Nonvolitional Sex and Sexual Health

Nonvolitional sex is sexual behavior that violates a person's right to choose when and with whom to have sex and what sexual behaviors to engage in. The more extreme forms of this behavior include rape, forced sex, childhood sexual abuse, sex trafficking, and violence against people with nonconventional sexual identities. More nuanced forms of nonvolitional sex include engaging in sexual behavior that masks one's nonconventional sexual identity, or that protects one's position with peers, or that represents a quid pro quo for the economic support that one obtains within an intimate relationship. The aim of this essay is to highlight the ways in which nonvolitional sex threatens sexual health and to identify strategies for ameliorating this problem. These strategies will have to be as broad in scope as is the problem that they are designed to address. The essay discusses the following strategies to reduce nonvolitional sex: (1) advocacy for sexual rights, gender equality, and equality for individuals with nonconventional sexual identities; (2) primary prevention programs and interventions that offer comprehensive sexuality education that establishes volitional sex and sexual health as basic human rights; (3) health services that routinely ask clients about their experiences with nonvolitional sex in an open and culturally appropriate manner; and (4) secondary prevention programs to meet the needs of victims of nonvolitional sex identified by the "screening" programs.     

Sexual Regret in College Students

A questionnaire study was conducted to assess the relationship between sexual regret and sexual behaviors and demographic factors among 348 college-aged students prior to attending an educational program about sexual health issues. Analyses conducted on the portion of the sample who were sexually active (n = 270) indicated that the majority (71.9%, n = 194) has regretted their decision to engage in sexual activity at least once. The most cited reasons for regret by students included their sexual decision making as inconsistent with their morals (37%), an acknowledgment that alcohol influenced their decision (31.7%), the realization they did not want the same thing as their partner (27.9%), the lack of condom use (25.5%), feeling pressure by their partner (23.0%), and their desire to wait until marriage to have sex (15.4%). The only significant sex difference was that women reported regret due to feeling pressured by a partner more often than men. Multiple and logistic regression analyses indicated that the only significant predictor of regret regarding one's sexual decisions was the number of sexual partners. These results demonstrate the need for sexual educators to incorporate sexual regret into their curricula as the phenomenon of regret is more common than pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, the usual focus of sexuality education.     

青少年性知识、性态度和性行为现状研究

【目的】了解青少年性与生殖健康知识、态度和行为现状,为相关研究和干预提供依据。【方法】于2005年6~9月对武汉市桥口区、武昌区和青山区三所中学共2 987名初中学生进行知识、态度、行为(knowledge,attitude and practice,KAP)问卷调查。【结果】青少年已具备一定的青春期知识,但对生殖系统和功能缺乏系统的认识,一些概念模糊不清;男性的知识好于女性;初一学生的知识水平低于初二、初三学生。男性在对待青少年谈恋爱和性行为问题上的态度要比女性宽容。14.0%的调查对象谈过恋爱;随着年级升高,有过恋爱经历的比例逐渐增高。1.3%的调查对象有过性交经历;男生有过性交经历的比例(1.7%)高于女生(0.9%)。大多数青少年认为青春期性教育是必需的。【结论】充分了解青少年的性知识、性态度和性行为现状对设计良好的干预项目极有帮助。青春期性教育应是全社会关注的焦点之一。     

Sexual Coercion and Behavior Among a Sample of Sexual Minority Women

Sexual coercion may affect the sexual experiences of sexual minority women differently. Women (n = 445) aged 18 to 71 years (Mean = 30.38) answered an online survey on sexual orientation, lifetime coercion, and sexual history. Sexual minority women (45.8%, n = 204) were more likely to report having been coerced into unwanted sexual behavior (56.5%) than heterosexual women (44.8 %; p = 0.010). Coerced sexual minority women reported earlier ages of initiation into performing oral sex (p = 0.016), penile-vaginal (p = 0.024), and penile-anal (p = 0.027) intercourse. In multiple logistic regression models, currently being in a partnered relationship was the sole factor related to lifetime engagement in penile-vaginal intercourse and receiving oral sex from partners. Having at least a graduate degree was the only characteristic related to engagement in lifetime penile-anal intercourse. Sexual coercion was not related to any lifetime sexual behavior outcomes. The nature of sexual initiation and coercion should be explored further among sexual minority women, with the goal of incorporating their experiences into prevention and treatment initiatives.     

Turning On and Turning Off: A Focus Group Study of the Factors That Affect Women's Sexual Arousal

The aim of this study was to inform the development of a questionnaire to assess a woman's tendency to respond with sexual excitation/inhibition in different situations. Nine focus groups, involving 80 women (M age = 34.3 years; range, 18-84), were conducted. Women described a wide range of physical (genital and nongenital), cognitive/emotional, and behavioral cues to arousal. The relationship between sexual interest (desire) and sexual arousal was complex; sexual interest was reported as sometimes preceding arousal, but at other times following it. Many women did not clearly differentiate between arousal and interest. Qualitative data on the factors that women perceived as "enhancers" and "inhibitors" of sexual arousal are presented, with a focus on the following themes: feelings about one's body; concern about reputation; unwanted pregnancy/contraception; feeling desired versus feeling used by a partner; feeling accepted by a partner; style of approach/initiation; and negative mood. The findings can help inform conceptualizations of sexual arousal in women.     

The Israeli Sexual Behavior Inventory (ISBI): Scale Construction and Preliminary Validation

This study describes the construction and preliminary validation of the Israeli Sexual Behavior Inventory (ISBI). The ISBI was primarily designed to assess the impact of sexual problems, chronic illness and disability on sexual functioning and experience. Scales were designed to measure three areas of healthy sexual functioning and three areas of sexual dysfunction for both males and females. To provide normative data to which clinical samples can be compared, a large randomly selected sample from an adult male and female population was used for scale construction and preliminary validation. Scale reliabilities, intercorrelations between the ISBI scales, comparisons between the above sample and a clinical sample provide evidence of the ISBI's reliability and validity.     

女性性功能障碍及其研究进展

女性性功能障碍是影响女性生活质量的一个重要因素,随着社会的进步,性功能障碍问题日益受到人们的重视。近年的研究表明,女性性功能障碍的发生与女性社会心理因素、生理及病理改变有密切关系;同时,对女性性生理、女性性功能障碍发病机制的深入认识和理解,也为女性性功能障碍的诊断和治疗提供了理论依据。     

妊娠少女性自我概念中介效应模型分析

目的 了解妊娠少女的性知识、性态度、性行为及性自我概念现状及其影响因素。方法 选取江苏省昆山市公立医院的245名妊娠少女为调查对象, 采用妊娠少女性知识、性态度、性行为及性自我概念4个量表进行测量。结果 妊娠少女性知识、态度、行为及自我概念得分分别为(3.29±0.43)、(2.66±0.49)、(2.66±0.49)、(2.93±0.46)分, 其中性态度与性自我概念得分相对较低;不同学历、父母婚姻关系及亲子关系对妊娠少女性知识得分影响差异有统计学意义(F_学历=6.97, P<0.01;F_{父母婚姻关系}=9.36, P<0.001;F_亲子关系=5.46., P<0.01), 不同父母婚姻关系对妊娠少女性态度得分(F_{父母婚姻关系}=4.79, P<0.01)、性行为得分(F_{父母婚姻关系}=7.22, P<0.05)影响差异有统计学意义, 不同亲子关系对性态度得分有影响(F_亲子关系=3.83, P<0.05), 不同学历对自我概念得分有影响(F_学历=10.033, P<0.001);妊娠少女性知识(β=0.44, P<0.001)与性态度(β=0.62, P<0.001)能直接预测性自我概念, 并经由性行为(β=1.29, P <0.001)间接影响妊娠少女的性自我概念。结论 妊娠少女整体情况堪忧, 家庭因素及受教育状况是影响少女妊娠的重要因素。     

Damaged Sexual Self-Esteem: A Kind of Disability

Damage to sexual self-esteem can occur readily through interactions with others; name-calling, sexual insults, unsuccessful sexual interactions, sexual victimization, and one's own impulsivity and self-destructiveness in a sexual encounter can affect the individual's sexual self-esteem. In this paper, five cases are provided to clarify the ways in which individuals experience damage to their sexual self-esteem. Some of these cases came under court scrutiny; monetary compensation was ordered by the courts because of extreme damage in some of the cases. Damage to SSE can be extreme, disabling and can significantly detract from the individual's self-view, satisfaction with life, capability to experience pleasure, willingness to interact with others and ability to develop relationships.     

Sexual esteem,sexual satisfaction,and sexual behavior among people with physical disability

This study investigated the association between the severity and duration of physical disability and sexual esteem, sexual depression, sexual satisfaction, and the frequency of sexual behavior. A total of 1,196 participants completed the study. There were 748 participants (367 males, 381 females) who had a physical disability and 448 participants (171 males, 277 females) who were able-bodied. The age range of participants was 18–69 years, with a mean age of 36.39 years (SD = 10.41). The results demonstrated that people with more severe physical impairments experienced significantly lower levels of sexual esteem and sexual satisfaction and significantly higher levels of sexual depression than people who had mild impairments or who did not report having a physical impairment. The study also found that people with more severe physical disabilities engaged in mutual sexual activity significantly less frequently. Women with physical disabilities had significantly more positive feelings about their sexuality and significantly more frequent mutual sexual experiences than their male counterparts. For people with physical disabilities, the frequency of oral sex and nude cuddling were significant predictors of sexual satisfaction in men, while the frequency of deep kissing predicted sexual satisfaction in women. Furthermore, the viewing of erotica was significantly related to sexual dissatisfaction in men. Finally, it was found that people who had experienced their physical impairment for a longer period of time reported significantly more positive feelings about their sexuality. Implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions are made for future research.     

大学性教育亟待加强

目的 了解大学生性教育现状,努力做好性教育改革工作,使大学生拥有健康的性意识和性道德,促进他们身心的健康发展.方法 采用抽样问卷调查的形式,对我校840例大学生进行性知识问卷调查,并对结果进行统计分析.结果 大学生中部分同学性知识贫乏.76.78%的男生、84.06%的女生愿意求助他人帮助.85.31%的男生及60.86%的女生对性知识感兴趣.调查还发现部分同学被性困扰,提示仅仅给学生讲授人体解剖及生理卫生是不够的.结论 大学生性知识贫乏,部分学生受西方"性自由"、"性解放"影响,我们医务工作者应帮助他们学习性知识,对其进行性道德教育,使其避免产生性心理障碍并走出困境.     

The effect of chronological and theoretical birth order on sexual attitudes and behaviors

A survey designed to evaluate the impact that both chronological and theoretical birth order may have on sexual attitudes and behaviors was completed by 441 respondents (221 male, 220 female). The attitudes and behaviors investigated were aggressive sexual behavior, social relationship attitudes, emotional relationship attitudes, total heterosexual behavior, and total orgasmic behavior. The data revealed no difference between male and female in terms of total sexual behavior. However, males had significantly higher sexual aggression, social attitudes, emotional attitudes, and total orgasm scores. These results suggest that while there may be equity between the sexes in terms of heterosexual behavior, there are still significant differences between the sexes in terms of specific behaviors and attitudes. No differences were found on any of the scales based on either chronological or theoretical birth order. These results suggest that sexual behavior and attitudes may be influenced to a greater degree by biological and cohort factors than by sibling position.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Joint Annual Meeting of the Midcontinent Region of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex and the Indiana/Illinois section of the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists, Bloomington, Indiana, April 1987.     

大学性教育亟待加强

目的了解大学生性教育现状,努力做好性教育改革工作,使大学生拥有健康的性意识和性道德,促进他们身心的健康发展。方法采用抽样问卷调查的形式,对我校840例大学生进行性知识问卷调查,并对结果进行统计分析。结果大学生中部分同学性知识贫乏。76.78%的男生、84.06%的女生愿意求助他人帮助。85.31%的男生及60.86%的女生对性知识感兴趣。调查还发现部分同学被性困扰,提示仅仅给学生讲授人体解剖及生理卫生是不够的。结论大学生性知识贫乏,部分学生受西方“性自由”、“性解放”影响,我们医务工作者应帮助他们学习性知识,对其进行性道德教育,使其避免产生性心理障碍并走出困境。     

西安市中小学生性发育调查与心理卫生咨询

本文调查了西安市1980名中小学生(男945人,女1035人)的性发育,结果是女子初潮平均年龄为13.40岁,男子首次遗精平均年龄为14.58岁,和以往资料相比,性发育表现出明显的长期变化。部分家长和教师,由于不了解性发育知识而产生许多心理卫生问题,因此在小学高年级阶段,即应进行性知识教育。     

学龄前儿童常见性相关行为及早期性教育探讨

目的 了解深圳市福田区学龄前儿童性心理健康状况,分析儿童的性相关行为表现及流行病学特点,为开展早期性教育提供科学依据.方法 随机整群抽取深圳市福田区3所幼儿园共600名儿童,用自行设计的学龄前儿童性教育问卷调查表(家长用)进行儿童性心理行为问题调查.结果 共收回514份有效问卷,有性相关行为表现的儿童共314名,占61.1%.其中前五位性相关行为表现排序为抚摸生殖器、看父母洗澡、看小朋友上厕所、做新郎新娘游戏、喜爱异性的服装和玩具;多数家长认为学龄前儿童有必要进行早期性教育.结论 提高教育者的性知识水平和性教育意识,在家庭生活中正确引导,在幼儿园开设科学的早期性教育课程,是培养儿童健康性心理的有效措施.     

The role of anxiety in sexual dysfunctions: A review

Studies are reviewed which (a) compare anxiety and other measures of psychopathology between normals and dysfunctionals; (b) evaluate the effectiveness of anxiety reduction procedures for treating sexual dysfunctions; and (c) try to identify anxiety-related stimuli that alter sexual arousal. The studies, in general, suggest that (a) anxiety is common among people with sexual dysfunctions, but that the level and nature of the anxiety may vary greatly between individuals; (b) anxiety reduction procedures improve some, but probably not all, aspects of sexual dysfunctions; and (c) recent research has begun to identify some anxiety-related factors that can disrupt sexual arousal.     

Child sexual abuse treatment: misinterpretation and mismanagement of child sexual behavior

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to examine caregiver understanding of the impact of child sexual abuse and the management of abused children in residential treatment. METHODS: A purposive sample of 20 registered nurses and child care workers were interviewed about their experiences working in residential treatment and their knowledge about child development and child sexual abuse and its application to practice. Data from interviews and field notes were analysed using dimensional analysis. FINDINGS: Caregivers had limited knowledge of the sequelae of child sexual abuse. Developmentally appropriate behaviour of sexually abused children, as well as behavioural manifestations of child sexual abuse, were often misinterpreted and mismanaged. CONCLUSION: Residential care of sexually abused children should be based on sound developmental principles and caregiver sensitivity.     

吉林市单亲家庭青少年性的知识、态度及行为现状研究

目的：了解吉林市单亲家庭青少年性教育现状。方法：在吉林市6所中学随机抽取单亲及双亲家庭青少年各200人作为研究对象,进行问卷调查。结果：被调查者己具备一定的青春期性知识,但相当部分学生对人体的生理知识尚不清楚,尤其是单亲家庭的孩子表现更为薄弱;与双亲家庭青少年比较,单亲家庭青少年从父母那里获得较少的性知识;对中学生恋爱、性教育及婚前性行为的看法,单亲学生均比双亲学生表现得开放;单亲学生中有过性行为的比例多于双亲学生,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：充分了解青少年的性知识、性态度和性行为,能对制定良好的干预措施提供帮助。青春期性教育是全社会均应关注的焦点,尤其要重点关注单亲家庭青少年。