唐山地区糖尿病低视力患者的现状调查及相关危险因素研究

目的：调查唐山地区糖尿病低视力患者的发病现状,并对致病的危险因素进行探讨。

方法：采用抽样调查的方式选择2016-01/12唐山地区2 000例糖尿病居民为研究对象,对其进行视力检查,观察统计唐山地区糖尿病低视力的发生率。将糖尿病低视力患者纳入观察组,另取2倍病例数的糖尿病正常视力患者为对照组,采用Logistic 回归分析对两组患者相关病史资料进行调查,分析导致低视力危险因素。

结果：参与视力检查的2 000例糖尿病患者中,共有189例276眼患者视力低下,发生率为6.90%,其中单眼视力低下患者102例102眼(2.55%),双眼视力低下87例174眼(4.35%)。经Logistic多因素回归分析显示,糖尿病患者的年龄、病程、视网膜病变程度是糖尿病患者视力低下的主要危险因素。

结论：唐山地区糖尿病患者并发视力低下的发生率较低,糖尿病患者的年龄、病程、视网膜病变是导致视力低下的主要原因。因此,加强对高龄、病程长、视网膜病变的糖尿病患者的视力检查,进行早期及时有效地防治,可减少对患者视力的损伤。     

小切口白内障术后低视力原因分析

目的:分析小切口白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术后低视力的相关因素。方法:回顾性分析我院2011-07/2012-07间白内障患者291例291眼,对其行小切口白内障囊外摘除联合人工晶状体植入术,最佳矫正视力低于0.3者诊断为低视力,并分析其发生原因。结果:患者291例术后共发生低视力49眼,其中手术所致术后低视力17眼(34.7%),术前病变所致术后低视力32眼(65.3%),其中年龄相关性黄斑变性8眼、糖尿病视网膜病变14眼、高度近视6眼,其他4眼。结论:原有眼病是术后低视力的主要原因,术前仔细检查可以提高手术的可预测性。     

土耳其低视力患者的病因及特征

目的：探讨土耳其配戴助视器的低视力患者的病因和特点,及其与父母近亲结婚是否有关系。 方法：回顾性研究了2009/2013年间伊斯坦布尔诊所接受236例低视力患者。分析年龄、性别分布、低视力原因、近亲结婚、低视力辅助类型规定及视力变化。在回顾性研究中,根据世界卫生组织定义基于最佳矫正视力将视力分为（失明,视力〈20/400;视力严重受损,视力〈20/200～20/400;视力轻度到中度受损,视力〈20/60～20/200）。基于双眼主要病因,根据国际疾病分类第十版可以确定失明和低视力的病因。根据视力和患者需求规定了视力辅助,并使用平均值依标准差和频率对数据进行了描述。 结果：研究包括236例患者,65%为男性,平均年龄为38.5依24.2岁（年龄范围6～95岁）,男性多于女性。年龄在15～30岁（35.6%）之间是最大的年龄群体。轻度至中度视力受损患者为122例,严重视力受损患者为84例,失明患者为30例,他们分别占总人数的51.6%、35.6%和12.7%。脉络膜疾病和视网膜疾病（62.7%）是导致视力低下的主要原因。老年低视力患者黄斑变性逐渐成为视力低下的首要原因（61.3%）。造成视力低下的原因有视网膜和脉络膜疾病（62.7%）,眼球震颤（23.7%）,视神经和视神经束疾病（11%）,先天性白内障（0.8%）及青光眼（1.7%）。88例患者（37.3%）为伽利略类型,116例患者（49.2%）为开普勒类型。18例患者（7.6%）在接受LVA后视力无明显改善。14例患者被准许使用放大镜矫正视力。在大多数患者中,使用LVA的近视和远视患者视力均得到改善。62例近亲结婚患者占总人数的26.3%。 结论：14岁以上患者视力受损主要原因是视网膜和脉络膜疾病,15岁以下的患者常见原因为眼球震颤。在近亲结婚群体中黄斑营养不良和色素性视网膜炎患者显著增高。研究疾病病因学的遗传非常有效,因此,近亲结婚在土耳其仍是一大问题。     

Multi‐disciplinary low vision care

Case reports for three patients with low vision due to different ocular diseases are presented. In each case, a different rehabilitation professional was the main provider of the low vision care needed to meet the patient's goals. However, in all cases the patients benefited from the services of a range of professionals, agencies or groups for visually impaired people. The importance of defining patients' specific goals, referral to multi‐disciplinary low vision services and regular reviews of vision and visual tasks is highlighted.     

新疆沙依巴克区低视力人群生存质量与健康状况相关研究

目的：通过对乌鲁木齐市沙依巴克区低视力人口进行调查,着重分析低视力人群的健康状况与生存质量间的相关因素及变量关系,为科学地制定低视力健康管理模式和针对性治疗预案提供可靠的依据。
　　方法：采取整群随机抽样的方法,选取沙依巴克区12个社区作为调查地点,抽取3400例进行低视力和生存质量的流行病学调查,筛查出双眼低视力的人群后发放相关问卷和进行眼部检查。
　　结果：本次实际受检为3091例,诊断低视力的人群为220例,完成问卷为200例,低视力的患病率为6．47％（200／3091）。导致低视力的首要眼部疾病仍是白内障92例（46％）。其次分别为眼底病37例（18．5％）,青光眼28例（14％）。低视力人群健康状况：健康者为98例（49％）,高血压患者37例（18．5％）,糖尿病患者28例（14％）,心脑血管疾病患者25例（12．5％）。经过方差分析（F＝4．15,P＝0．003）,健康组、高血压组、糖尿病组、心脑血管组与其他组间的QOL值有差异,其余各组间无差异。低视力人群的QOL值主要影响因素分别为：年龄（F＝9．81,P＝0．000）和文化程度（F＝28．43,P＝0．000）,其各项得分具有显著性差异,而民族（t＝0．12,P＝0．901）,性别（t＝1．64,P＝0．102）,其得分无显著性差异。
　　结论：在低视力人员中, QOL值显著下降,其得分受到年龄与教育程度的影响,健康组与高血压组、糖尿病组、心脑血管组之间的QOL值并无显著性差异。     

Diabetic retinopathy and the major causes of vision loss in Aboriginals from remote Western Australia

Purpose: To report on diabetic retinopathy (DR) and the major causes of vision loss and blindness in Aboriginals in the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia between 1995 and 2007. Methods: Aboriginals (>16 years old) diagnosed with diabetes or eye problems from 11 communities in the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia were examined annually from 1995 to 2007. Data collected from prospective clinical examination included; visual acuity (VA), causes of vision loss, and whether DR was present. Severity of DR was graded according to the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study modified Airlie House grading system. Results: A total of 920 Aboriginals underwent 1331 examinations over the study period. There were 246 eyes with vision loss (best‐corrected VA < 6/12) in 159 Aboriginals, of whom five were bilaterally blind. The four major known causes of vision loss were cataract (n = 53, 30.1%), DR (n = 44, 25.0%), uncorrected refractive error (n = 31, 17.6%) and trauma (n = 19, 10.8%). Aboriginals who had diabetes were far more likely to have vision loss (odds ratio = 8.5, 95% confidence interval 5.7–12.6, P < 0.0001). Of the 329 Aboriginals with diabetes, 82 (24.9%) had DR, and 32 (9.7%) had vision‐threatening retinopathy. Of those with diabetes, 94 (42.5%) returned for follow‐up examination on an average of 3.2 visits with a median time between visits of 2 years. Conclusion: The four major causes of vision loss in Aboriginals from the Eastern Goldfields are largely preventable and/or readily treated. DR and other diabetes‐related eye conditions are a major cause of vision loss in Aboriginals, representing a significant health challenge for health services and clinicians into the future.     

Prevalence and causes of blindness and low vision among adults in Fiji

Background: To estimate the prevalence and causes of blindness and low vision among adults aged ≥40 years in Fiji. Design: Population‐based cross‐sectional study. Participants: Adults aged ≥40 years in Viti Levu, Fiji. Method: A population‐based cross‐sectional survey used multistage cluster random sampling to identify 34 clusters of 40 people. A cause of vision loss was determined for each eye with presenting vision worse than 6/18. Main Outcome Measures: Blindness (better eye presenting vision worse than 6/60), low vision (better eye presenting vision worse than 6/18, but 6/60 or better). Results: Of 1892 people enumerated, 1381 participated (73.0%). Adjusting sample data for ethnicity, gender, age and domicile, the prevalence of blindness was 2.6% (95% confidence interval 1.7, 3.4) and low vision was 7.2% (95% confidence interval 5.9, 8.6) among adults aged ≥40 years. On multivariate analysis, being ≥70 years was a risk factor for blindness, but ethnicity, gender and urban/rural domicile were not. Being Indo‐Fijian, female and older were risk factors for vision impairment (better eye presenting vision worse than 6/18). Cataract was the most common cause of bilateral blindness (71.1%). Among participants with low vision, uncorrected refractive error caused 63.3% and cataract was responsible for 25.0%. Conclusion: Strategies that provide accessible cataract and refractive error services producing good quality outcomes will likely have the greatest impact on reducing vision impairment.     

湖北阳新县2型糖尿病患者盲与低视力状况及原因分析

目的：探讨湖北阳新县2型糖尿病( T2 DM )患者盲与低视力的患病率及原因。
　　方法：纳入8316名常住人口,开展盲与低视力流行病学调查。先将T2 DM患者纳为观察组、将其它受检对象纳为对照组,对比两组盲与低视力患病率及发病原因;随后仅分析观察组数据。
　　结果：观察组盲与低视力出现率明显更高;白内障及视网膜病变出现率明显更高。随年龄增加,观察组盲与低视力出现率明显提升;女性致低视力率明显更高;初中及以上学历者盲与低视力出现率明显更高。上述分析均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
　　结论：我区T2 DM患者盲与低视力患病率明显高于未合并T2 DM者;T2 DM患者盲与低视力出现与年龄、性别、学历有一定关系。     

A holistic model of low vision care for improving vision-related quality of life

Vision impairment can have a significant impact on the wellbeing and quality of life of an individual. Vision rehabilitation has the potential to improve these areas; however, four in five patients with vision impairment are not being referred to the appropriate services. Barriers to on-referral include, but are not limited to: (1) misunderstandings by both practitioners and patients alike regarding which individuals with vision impairment might benefit or qualify for low vision services; (2) lack of awareness of available services; (3) unfamiliarity with practice guidelines; (4) miscommunication between practitioners and patients; (5) required patient travel or limitations in access; and (6) the perceived costs of goods and services. Further, current referral patterns do not represent a holistic patient-centric approach. Vision-related quality of life questionnaires are tools which can assist health professionals in providing optimal individualised care. This review explores current evidence regarding low vision service delivery within Australia and globally, the impact of vision impairment on activities of daily living, the instruments used for the assessment of vision-related quality of life (VRQOL), competing priorities of individual needs in low vision services and rehabilitation, and provides recommendations for a more patient-centred model of care.     

Blindness and Eye Disease in Cambodia

Purpose: To assess the prevalence and etiology of blindness and low vision and to assess the prevalence of common eye diseases in central Cambodia. Methods: In this cross-sectional, population-based study, 6,558 residents of Kandal Province, Cambodia were registered, and 5,803 (88.5%) were interviewed and examined. This house-to-house survey was conducted by a team consisting of a senior ophthalmologist, a Cambodian eye doctor, and eight Cambodian eyecare workers. Results: The prevalence of bilateral blindness (visual acuity <3/60) is 1.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9–1.4), and an additional 4.4% (95% CI, 3.9–5.0) have low vision (visual acuity < 6/18, ≥3/60 in the better eye). The major causes of bilateral blindness are cataract (67.4%), phthisis (6.1%), uncorrected refractive error (6.1%), corneal scar (5.3%), uncorrected aphakia (3.0%), trachoma corneal scar (3.0%), optic atrophy (3.0%), and others (6.1%). The major causes of low vision are uncorrected refractive error (49.8%) and cataract (42.7%). The prevalence of unilateral blindness is 1.2% (95% CI, 0.9–1.4), often caused by cataract, corneal scar, or phthisis. Trauma due to landmine explosions and war-related injuries was frequently the underlying etiology in subjects with phthisis, corneal scarring, or other pathology.Conclusions: The prevalence of blindness and low vision in Cambodia is relatively high compared to other developing countries. Most of the causes of blindness and low vision are treatable or preventable. Landmines and other war-related injuries are an important cause of ocular injury. These results will assist in developing a national plan for the prevention of blindness in Cambodia.     

Prevalence and risk factors for eye diseases, blindness, and low vision in Lhasa, Tibet

AIM:To determine the prevalence and risk factors for eye diseases, blindness, and low vision in Tibet, and to assist the development of eye disease prevention and treatment schemes.METHODS:We carried out a survey of eye diseases among a population living at high altitude. A total of 1 115 Tibetan permanent residents aged 40 years or older from the towns and villages of Qushui County, Lhasa Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, participated in this study. All participants completed a detailed questionnaire, and underwent presenting and pinhole visual acuity tests, and a comprehensive ophthalmic examination.RESULTS:There were 187 blind eyes (8.43%), 231 eyes with low vision (10.41%). The leading cause of visual impairment was cataract of 55.0% (101/187) blindness and of 50.2% (116/231) low vision, followed by fundus lesions of 22.9% blindness and 23.8% low vision, while only a low prevalence of glaucoma of 9.6% blindness and 1.7% low vision was observed. The analysis of 2 219 eyes showed that the most common external eye disease was pterygium (27.2%) in Tibet.CONCLUSION:The high prevalence of blindness and low vision in the Tibetan population at high altitude is a serious public health issue. There is a need to establish and maintain an appropriate effective eye care program in Tibet.     

白内障术后低视力的相关因素分析

目的：对白内障超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术后低视力的相关因素进行分析,用于术前评估预后。
　　方法：对白内障超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术341例418眼行术前术后相关检查,术后采用国际标准视力表行最佳矫正视力检查,进行术后低视力的相关因素分析。
　　结果：术后1 mo低视力发生率为10.3%,发生低视力的危险因素包括合并原发病及晶状体核硬度,合并原发病主要有年龄相关性黄斑变性(48.8%)、糖尿病性视网膜病变(39.0%)、青光眼性视神经病变(7.3%)、病理性近视眼底改变(2.4%)、视网膜分支静脉阻塞合并黄斑水肿(2.4%)。
　　结论：影响白内障超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术后低视力的相关因素包括合并原发病及晶状体核硬度。提示我们临床工作中重视术前检查,术中谨慎操作保护视功能。     

Barriers to accessing low vision services

AIM: To investigate barriers to accessing low vision services in Australia. METHODS: Adults with a vision impairment (<6/12 in the better eye and/or significant visual field defect), who were current patients at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (RVEEH), were interviewed. The questions investigated self-perceived vision difficulties, duration of vision loss and satisfaction with vision and also examined issues of awareness of low vision services and referral to services. Focus groups were also conducted with vision impaired (<6/12 in the better eye) patients from the RVEEH, listeners of the Radio for the Print Handicapped and peer workers at Vision Australia Foundation. The discussions were recorded and transcribed. RESULTS: The questionnaire revealed that referral to low vision services was associated with a greater degree of vision loss (p = 0.002) and a greater self-perception of low vision (p = 0.005) but that referral was not associated with satisfaction (p = 0.144) or difficulties related to vision (p = 0.169). Participants with mild and moderate vision impairment each reported similar levels of difficulties with daily activities and satisfaction with their vision (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference in the level of difficulties experienced with daily activities between those with mild-moderate and severe vision impairment (p < 0.05). The participants of the focus groups identified barriers to accessing low vision services related to awareness of services among the general public and eye care professionals, understanding of low vision and the services available, acceptance of low vision, the referral process, and transport. CONCLUSION: In addition to the expected difficulties with lack of awareness of services by people with low vision, many people do not understand what the services provide and do not identify themselves as having low vision. Knowledge of these barriers, from the perspective of people with low vision, can now be used to guide the development and content of future health-promotion campaigns.     

Improvement of reading speed after providing of low vision aids in patients with age‐related macular degeneration

Purpose: Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of severe visual impairment, including loss of reading ability, among elderly persons in developed countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate reading ability before and after providing of appropriate low vision aids. Methods: Five hundred and thirty patients with different stages of AMD (age 82 ± 8 years) were included in this retrospective study. All patients underwent a standardized ophthalmological examination including evaluation of magnification requirement and careful providing of low vision aids. Before and after the provision of low vision aids, reading speed [words per minute (wpm)] was evaluated using standardized reading texts. Results: For the whole group, the average best‐corrected distance visual acuity of the better eye was 0.18 ± 0.15, with 69% of patients having visual acuity of 0.1 (20/200) or better. The mean magnification requirement was 7.4 ± 6.3‐fold (range 2–25). Visual rehabilitation was achieved with optical visual aids in 58% of patients, whereas 42% of patients needed electronically closed‐circuit TV systems. Mean reading speed was 20 ± 33 wpm before and increased significantly to 72 ± 35 (p < 0.0001) after the provision of low vision aids for the whole group. Between patients with visual acuity < 0.1 and patients with visual acuity of 0.1 or better, there are highly significant differences in reading speed before (0.4 ± 3.8 versus 20 ± 28 wpm, p ≤ 0.0001) and after providing of visual aids (40 ± 13 versus 84 ± 30 wpm, p ≤ 0.0001). Patients with severe visual impairment (visual acuity ≤ 0.1) showed significantly lower improvement of reading speed compared to patients with visual acuity of 0.1 or better following rehabilitation (p ≤ 0.0001). Before providing of low vision aids, only 16% of patients were able to read; in contrast, reading ability was achieved in 94% of patients after the provision of low vision aids for the whole group. Conclusion: Our results indicate the great value of low vision rehabilitation through adequate providing of vision aids for the improvement of reading ability, with a highly significant increase of reading speed without training of eccentric viewing in patients with retained central fixation. The prompt implementation of low vision aids in patients with macular degeneration will help them to maintain and regain their reading ability, which can lead to an increase in independence, communication, mental agility and quality of life.     

Effectiveness of low vision services in improving patient quality of life at Aravind Eye Hospital

Context:In India, where the heavy burden of visual impairment exists, low vision services are scarce and under-utilized.Aims:Our study was designed to survey the effectiveness of low vision exams and visual aids in improving patient quality of life in southern rural India.Results:About 44 of 55 low vision patients completed baseline and follow-up LVQOL surveys, and 30 normal vision controls matched for age, gender, and education were also surveyed (average 117.34 points). After the low vision clinic visit, the low vision group demonstrated a 4.55-point improvement in quality of life (from 77.77 to 82.33 points, P = 0.001). Adjusting for age, gender, and education, the low vision patients who also received LVAs (n = 24) experienced an even larger increase than those who did not (n = 20) (8.89 points, P < 0.001).Conclusion:Low vision services and visual aids can improve the quality of life in South Indian rural population regardless of age, gender, and education level. Thus, all low vision patients who meet the criteria should be referred for evaluation.     

A survey of low vision patients in Hong Kong

This report provides some statistical information based on clinical data gathered on low vision patients who attended the low vision clinic of the Hong Kong Society for the Blind in the first three years of its operation. In this period, low vision devices were prescribed for 393 patients (46.5 per cent of the sample). The most commonly prescribed aids were simple magnifiers and distance telescopes. Cataract was the major cause of low vision.     

视感知觉学习结合遮盖治疗屈光参差性弱视的疗效

目的：研究视感知觉学习结合遮盖对屈光参差性弱视患者视力和立体视功能的治疗效果,并比较视力和立体视功能提升程度的差异。

方法：收集2016-06/2017-12于我院门诊治疗的47例单眼屈光参差性弱视患者,使用视感知觉学习系统结合遮盖进行弱视治疗,观察治疗前后47例患者的最佳矫正视力和随机点动态2阶粗糙立体视、随机点动态1阶精细与粗糙之间的立体视、随机点静态0阶近、远精细立体视的结果,比较视力提升与各级立体视提升是否不同。

结果：治疗后视力提升是否有效分别与随机点动态2阶粗糙立体视、随机点动态1阶精细与粗糙之间的立体视、随机点静态0阶近、远精细立体视的提升结果比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论：屈光参差性弱视患者视力提升程度与立体视改善程度表现不同步,视力达到基本治愈的患者立体视功能并未达到基本正常,故应关注屈光参差性弱视患者立体视功能的训练与建立。立体视的测定可能成为一种新的弱视分类方法及治疗标准。     

Detection of vision impairment in people admitted to aged care assessment centres

Vision is not routinely tested when the health of older people is assessed, and the aim of this study was to detect older people with vision impairment for referral to appropriate eye care services. People admitted for assessment and or rehabilitation in three aged care assessment centres had distance and near visual acuity assessed with a simplified vision test. A pinhole test was used when necessary. Referral criteria were distance visual acuity of less than 6/12; near vision of less than N8, and people with diabetes who had not attended a dilated fundus examination in the last 2 years. Visual acuity results were obtained in 93% of patients (685/735). Those unable to perform the vision test were very ill or had severe cognitive impairment. Forty-three per cent of patients (266/646) had impaired vision and, of these, 70.6% (188/266) were referred to eye care specialists. Forty-five per cent were referred to ophthalmologists, 36% to optometrists and 20% to low vision services. This significant proportion of patients with poor vision suggests that vision screening is warranted.     

Diabetic retinopathy in a hospital eye clinic population in Honiara,Solomon Islands

Background: To determine the presence, severity and context of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic adults using hospital eye clinic services in Honiara, Solomon Islands. Methods: Fifty consecutive known diabetic patients aged ≥20 years were interviewed and underwent Snellen distance vision testing and complete ocular examination, including dilated 90 D funduscopy. Diabetic retinopathy was graded according to the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy and Macular Oedema Disease Severity Scales. Results: Participants were predominantly Melanesian (94%). Mean age was 53.6 ± 10.7 years; 42% were female; and 34% were rural dwellers. Diabetes had been diagnosed <5, 5–10 and >10 years ago for 42%, 34% and 24% of participants. However, 54% denied ever having had a dilated fundus examination. Proliferative retinopathy, severe non‐proliferative changes and maculopathy were present in 5, 12 and 26 eyes, respectively. For the 32 eyes with pinhole acuity ≤6/12, diabetic eye disease was the cause for 20, with all but one due to maculopathy. Diabetes reduced the pinhole vision of five eyes to ≤6/60. Twenty‐four per cent of participants had diabetes‐related pinhole vision ≤6/12 in at least one eye. Those diagnosed with diabetes 5–10 and >10 years were 17.5 and 58.8 times more likely to have such an eye compared with those recently (<5 years) diagnosed (extended Mantel–Haenszel χ² = 11.570, P < 0.001). Participants were not well informed about diabetic eye disease. Conclusions: Diabetic eye disease is now a significant contributor to this clinic's workload. A population‐based survey is needed to quantify the problem and inform design and delivery of eye services for this chronic disease.