代谢综合征增加动脉硬化患病风险

目的:探讨代谢综合征各组分个数的递增会否增加动脉硬化的患病风险。方法:在上海市嘉定区40岁及以上居民中进行问卷调查、体格检查、血生化及肱-踝动脉脉搏波传导速度(baPWV)检测,对其中数据完整的2 097人进行统计分析。baPWV值>1 753 cm/s定义为动脉硬化;代谢综合征按美国国家胆固醇教育计划成人治疗组第3次报告(NCEP-ATPⅢ)标准诊断。采用多元线性回归和Logistic回归法分析代谢综合征及其组分与动脉硬化的相关性。结果:本研究人群中男、女性动脉硬化的患病率分别为23.64%和25.61%(P=0.195 2);代谢综合征患病率男性明显低于女性(31.28%比35.71%,P=0.034 5);将人群按代谢综合征组分个数的多少进行分组比较,发现随着代谢组分个数的递增,其动脉硬化患病率逐步增加,分别为2.69%、20.19%、29.81%、28.74%和37.16%,组间有显著差异(趋势P     

广汉市40岁以上社区居民糖尿病、高血压、血脂紊乱及代谢综合征基线调查

目的了解广汉市城区40岁以上社区常住居民代谢综合征及其相关疾病的患病、知晓、控制情况。方法采用多阶段、多级分层、随机抽样的流行病学调查方法,对广汉市城区4个社区40岁以上常住居民(在当地居住1年以上)1792人进行问卷调查,测量身高、体重、血压,检测空腹血糖、血脂、口服75g葡萄糖(于300mL水中)负荷后2h血糖等。结果①调查对象各种危险因素发生率分别为超重/肥胖(24.21%)、糖调节受损(12.72%)、糖尿病(10.09%)、高血压(31.79%)、血脂紊乱(33.27%)及代谢综合征(12.44%),患病率随年龄的增长而显著升高,增龄趋势男女间基本一致;②调查对象对自己所患各种危险因子知晓率/控制率分别为糖调节受损(6.25%/1.25%)、糖尿病(51.87%/3.21%)、高血压(61.55%/10.52%)、血脂紊乱知晓率/控制率为(26.45%/2.31%)。结论广汉市城区40岁以上社区居民代谢综合征及其相关疾病患病率低于全国城市社区平均水平,患病率随年龄的增长而升高;被调查者对各种代谢异常的知晓率与控制率还有很大差距。     

广汉市40岁以上社区居民糖尿病、高血压、血脂紊乱及代谢综合征基线调查

目的了解广汉市城区40岁以上社区常住居民代谢综合征及其相关疾病的患病、知晓、控制情况.方法采用多阶段、多级分层、随机抽样的流行病学调查方法,对广汉市城区4个社区40岁以上常住居民(在当地居住1年以上)1 792人进行问卷调查,测量身高、体重、血压,检测空腹血糖、血脂、口服75 g葡萄糖(于300 mL水中)负荷后2 h血糖等.结果①调查对象各种危险因素发生率分别为超重/肥胖(24.21%)、糖调节受损(12.72%)、糖尿病(10.09%)、高血压(31.79%)、血脂紊乱(33.27%)及代谢综合征(12.44%),患病率随年龄的增长而显著升高,增龄趋势男女间基本一致;②调查对象对自己所患各种危险因子知晓率/控制率分别为糖调节受损(6.25%/1.25%)、糖尿病(51.87%/3.21%)、高血压(61.55%/10.52%)、血脂紊乱知晓率/控制率为(26.45%/2.31%).结论广汉市城区40岁以上社区居民代谢综合征及其相关疾病患病率低于全国城市社区平均水平,患病率随年龄的增长而升高;被调查者对各种代谢异常的知晓率与控制率还有很大差距.     

蚌埠市社区居民代谢综合征及相关疾病患病率调查

目的 对蚌埠市社区居民代谢综合征(MS)及相关疾病患病率进行调查、统计和分析.方法 采用3级分组整群随机抽样方法 对25～74岁人群进行MS(采用2004年中华医学会糖尿病学分会提出的中国人群标准)及相关疾病指标的检测和统计,被调查3246例(男1459例、女1787例). 结果 (1)MS患病率为20.5%,标化率为16.0%,在全国处于较高水平,男、女性患病率分别为22.9%、18.6%,差异无统计学意义,男、女性患病高峰均在老年前期;(2)除超重/肥胖、MS,其他代谢性疾病男、女性的患病率均随年龄增加而上升(P<0.01);60岁以上老年人群的各疾病患病率均为青年人群的1倍以上,其中MS的患病率在男性增加至2.8倍、女性为2.7倍,而2型糖尿病的患病率增加最高,男性为7.9倍、女性为12.8倍;(3)多项代谢疾病簇集率较高,无任何一项异常者仅占33.8%. 结论 蚌埠市具有较高的MS及相关代谢疾病患病率,应及早开展社区综合防治,尤其应加强对老年前期以及60岁以上老年人群常见代谢病的健康教育.     

蚌埠市社区居民代谢综合征及相关疾病患病率调查

目的 对蚌埠市社区居民代谢综合征(MS)及相关疾病患病率进行调查、统计和分析.方法 采用3级分组整群随机抽样方法 对25～74岁人群进行MS(采用2004年中华医学会糖尿病学分会提出的中国人群标准)及相关疾病指标的检测和统计,被调查3246例(男1459例、女1787例). 结果 (1)MS患病率为20.5%,标化率为16.0%,在全国处于较高水平,男、女性患病率分别为22.9%、18.6%,差异无统计学意义,男、女性患病高峰均在老年前期;(2)除超重/肥胖、MS,其他代谢性疾病男、女性的患病率均随年龄增加而上升(P<0.01);60岁以上老年人群的各疾病患病率均为青年人群的1倍以上,其中MS的患病率在男性增加至2.8倍、女性为2.7倍,而2型糖尿病的患病率增加最高,男性为7.9倍、女性为12.8倍;(3)多项代谢疾病簇集率较高,无任何一项异常者仅占33.8%. 结论 蚌埠市具有较高的MS及相关代谢疾病患病率,应及早开展社区综合防治,尤其应加强对老年前期以及60岁以上老年人群常见代谢病的健康教育.     

蚌埠市社区居民代谢综合征及相关疾病患病率调查

目的 对蚌埠市社区居民代谢综合征(MS)及相关疾病患病率进行调查、统计和分析.方法 采用3级分组整群随机抽样方法 对25～74岁人群进行MS(采用2004年中华医学会糖尿病学分会提出的中国人群标准)及相关疾病指标的检测和统计,被调查3246例(男1459例、女1787例). 结果 (1)MS患病率为20.5%,标化率为16.0%,在全国处于较高水平,男、女性患病率分别为22.9%、18.6%,差异无统计学意义,男、女性患病高峰均在老年前期;(2)除超重/肥胖、MS,其他代谢性疾病男、女性的患病率均随年龄增加而上升(P<0.01);60岁以上老年人群的各疾病患病率均为青年人群的1倍以上,其中MS的患病率在男性增加至2.8倍、女性为2.7倍,而2型糖尿病的患病率增加最高,男性为7.9倍、女性为12.8倍;(3)多项代谢疾病簇集率较高,无任何一项异常者仅占33.8%. 结论 蚌埠市具有较高的MS及相关代谢疾病患病率,应及早开展社区综合防治,尤其应加强对老年前期以及60岁以上老年人群常见代谢病的健康教育.     

蚌埠市社区居民代谢综合征及相关疾病患病率调查

目的 对蚌埠市社区居民代谢综合征(MS)及相关疾病患病率进行调查、统计和分析.方法 采用3级分组整群随机抽样方法 对25～74岁人群进行MS(采用2004年中华医学会糖尿病学分会提出的中国人群标准)及相关疾病指标的检测和统计,被调查3246例(男1459例、女1787例). 结果 (1)MS患病率为20.5%,标化率为16.0%,在全国处于较高水平,男、女性患病率分别为22.9%、18.6%,差异无统计学意义,男、女性患病高峰均在老年前期;(2)除超重/肥胖、MS,其他代谢性疾病男、女性的患病率均随年龄增加而上升(P<0.01);60岁以上老年人群的各疾病患病率均为青年人群的1倍以上,其中MS的患病率在男性增加至2.8倍、女性为2.7倍,而2型糖尿病的患病率增加最高,男性为7.9倍、女性为12.8倍;(3)多项代谢疾病簇集率较高,无任何一项异常者仅占33.8%. 结论 蚌埠市具有较高的MS及相关代谢疾病患病率,应及早开展社区综合防治,尤其应加强对老年前期以及60岁以上老年人群常见代谢病的健康教育.     

蚌埠市社区居民代谢综合征及相关疾病患病率调查

目的 对蚌埠市社区居民代谢综合征(MS)及相关疾病患病率进行调查、统计和分析.方法 采用3级分组整群随机抽样方法 对25～74岁人群进行MS(采用2004年中华医学会糖尿病学分会提出的中国人群标准)及相关疾病指标的检测和统计,被调查3246例(男1459例、女1787例). 结果 (1)MS患病率为20.5%,标化率为16.0%,在全国处于较高水平,男、女性患病率分别为22.9%、18.6%,差异无统计学意义,男、女性患病高峰均在老年前期;(2)除超重/肥胖、MS,其他代谢性疾病男、女性的患病率均随年龄增加而上升(P<0.01);60岁以上老年人群的各疾病患病率均为青年人群的1倍以上,其中MS的患病率在男性增加至2.8倍、女性为2.7倍,而2型糖尿病的患病率增加最高,男性为7.9倍、女性为12.8倍;(3)多项代谢疾病簇集率较高,无任何一项异常者仅占33.8%. 结论 蚌埠市具有较高的MS及相关代谢疾病患病率,应及早开展社区综合防治,尤其应加强对老年前期以及60岁以上老年人群常见代谢病的健康教育.     

蚌埠市社区居民代谢综合征及相关疾病患病率调查

目的 对蚌埠市社区居民代谢综合征(MS)及相关疾病患病率进行调查、统计和分析.方法 采用3级分组整群随机抽样方法 对25～74岁人群进行MS(采用2004年中华医学会糖尿病学分会提出的中国人群标准)及相关疾病指标的检测和统计,被调查3246例(男1459例、女1787例). 结果 (1)MS患病率为20.5%,标化率为16.0%,在全国处于较高水平,男、女性患病率分别为22.9%、18.6%,差异无统计学意义,男、女性患病高峰均在老年前期;(2)除超重/肥胖、MS,其他代谢性疾病男、女性的患病率均随年龄增加而上升(P<0.01);60岁以上老年人群的各疾病患病率均为青年人群的1倍以上,其中MS的患病率在男性增加至2.8倍、女性为2.7倍,而2型糖尿病的患病率增加最高,男性为7.9倍、女性为12.8倍;(3)多项代谢疾病簇集率较高,无任何一项异常者仅占33.8%. 结论 蚌埠市具有较高的MS及相关代谢疾病患病率,应及早开展社区综合防治,尤其应加强对老年前期以及60岁以上老年人群常见代谢病的健康教育.     

蚌埠市社区居民代谢综合征及相关疾病患病率调查

目的 对蚌埠市社区居民代谢综合征(MS)及相关疾病患病率进行调查、统计和分析.方法 采用3级分组整群随机抽样方法 对25～74岁人群进行MS(采用2004年中华医学会糖尿病学分会提出的中国人群标准)及相关疾病指标的检测和统计,被调查3246例(男1459例、女1787例). 结果 (1)MS患病率为20.5%,标化率为16.0%,在全国处于较高水平,男、女性患病率分别为22.9%、18.6%,差异无统计学意义,男、女性患病高峰均在老年前期;(2)除超重/肥胖、MS,其他代谢性疾病男、女性的患病率均随年龄增加而上升(P<0.01);60岁以上老年人群的各疾病患病率均为青年人群的1倍以上,其中MS的患病率在男性增加至2.8倍、女性为2.7倍,而2型糖尿病的患病率增加最高,男性为7.9倍、女性为12.8倍;(3)多项代谢疾病簇集率较高,无任何一项异常者仅占33.8%. 结论 蚌埠市具有较高的MS及相关代谢疾病患病率,应及早开展社区综合防治,尤其应加强对老年前期以及60岁以上老年人群常见代谢病的健康教育.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.