冠状动脉介入术后强化他汀类药物治疗的意义

<正>冠状动脉介入术(PCI)围手术期缺血综合征及术后并发症严重影响了患者的预后,甚至增加死亡风险,因此需要寻找一种全身的治疗方案、调整引发急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)靶点的生物特性及如何改善PCI术后患者围手术期     

慢性冠状动脉闭塞病变介入治疗136例分析

目的探讨慢性冠状动脉闭塞(CTO)患者的冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的安全性、可行性和影响因素。方法 136例CTO患者,术前给予常规药物治疗,经桡动脉或股动脉途径行PCI治疗,总结靶病变导丝通过率、PCI治疗即刻成功率、手术成功率的影响因素、手术时间、造影剂用量、术中及住院期间严重并发症发生率、术后心绞痛发作情况和心功能恢复情况。结果 136例患者人均CTO病变1.2处,人均置入支架1.3个。闭塞处导丝通过率为89%,PCI即刻成功率为80.9%,手术时间1～5 h,平均2.3 h。术后心绞痛发作显著减少(术前心绞痛均在Ⅱ级及以上,而术后Ⅱ级及以上心绞痛仅占36.3%),心功能明显改善(术前LVEF 0.43±0.08,术后3、6、12个月分别为0.48±0.09、0.53±0.11和0.55±0.10),术中或住院期间无死亡患者,未发生不可救治的严重并发症。结论CTO患者成功PCI治疗可提高患者生活质量,无严重并发症发生,且随着术者技术的成熟和器材改进,手术成功率明显提高。手术成功率与术者经验、患者全身情况、冠状动脉闭塞时间及闭寒病变的部位及特征、介入器械和手术技巧的合理应用等因素密切相关,与介入途径无明显相关。     

不同禁食时间对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术中并发症的影响

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术（PCI）是治疗冠心病的有效方法，但如术中或术后出现并发症则影响手术效果和患者预后。近年来，我们发现患者术前禁食时间过长易在PCI术中发生并发症。为明确术前禁食时间与PCI术中并发症的关系，我们进行了临床观察。现报告如下。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后康复运动治疗机制的研究进展

近年来我国冠心病的发病率不断上升,经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)已广泛应用于冠状动脉病变的治疗,大大提高了冠心病患者尤其是心绞痛、心肌梗死患者的存活率和生活质量。但PCI术前冠状动脉的狭窄或闭塞病变导致的缺血或坏死心肌严重影响着心功能及PCI术后再狭窄和心肌再缺血的发生,是影响其远期疗效的重要原因,除加强抗栓、调脂等治疗外,有效的康复运动训练可改善缺血心肌的血供和坏死心肌的功能,提高患者的生活质量,减少病死率,延缓或阻止冠状动脉粥样硬化的发生和发展。本文就PCI术后的运动康复治疗的机制做简要综述。     

既往经皮冠状动脉介入对冠状动脉旁路移植术效果的影响

随着经皮冠状动脉介入（percutaneous coronary intervention，PCI）治疗的发展，接受PCI治疗的冠心病患者不断增加。由于支架内再狭窄、未处理节段冠状动脉粥样硬化进展，既往接受PCI治疗行冠状动脉旁路移植术（coronary artery bypass grafting，CABG）的患者亦不断增加。既往PCI对CABG手术效果是否存在影响仍有争议，本文对此作一综述。     

经皮冠状动脉介入术对冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变患者心功能的影响

目的评价经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)对冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变患者心功能的影响。方法经冠状动脉造影证实的冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变患者24例均行PCI,其中手术成功20例,手术前后均行临床及超声心动图检查,评价PCI术对左心室收缩功能的改善作用。结果手术成功患者心功能改善显效14例,有效5例,无效1例,总有效率95.0%。术后左心室收缩末容量(LVESV)、舒张末容量(LVEDV)、左室射血分数(LVEF)分别为(85±17)mL、(53.5±8.2)mL和(62.5%±11.2%),术前分别为(101±16)mL、(59.6±8.3)mL和(50.2%±5.8%),手术前后比较,P均<0.05。结论 PCI能够改善冠状动脉慢性闭塞病变患者左心室收缩功能。     

冠状动脉杂交术治疗冠状动脉多支病变的中远期临床疗效及安全性

目的对比冠状动脉杂交术与经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)治疗冠状动脉多支病变患者中远期临床疗效及安全性。方法采用前瞻性随机对照研究,从2012年1月到2014年6月,选择行冠状动脉造影诊断为冠状动脉多支病变,适宜行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)及PCI处理的冠心病患者102例,随机分为两组:冠状动脉杂交术组(n=53)和PCI组(n=49),治疗目标为达到最大限度完全血运重建。术后1、3、6、9、12个月及两年随访,术后12个月行冠状动脉造影检查,评估靶血管通畅率及SYNTAX评分,记录患者临床状况及心血管不良事件,评价两组患者两年内心血管不良事件的发生率、生存率。结果冠状动脉杂交术组造影剂用量低于PCI组(P0.001),两组IABP支持、监护室时间、LCX及RCA置入支架数差异无统计学意义(P0.05),冠状动脉杂交术组平均住院时间、总支架长度及术后hs-CRP峰值低于PCI组,冠状动脉杂交术组造影剂肾病、急性心衰、复发心绞痛及术后低血压发生率也低于PCI组(P0.05),两组院内再次心肌梗死、靶血管血运重建、脑血管意外及死亡差异无显著性(P0.05)。术后随访2.4年,平均16.2±11.3个月。随访期间冠状动脉杂交术组再次心肌梗死、靶血管血运重建、急性心衰及复发心绞痛发生率低于PCI组(分别是1.9%比8.2%、1.9%比8.2%、3.8%比12.2%、5.7%比14.3%,P0.05),两组脑血管意外、主要出血事件及死亡差异无显著性;冠状动脉杂交术组两年总死亡率为3.8%,PCI组为4.1%。冠状动脉杂交术组术后1年靶血管通畅率为94.1%,高于PCI组的85.1%,SYNTAX评分低于PCI组(P0.05)。结论与PCI术相比,冠状动脉杂交术可以减少冠状动脉多支病变患者治疗后中远期不良事件,且手术安全性高。     

冠状动脉旋磨术在老年人冠状动脉钙化病变介入治疗中的应用

目的探讨冠状动脉旋磨术治疗老年人冠状动脉钙化病变的有效性及安全性。方法对32例冠心病患者的钙化病变进行冠脉内旋磨术、冠脉球囊扩张及冠脉支架术,观察患者的冠脉钙化病变改变、手术成功率、围术期并发症及临床随访结果。结果 32例冠状动脉钙化病变患者的33处钙化病变处接受冠状动脉旋磨术治疗,手术成功率为96.88%,结合经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)共植入74枚支架。围术期无急性心肌梗死、心源性死亡、冠脉穿孔、出血及急诊冠脉旁路移植术(CABG)等并发症。1例发生心脏停搏,1例发生心室颤动,经相应药物等治疗后均恢复窦性心律。对患者进行12个月的随访,无1例再发心绞痛,无1例发生主要心血管事件。结论冠状动脉旋磨术联合PCI术治疗老年人的冠状动脉钙化病变安全、有效。     

冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后非罪犯血管病变进展的机制研究

<正>经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)由于创伤小,手术成功率高,并发症低等优点,已成为目前冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(coronary heart disease,CHD)患者治疗的有效方法。然而,接受PCI治疗虽然能够在短期内解决冠状动脉严重的狭窄(>70%)问题,并降低因此引起的急性或慢性心血管事件的发生,但PCI术后内皮功     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗相关性心肌梗死研究进展

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）目前在全世界普遍开展,已成为冠心病治疗过程中的一个重要手段,PCI相关的心肌梗死是PCI术后影响患者预后的一个并发症。对PCI相关性心肌梗死的研究是当前冠状动脉介入研究的热点,其定义、发生机制、以及与自发性心肌梗死的区别等仍存在许多争议。现综合近几年围手术期心肌梗死的研究结果,总结了围手术期心肌梗死研究的最新进展。     

Invasive strategy in patients with resuscitated cardiac arrest and ST elevation myocardial infarction

Coronary artery disease is the most frequent cause of sudden cardiac death. There is general consensus that immediate coronary angiography with percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) should be performed in all conscious and unconscious patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction in post-resuscitation electrocardiogram. In these patients acute coronary thrombotic lesion("ACS" lesion) suitable for PCI is typically present in more than 90%. PCI in these patients is not only feasible and safe but highly effective and there is evidence of improved survival with good neurological outcome. PCI of the culprit lesion is the primary goal while PCI of stable obstructive lesions may be postponed unless post-resuscitation cardiogenic shock is present.     

经皮冠状动脉介入术相关并发症的诊治现状与思考

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)不可避免地会发生某些并发症,甚至危及患者的生命。大型医疗中心的PCI并发症发生率为5.53%;严重的并发症包括冠状动脉穿孔、急性冠状动脉闭塞、冠状动脉无再流及急性冠状动脉内血栓形成等。PCI围手术期应注重预防和避免并发症的发生。     

Feasibility of the PCI through 6F diagnostic catheters.

BACKGROUND: The choice of guiding catheter for optimal back-up support is critical in order to achieve a successful PCI. Diagnostic 6 French (F) catheters have an internal lumen diameter as large as 5F guiding catheters. The aim of this study was to demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of performing PCI with Cordis 6F diagnostic catheters in selected coronary lesions. METHODS: 32 coronary stents were implanted using 6F diagnostic catheters in 27 eligible patients at the Montreal Heart Institute. The inclusion criteria were TIMI angiographic score < B2 in native coronary arteries or in coronary artery bypass grafts. Bifurcations and left main disease were not included. RESULTS: Eighty-five percent of the patients underwent PCI for acute coronary syndromes (ACS). PCI was performed in 5 lesions (19%) of the left coronary circulation; in 21 lesions (78%) of the right coronary artery and in one lesion (4%) of the 1st obtuse marginal branch of the circumflex artery, through a left mammary artery bypass. Only stents suitable for 5F guiding catheters were used. The largest stent was 4.0 mm in diameter and 32 mm in length. Direct stenting was performed in 75% of patients. The angiographic success for PCI of target lesions was 100%, without clinical or angiographic complications. CONCLUSIONS: In selected cases, diagnostic 6F catheters can be used for PCI with 5F compatible balloons and stents. PCI via a diagnostic catheter may provide even better back-up support and allows for significant resources and time savings, especially in patients with ACS.     

The adequacy of myocardial revascularization in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease

In patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease (MVCAD) myocardial revascularization may be accomplished either on all diseased lesions – complete myocardial revascularization – or on selectively targeted coronary segments by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Complete revascularization has a potential long-term prognostic benefit, but is more complex and may increase in-hospital events when compared with incomplete revascularization.     

Acute Myocardial Infarction Due to Coronary Occlusion Caused by a Metastatic Cardiac Tumor Arising from Squamous Cell Lung Cancer: An Evaluation with Three-dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography

A 60-year-old man developed acute myocardial infarction from the total occlusion of the right coronary artery via metastatic squamous lung cancer and was treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Computed tomography and transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed a metastatic tumor, and three-dimensional TTE was useful for determining the size and location of the tumor in relation to the coronary artery. Six months after PCI, the patient died, and an autopsy confirmed extensive metastasis to the heart and nearby vessels as detected by three-dimensional TTE. Although rare, lung cancer metastasis to the heart may directly occlude the coronary artery.     

Left Main Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetics: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention or Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting?

The choice between coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for myocardial revascularization in patients with left main disease (LMD) is controversial. There is general agreement that CABG is appropriate for all patients, and PCI is acceptable for those with low-to-intermediate anatomic complexity. However, there is uncertainty about the relative safety and efficacy of PCI in patients with more complex LMD and with comorbidities such as diabetes. No direct comparison trial has focused on revascularization in diabetic patients with LMD, and thus conclusions on the topic are subject to the limitations of subgroup analysis, as well as the heterogeneous exclusion criteria, and methodologies of individual trials. The available evidence suggests that among diabetics, CABG is superior in patients with LMD with SYNTAX (SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXus and dardiac surgery) score greater than 33, distal bifurcation disease, or multivessel disease. PCI may be appropriate in those with less-extensive disease or those with limited life expectancy or high surgical risk.     

Staging of multivessel percutaneous coronary interventions: an expert consensus statement from the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions

Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) to treat multivessel coronary artery disease (MVCAD) may involve single-vessel or multivessel interventions, performed in one or more stages. This consensus statement reviews factors that may influence choice of strategy and includes six recommendations to guide decisions regarding staging of PCI. Every patient who undergoes PCI should receive optimal therapy for coronary disease, ideally before starting the procedure. Multivessel PCI at the time of diagnostic catheterization should be considered only if informed consent included the risks and benefits of multivessel PCI and the risks and benefits of alternative treatments. When considering multivessel PCI, the interventionist should develop a strategy regarding which stenoses to treat or evaluate, and their order, method, and timing. This strategy should maximize patient benefits, minimize patient risk, and consider the factors described in this article. For planned multivessel PCI, additional vessel(s) should be treated only if the first vessel is treated successfully and if anticipated contrast and radiation doses and patient and operator conditions are favorable. After the first stage of the planned multistage PCI, the need for subsequent PCI should be reviewed before it is performed. Third party payers and quality auditors should recognize that multistage PCI for MVCAD is neither an indication of poor quality nor an attempt to increase reimbursement when performed according to recommendations in this article.     

Percutaneous coronary intervention or bypass surgery in multivessel disease? A tailored approach based on coronary pressure measurement

The optimal revascularization strategy, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), for patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD) remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to compare the long-term outcomes after selective PCI of only hemodynamically significant lesions (fractional flow reserve, or FFR < 0.75) to CABG of all stenoses in patients with MVD. In 150 patients with MVD referred for CABG, FFR was determined in 381 coronary arteries considered for bypass grafting. If the FFR was less than 0.75 in three vessels or in two vessels including the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) artery, CABG was performed (CABG group). If only one or two vessels were physiologically significant (not including the proximal LAD), PCI of those lesions was performed (PCI group). Of the 150 patients, 87 fulfilled the criteria for CABG and 63 for PCI. There were no significant differences in the angiographic or other baseline characteristics between the two groups. At 2-year follow-up, no differences were seen in adverse events, including repeat revascularization (event-free survival 74% in the CABG group and 72% in the PCI group). A similar number of patients were free from angina (84% in the CABG group and 82% in the PCI group). Importantly, the results in both groups were as good as the surgical groups in previous studies comparing PCI and CABG in MVD. In patients with multivessel disease, PCI in those with one or two hemodynamically significant lesions as identified by an FFR < 0.75 yields a similar favorable outcome as CABG in those with three or more culprit lesions despite a similar angiographic extent of disease.     

无ST段抬高的心肌梗死的介入治疗

目的探讨无ST段抬高急性心肌梗死(NSTEMI)介入治疗效果.方法对27例血清肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)升高或血清心肌肌钙蛋白(Tn-T)阳性而心电图NSTEMI患者在常规给予抗心肌缺血、抗血小板、抗凝血酶治疗基础上,早期行冠状动脉造影和介入治疗.结果22例行经皮穿刺腔内冠状动脉成形术(PTCA) 支架术,共植入支架23个,均获成功.1例送外科行搭桥手术.术后平均随访5.3个月,2例再次接受靶血管重建,无非致命性再次心肌梗死和心脏性死亡发生.结论对于NSTEMI患者应尽早行冠状动脉造影检查以指导治疗.     

Revascularization strategies for patients with stable coronary artery disease

Patients with coronary artery disease who have prognostically significant lesions or symptoms despite optimum medical therapy require mechanical revascularization with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or both. In this review, we will evaluate the evidence‐based use of the two revascularization approaches in treating patients with coronary artery disease. CABG has been the predominant mode of revascularization for more than half a century and is the preferred strategy for patients with multivessel disease, especially those with diabetes mellitus, left ventricular systolic dysfunction or complex lesions. There have been significant technical and technological advances in PCI over recent years, and this is now the preferred revascularization modality in patients with single‐vessel or low‐risk multivessel disease. Percutaneous coronary intervention can also be considered to treat complex multivessel disease in patients with increased risk of adverse surgical outcomes including frail patients and those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Improvements in both CABG (including total arterial revascularization, off‐pump CABG and ‘no‐touch’ graft harvesting) and PCI (including newer‐generation stents, adjunctive pharmacotherapy and intracoronary imaging) mean that they will continue to challenge each other in the future. A ‘heart team’ approach is strongly recommended to select an evidence‐based, yet individualized, revascularization strategy for all patients with complex coronary artery disease. Finally, optimal medical therapy is important for all patients with coronary artery disease, regardless of the mode of revascularization.