVE: Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are known to be associated with increased mortality and costs in trauma patients. We estimated the independent impact of these conditions on mortality and cost, beyond the severity of injury with which they are correlated. DESIGN: One-year prospective cohort. PATIENTS AND SETTING: All trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit in a level I center were evaluated daily for ALI/ARDS using the American-European Consensus Conference definition. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The main outcome measures were hospital mortality and costs. Logistic regression was used to model hospital mortality in relation to the presence of ALI and ARDS, adjusting for trauma severity (Injury Severity Score), Acute Physiology Score, and age. Hospital costs were modeled using multivariable linear regression. Of the 1,296 trauma patients surviving beyond the first day, 4% experienced ALI (defined as Pao2/Fio2 of 201-300 mm Hg) and 12% had ARDS (Pao2/Fio2 < or = 200 mm Hg). The crude relative risk of mortality was 2.24 (95% confidence interval, 0.92-5.45) in patients with ALI and 3.84 (95% confidence interval, 2.41-6.13) in patients with ARDS compared with those without ALI/ARDS. However, there was no association of mortality with ALI (relative risk, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.29-3.36) or with ARDS (relative risk, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-2.43) after adjustment for age, Injury Severity Score, and Acute Physiology Score. Among patients of comparable age, severity score, and length of stay, median cost was 20% to 30% higher for those with ALI/ARDS. CONCLUSIONS: There is no additional mortality associated with ALI/ARDS above and beyond the factors that can be measured at intensive care unit admission. Therefore, mortality in trauma patients is explained by injury severity at admission and is not affected by the subsequent occurrence of ALI/ARDS. Nonetheless, ALI/ARDS was associated with increased intensive care unit stay and hospital cost, independent of trauma severity.