中国原发性肝癌临床分期预测肝癌肝移植预后的临床研究

目的评价“中国原发性肝癌临床分期”对肝癌肝移植疗效的预测价值。方法对1993年4月至2003年1月我科59例采用肝移植治疗的肝癌病人临床资料进行回顾性分析,按中国原发性肝癌临床分期原则进行分期,比较各期间肝癌肝移植疗效。结果Ⅰb、Ⅱa、Ⅱb、Ⅲa和Ⅲb期移植术后1年生存率分别为83·33%、66·67%、50·00%、35·71%和16·67%,各期间术后累计生存率有统计学差异(P<0·01);Ⅰb~Ⅱb和Ⅲa~Ⅲb期移植术后1年生存率分别为66·67%和25·00%,2年生存率分别为45·71%和25·00%,两组间术后累计生存率有统计学差异(P<0·05)。结论中国原发性肝癌临床分期适用于肝癌肝移植术前分期。     

原发性肝癌分期探讨

目的 探讨原发性肝癌新临床分期的可行性。方法 1990年1月至1998年12月经手术治疗原发性肝癌1038例，将其中肝叶切除具有完整病理学资料的504例分别按国际抗癌联盟的TNM分期及中国抗癌协会1999年新的临床分期进行统计学分析，比较各期的生存率。结果 按TNM分期各期病例数分别为I期24例（4．8％），Ⅱ期66例（13．1％），Ⅲ期385例（76．4％），Ⅳa期29例（5．8％）；5年生存率分别为79．2％，62．1％，32．2％及0。按新临床分期Ⅰa期27例（5．4％）、Ⅰb期81例（16．1％）、Ⅱa期224例（44．4％）、Ⅱb期141例（27．9％）、Ⅲa期31例（6．2％）；各期5年生存率分别为70．3％、53．1％、40．2％、22．7％及0。结论 新分期与TNM分期在选择治疗方法，估计预后方面作用相同，且新分期较TNM分期更有利于临床应用，值得推广。     

不同分期系统对晚期肝癌肝切除患者生存的预测价值比较

目的对比中国分期、UICC／AJCC的TNM分期及意大利肿瘤计划（CLIP）3个不同分期系统对晚期肝癌肝切除患者生存率的预测价值。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2008年12月期间我院收治的伴浸润转移的肝癌肝切除患者的临床资料,分别按照中国分期、TNM分期和CLIP评分系统进行分期或评分,采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线并行log-rank检验,应用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评价3个分期系统对生存率的预测价值。结果共55例患者纳入本研究,其中男48例,女7例;中位年龄47岁;总体中位生存期7个月。中国分期：ⅡB期25例,SA期30例;TNM分期：SA期39例,SB期5例,ⅣA期7例,ⅣB期4例;CLIP评分：0～1分16例,2～3分26例,≥4分13例。Log-rank检验提示,不同中国分期间及不同TNM分期间的累积生存率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而不同CLIP评分间的累积生存率差异无统计学意义（尸〉0．05）。ROC曲线结果提示,在预测伴浸润转移的肝癌肝切除患者预后的敏感性,中国分期优于TNM分期,TNM分期优于CLIP评分。结论从本组有限的数据初步得出,在3个分期系统中,中国分期对伴浸润转移的肝癌肝切除患者生存率的预测能力最好,可考虑将其作为中晚期肝癌患者术后生存率的预测指标。     

胃癌第7版TNM分期的临床应用

目的:分析胃癌第7版与第6版TNM分期之间的差别.方法:回顾性分析316例胃癌患者的临床病理资料,按第6版及第7版TNM分期标准分别进行分期,并分析各期5年生存率.结果:两版TNM分期在同一期之间生存差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);第7版Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期5年生存率分别为64.2%、49.9%、17.8%、0.0%,4个分期5年生存率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);ⅢA期、ⅢB期、ⅢC期5年生存率分别为32.2%、28.2%、5.0%,3个亚期5年生存率差异具有统计学意义(P ＜0.05).结论:第7版TNM分期更加细化,并对患者预后做出科学的评估.对不同分期的患者进行个体化综合治疗,具有临床应用价值.     

不同中国肝癌分期肝癌根治性切除术后的临床效果及预后因素分析

目的探讨不同中国肝癌分期(CNLC)肝癌接受根治性切除术后的临床效果及长期生存的预后因素。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2019年12月南京医科大学第一附属医院肝胆中心单一治疗组收治的行肝癌根治术的549例肝细胞癌(HCC)患者的临床病理学资料。男性462例(84.2%),女性87例(15.8%);中位年龄57岁(范围:21~84岁)。观察患者的术前变量、术中及术后情况、术后病理学检查结果等。采用门诊与电话相结合的方式进行随访。采用寿命表法进行生存率的估计,采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制总体生存和无瘤生存曲线,采用Log-rank检验比较不同组别生存过程的差异,采用多因素Cox回归模型分析影响预后的主要因素。结果 549例HCC患者中,CNLC Ⅰa期200例(36.4%),CNLC Ⅰb 期148例(27.0%),CNLC Ⅱa期49例(8.9%),CNLC Ⅱb期32 例(5.8%),CNLC Ⅲa期101例(18.4%),CNLC Ⅲb期19例(3.5%)。患者1、3、5、10年总体生存率分别为83.8%、69.0%、54.2%、37.7%,1、3、5年无瘤生存率分别为61.0%、44.2%、36.0%。CNLC Ⅰa期患者的1、3、5年总体生存率和无瘤生存率分别为97.3%、90.6%、80.5%和83.9%、65.0%、54.0%;CNLC Ⅰb期患者的1、3、5年总体生存率和无瘤生存率分别为87.9%、71.0%、47.7%和58.4%、42.3%、33.4%;CNLC Ⅱa和Ⅱb期患者的5年总体生存率(Ⅱa期:37.2%,Ⅱb期:44.3%)与CNLC Ⅰb期类似。CNLC Ⅲb期患者 1、3、5年总体生存率和无瘤生存率分别为35.3%、13.2%、0和23.5%、0、0。单因素分析结果显示,术前合并症状、术前甲胎蛋白水平、术前总蛋白水平、术前AST水平、术前总胆红素水平、术中出血量、术中或术后输血、术后并发症、肿瘤最大径和数目、微血管侵犯、大血管侵犯、肿瘤分化程度是HCC患者长期生存(≥5年)的预后因素(P值均<0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,术前AST水平、术中出血量、肿瘤数目、肿瘤最大径、大血管侵犯和肿瘤分级是HCC患者长期生存的独立预后因素(P值均<0.05)。结论不同CNLC的HCC患者具有不同的复发模式及预后。经过严格术前评估的CNLC Ⅱa~Ⅲb期HCC患者可从外科根治切除术中获得生存获益。术前AST水平、术中出血量、肿瘤数目、肿瘤最大径、大血管侵犯和肿瘤分化程度是影响HCC患者长期生存的独立预后因素。     

pTNM分期预测肝癌肝移植疗效的临床研究

目的 评价pTNM分期对肝癌肝移植疗效的预测价值。方法 对1993年4月至2003年1月我科59例采用肝移植治疗的肝癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析，按pTNM分期原则进行临床分期，比较各期间肝癌肝移植的疗效。结果 pTNM分期中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲa和Ⅳa期的肝癌肝移植术后1年生存率分别为66．67％、66．67％、40．91％和31．75％，2年生存率分别为66．67％、66．67％、21．29％和31．75％，各期间术后累计生存率无统计学差异。结论 pTNM分期并不适用于肝癌肝移植的术前分期。     

肝癌肝移植术前血浆D-二聚体水平与血管侵犯及肝癌分期的相关性

目的分析肝癌肝移植术前血浆D-二聚体水平升高在瘤栓形成及微血管侵犯中的评估意义以及与肝癌Pittsburgh TNM分期的相关性.方法采用金标法定量检测了120例肝癌肝移植患者术前血浆D-二聚体水平;根据全肝切除后病理分析主支血管内瘤栓形成、微血管侵犯情况,对患者病情进行Pittsburgh TNM分期、Child-Pugh 分级,运用统计软件SPSS 9.0行分层x2检验、多因素方差分析及q检验.结果在Child-PughA、B、C级主支血管内有瘤栓形成者与无血管侵犯者血浆D-二聚体水平的差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05);在Child-Pugh B、C级有微血管侵犯者与无血管侵犯者血浆D-二聚体水平差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01),在Child-Pugh A级上差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05);肿瘤TNM分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ期与Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期间D-二聚体水平差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05),Ⅲ期与Ⅳ期间差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).结论血浆D-二聚体水平随Pittsburg TNM分期升高而升高,对肝癌肝移植术前微血管侵犯及瘤栓形成的评估有参考价值,且随着血管侵犯进展和Child-Pugh分级增高而其相关性增高.     

原发性肝癌根治切除后肝动脉和／或门静脉插管化疗预防肝癌复发

目的：探讨原发性肝癌根治切除后肝动脉和／或门静脉插管皮下药物泵对肝癌复发的预防效果。方法：回顾性分析1995年6月－2000年4月根治性切除的原发性肝癌患者49例,其中并行肝动脉和门静脉插管12例（1组）,单纯肝动脉插管8例（II组）,单纯门静脉插管15例（Ⅲ组）,14例未插管（Ⅳ组）,随访6个月－5年,对结果进行比较,结果：Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ组1年复发率低于Ⅳ组,而1圻生态率各组间无差异,Ⅰ,Ⅱ组3年复发率低于Ⅳ组,3年生存率也高于Ⅳ组,而5年复发率与生存率无差异,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ组比较1,3,5年复发率与生存率无明显差异,结论：原发性肝癌术后行肝动脉和／或门静脉插管皮下置药物泵痢便,安全,是预防肝癌复发的有效手段。     

肝细胞癌手术后应用不同分期评估预后的临床研究

目的评估不同肝细胞癌（hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC）分期对HCC肝切除术后的预后判断能力。方法1991年1月至2002年6月西南医院实施根治性肝切除,且具有完整随访资料和临床资料的234例HCC,TNM分期（第6版）与Okuda分期、意大利肝癌工作组（CLIP）评分系统以及香港中文大学预后指数（CUPI）进行比较,利用病例构成比、生存曲线、受试者工作特征曲线（ROC曲线）下面积分别比较各预后评估系统的病例分层能力、术后长时间预后判断能力和预后结果判别能力。结果病例构成比：TNM分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期分别为31.6%、29.5%和38.9%;OkudaⅠ、Ⅱ期分别为82.9％和17.1％;CLIP评分系统0、1、2和3分以上分别为37.2%、48.3%、12.4%和2.2%;CUPIⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级分别为78.6%、20.1%和1.3%。生存率曲线比较：TNM分期Ⅰ期在术后60个月,仍具有明显的预后判断能力,Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期在术后60个月预后接近;Okuda分期和CLIP评分系统术后60个月生存曲线接近;CUPIⅠ级和Ⅱ级在术后60个月后仍然具有良好的预后判断能力。ROC曲线面积比较：TNM分期、Okuda分期、CLIP和CUPI ROC曲线下面积分别为0.683、0.595、0.620和0.596,TNM分期和CLIP评分系统比较存在显著性差异（P=0.0384）,CLIP评分系统与CUPI、Okuda分期比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.4681和P=0.3859）。结论对于根治性HCC病例,第6版TNM分期较Okuda分期、CLIP评分系统及CUPI更具有预后判断价值。     

TACE治疗原发性肝癌的远期疗效分析

目的探讨TACE治疗原发性肝癌的远期临床疗效。方法对2003年1月—2009年8月于北京大学深圳医院接受TACE治疗并长期随访的143例原发性肝癌患者的临床及随访资料进行回顾性分析。结果 143例患者1、3、5年生存率分别为60.15%、24.20%及12.43%,中位生存时间为17个月。不同TNM分期患者1、3、5年生存率的差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）;中晚期（TNM分期Ⅲ、Ⅳ期）患者综合治疗的1、3年生存率高于单纯TACE治疗（P均〈0.05）。98例接受单纯TACE治疗的患者中,32例治疗后肝功能Child-Pugh评分较前升高,其中接受不同次数（1次、2次、3次及以上）TACE治疗的患者中,治疗后Child-Pugh评分升高者所占比例差异无统计学意义（P=0.84）。结论 TA-CE是原发性肝癌尤其是中晚期原发性肝癌安全、有效的姑息治疗方法,配合多元化的综合治疗有助于获得更好的疗效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.