Current management of refractory overactive bladder

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common condition affecting one‐sixth to one‐fifth of the global population. The treatment of refractory OAB remains a challenge for urologists. Current treatment options include the use of combination therapy with antimuscarinic agents and beta‐3 adrenoceptor agonists, and treating underlying curable disorders. Intravesical botulinum toxin type A (BoNT‐A) injection, percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation, and sacral nerve stimulation are third‐line management therapies suggested by the American Urological Association/Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine & Urogenital Reconstruction (AUA/SUFU) guidelines. In rare cases, more invasive surgical interventions can be considered after explaining the benefits and risks to the patients. Augmentation cystoplasty has a high success rate; however, it has also been associated with a high complication rate. In contrast, detrusor myomectomy is an easy procedure, but the treatment outcome remains controversial. Liposome‐encapsulated BoNT‐A is administered via bladder instillation, and promising results have been obtained in preliminary studies. More therapies are currently being investigated, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 antagonists may be new type of medication. Radiofrequency ablation and other targets for neuromodulation have also been studied; however, more evidence is needed to confirm their efficacy.     

Pathophysiology of refractory overactive bladder

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common condition. The International Continence Society defines OAB as a symptom complex characterized by urgency with or without urge incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia. The first‐line treatment for OAB includes behavioral therapy, such as caffeine reduction, fluid intake modification, weight reduction, bladder training, and pelvic floor muscle training, as well as treatment with antimuscarinic or β₃‐adrenoceptor agonist medications. However, less than half of all cases achieve satisfactory outcomes following first‐line treatment. Second‐line therapy considered if satisfactory responses are not achieved after 8 to 12 weeks treatment with first‐line therapy include intradetrusor botulinum toxin injection, neuromodulation, and surgical treatment. Patients with refractory OAB may have more severe symptoms or underlying pathophysiologies that were not resolved by the initial medication. The pathophysiologies of refractory OAB include occult neurogenic bladder, undetected bladder outlet obstruction, urethral‐related OAB, urothelial dysfunction with aging, chronic bladder ischemia, chronic bladder inflammation, central sensitization, and autonomic dysfunction. This article discusses the possible pathophysiologies of refractory OAB.     

膀胱癌组织中趋化因子受体CXCR7的表达变化及意义

目的观察膀胱癌组织中趋化因子受体CXCR7的表达变化及意义。方法收集37例膀胱癌患者的癌组织（观察组）和29例癌旁正常组织（对照组）,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应法（RT—PCR）和免疫组化法分别检测其中的CXCR7 mRNA和蛋白。结果观察组CXCR7 mRNA相对表达量为0．692±0．071,明显高于对照组的0．432±0．148,P〈0．05。观察组中浅表性膀胱癌CXCR7 mRNA相对表达量为0．676±0．065,明显低于浸润性膀胱癌组织中的0．731±0．074,但二者均高于对照组,P均〈0．05。观察组11例CXCR7蛋白低表达、26例高表达,对照组分别为23、6例,两组CXCR7蛋白表达情况相比P〈0．05。观察组26例浅表性膀胱癌中15例CXCR7高表达,11例浸润性膀胱癌CXCR7均为高表达。CXCR7表达情况与膀胱癌临床分期有关（P〈0．05）。CXCR7表达情况与膀胱癌患者年龄、性别无关（P均〉0．05）。结论膀胱癌组织中CXCR7 mRNA和蛋白表达升高。检测膀胱癌组织中的CXCR7 mRNA或蛋白可能有助于判断膀胱癌的临床分期。     

神经原膀胱的病理生理与治疗特点

神经原膀胱是由排尿反射弧各个环节的神经元或神经纤维受损所导致的膀胱尿道功能障碍,可有高反应膀胱或低反应膀胱的病理生理特点,主要因尿失禁或尿潴留影响生活质量或因尿道感染影响生存寿命。根据神经原膀胱受损的神经反射弧可分为周围性和中枢性两大类型,现综述其病理生理特点和治疗特点等。     

不同分化程度膀胱癌细胞中CXCR4的表达变化及意义

目的观察趋化因子受体CXCR4在分化程度不同的膀胱癌（BBC）细胞中的表达情况。方法分别用细胞涂片免疫组化法、RT-PCR和免疫荧光标记流式细胞术检测CXCR4在BBC细胞系SCaBER、T24和5637中的表达情况。结果CXCR4在三个细胞系胞质内均有表达,以SCaBER表达最明显,124表达最弱,5637细胞表达居中,SCaBER细胞中CXCR4表达阳性者占6.44%±0.42%,T24占1.50%±0.17%,5637占2.13%±0.11%,三者相比,P均〈0.05。SCaBER、T24、5637中CXCR4 mRNA的光密度值分别为1.64±0.22、0.46±0.11、0.99±0.35,三者相比,P均〈0.05。结论CXCR4在不同分化程度的BBC细胞中均有表达,分化程度低者表达更强。     

Isolated intraperitoneal bladder rupture in patients with alcohol intoxication and minor abdominal trauma

Rupture of the urinary bladder secondary to abdominal trauma is uncommon and is usually associated with visceral or bone injuries; less than 10% of all cases occur without associated injuries. We present two cases of bladder rupture in intoxicated patients after minor abdominal trauma and without evidence of associated injuries. Given the absence of any symptoms in either case, we did not initially suspect bladder rupture. One of the two patients also presented with an intravesical herniation of the rectosigmoidal junction.     

紫杉醇对耐阿霉素膀胱癌细胞株T24/ADM增殖的影响及机制

目的观察紫杉醇对耐阿霉素（ADM）人膀胱癌细胞株（T24/ADM）增殖的影响,并探讨其机制。方法用阿霉素浓度梯度递增法诱导培养人膀胱癌T24/ADM多药耐药细胞。用1、10、102、103nmol/L紫杉醇培养T24/ADM细胞12、24、48、72 h,用MTT法测算T24/ADM细胞增殖抑制率,用流式细胞仪PI单染法测定培养24、48 h时T24/ADM细胞凋亡率,并进行形态学观察。结果紫杉醇可抑制T24/ADM细胞生长,且在一定剂量范围内具有时间和浓度依赖性。实验组细胞凋亡率较对照组高,且随作用时间的延长,细胞凋亡率明显增高。紫杉醇组T24/ADM细胞镜下可见凋亡。结论紫杉醇可抑制膀胱癌T24/ADM细胞株生长,这种作用呈浓度时间依赖性,其机制可能与紫杉醇诱导T24/ADM细胞凋亡有关。     

膀胱移行细胞癌组织中Nodal的表达变化及意义

目的观察胚胎成形素Nodal在膀胱移行细胞癌（下称膀胱癌）组织中的表达情况,并探讨其临床意义。方法采用Westernblot及RT—PCR方法分别检测17例膀胱癌组织及6例膀胱正常组织中Nodal蛋白及mRNA。17例膀胱癌病理分级：I级5例、Ⅱ级7例、Ⅲ级5例;TNM分期：Ta期7例、T1期6例、T2～T4期4例。结果正常膀胱组织中没有检测到Nodal蛋白、mRNA的表达,17例肿瘤组织均存在Nodal蛋白及mRNA的阳性表达;且Nodal表达与肿瘤病理分级、临床分期有关,其分级、分期越高,Nodal表达亦越强,Ⅲ级〉II级（P〈0．05）〉I级（P〈0．01）,T2-T4期〉T1期〉Ta期（P均〈0．05）。结论膀胱癌组织中Nodal蛋白、mRNA呈高表达,其表达强弱与膀胱癌病理分级及临床分期有关。Nodal有望成为膀胱癌早期检测及治疗的重要靶点。     

手术治疗小儿神经源性膀胱的术式选择

目的 探讨神经源性膀胱手术方式的选择方法与疗效。方法 对94例神经源性膀胱患者选择不同术式进行手术治疗，观察比较其手术前后尿动力学检查结果。结果 本组94例，常用手术方式为盆底肌加强、膀胱颈悬吊、膀胱扩大、Malone术和输尿管抗反流术，其中4种以上手术组合32例(34．04％)，3种手术组合53例(56．38％)，2种手术组合9例(9．57％)。手术后尿动力学指标明显改善。结论 手术是治疗神经源性膀胱的有效方法，但常需要数种手术的组合才能有效改善排尿、排便功能。     

Skeletal metastasis in gall bladder cancer

This report describes an interesting and unusual case of carcinoma gallbladder with skull metastasis.     

Carcinoma of the gall‐bladder associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis

A 64‐year‐old Japanese male was admitted to Fukuoka University Hospital to undergo further examination for an elevated γ‐glutamyltransferase (γ‐GTP) level. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) showed dilatation of the intrahepatic bile duct and stenosis of the proximal portion of the common bile duct. No abnormality was found in the gall‐bladder. Since the fecal occult blood test was positive, sigmoidoscopy and a barium enema were performed. Sigmoidoscopy showed a hyperemic and hemorrhagic mucosa in the rectum, but a barium enema study did not show any abnormal findings in the entire colon. We diagnosed the patient to have primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and ulcerative proctitis based on these radiological and endoscopic findings. Bloody stool and fever occurred 4 months after the first admission. The patient’s colitis extended to the entire colon. Because of the failure of corticosteroid therapy, a subtotal colectomy was performed. Given that a mass was intraoperatively palpable in the gall‐bladder, a cholecystectomy was simultaneously performed. In the whole resected colon, diffuse ulcerations and mucosal islands were found. Grossly, a flat polypoid lesion, measuring 2 cm in diameter, was found in the fundus of the resected gall‐bladder. Sections of this lesion in the gall‐bladder revealed cystic atypical glands and some atypical cell clusters invading the subserosa. The present case suggests that careful observations are needed for patients with ulcerative colitis who have an elevated γ‐GTP level even if the colitis is limited to the distal colon and the serum alkaline phosphatase level is normal.     

Gall bladder tuberculosis: Review of literature

Gall bladder tuberculosis (GB TB) is a very rare disease and scarce data is available on exact incidence and clinicopathogenesis even in endemic areas. The aim is to provide an insight into epidemiology, pathophysiology and management for better understanding of gall bladder tuberculosis. We collected data available from the literature on all histologically proven gall bladder tuberculosis. Case reports with either no article or only abstracts were available excluded from the study. Fifty two case reports and series with total 73 patients were included in this study. Mean age of patients was 48 years (Range 8–86 years) with male: female ratio of 1:1.7. 53 (73%) patient had isolated disease and 18 (24%) had associated abdominal tuberculosis. 3 (4%) of patients had concomitant and 7 (9%) had past history of pulmonary tuberculosis. 39 patients presented as cholecystitis and 25 as gall bladder mass. 44 (60%) patients had gall stones and majority of them (56%) are multiple. Granuloma and caseous necrosis was found in 80% & 60% of patients respectively. In conclusion, Gall bladder tuberculosis is a very uncommon presentation of abdominal tuberculosis. Pre-operative diagnosis is not possible due to lack of specific diagnostic test so increase in awareness and a high index of suspicious is required.     

糖尿病神经源性膀胱的治疗进展

糖尿病神经源性膀胱(DNB)是糖尿病自主神经病变在泌尿生殖系统的表现.DNB发病机制复杂,因此治疗方法繁多,包括营养神经、抗氧化应激、改善胆碱能神经突触传递、电刺激、导尿、手术及中医药等.近年来对神经营养因子及其靶向基因治疗的研究较多,但多数仍处于动物实验阶段.膀胱治疗仪的出现,为DNB的治疗提供了一种新方法.各种治疗方法机制和疗效不同,且大多疗效不尽人意,更有效的治疗方法有待进一步研究.     

膀胱癌组织中Livin的表达变化及意义

目的观察膀胱癌组织中凋亡抑制蛋白Livin的表达,并探讨其意义。方法采用免疫组化SP法检测69例膀胱癌组织及10例正常膀胱黏膜组织中Livln,分析其与膀胱癌临床病理指标的关系。结果Livin在膀胱癌组织中的阳性表达率为65％（45／69）,在正常膀胱黏膜组织中不表达;Livin表达与膀胱癌病理分级、临床分期及病灶数量无关（P〉0．05）,与肿瘤的复发有关（P〈0．05）。结论膀胱癌组织中Livin呈高表达,其可作为膀胱癌诊断及预后判断的一项重要指标。     

Melatonin treatment protects against spinal cord injury induced functional and biochemical changes in rat urinary bladder

Oxidative stress induced by spinal cord injury (SCI) has deleterious effects on the function of several organ systems including the urinary bladder. In this study, we investigated the possible protective actions of melatonin on SCI-induced oxidative damage and urinary bladder dysfunction. Wistar albino rats (n = 24) were divided randomly as control, vehicle- or melatonin (10 mg/kg, ip)-treated SCI groups. To induce SCI, a standard weight-drop method that induced a moderately severe injury at T10 was used. Injured animals were given either vehicle or melatonin 15 min postinjury. One week postinjury, each rat was neurologically examined and then decapitated; blood samples were taken to evaluate neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and soluble protein 100β (S-100β). Spinal cord (SC) and urinary bladder samples were taken for functional studies and histological examination or stored for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and nerve growth factor (NGF) levels and caspase-3 activity. Isometric contractions in bladder strips were induced by carbachol. In the SCI rats, decreased contractile responses of the bladder strips were found to be restored by melatonin treatment. Serum S-100β levels and NSE activities and tissue MDA levels and caspase-3 activities, all of which were elevated in the vehicle-treated SCI animals as compared to the control values, were reversed by melatonin treatment. On the other hand, reduced GSH and NGF levels due to SCI were restored by melatonin treatment. Furthermore, melatonin treatment improved histological findings. These findings suggest that melatonin reduces SCI-induced tissue injury and improves bladder functions through its effects on oxidative stress and NGF.     

糖尿病与膀胱癌相关性研究进展

全球范围内,糖尿病与膀胱癌的发病率均呈持续上升状态,已严重危害到人类健康。从现有的相关研究中发现,两者可能在疾病的发生和发展过程中存在某些相关联的作用机制,从而对糖尿病患者的膀胱癌发病率及预后产生影响。有些研究认为糖尿病与膀胱癌存在着复杂的联系,但同时有研究结果持不同意见。本文就糖尿病与膀胱癌的流行病学特点、共同危险因素、降糖药物对膀胱癌的作用、糖尿病影响膀胱癌发生的可能机制以及糖尿病对膀胱癌预后的影响等方面进行全面系统的综述。