Data,information, knowledge,wisdom, and understanding

The digital age commenced in the mid-20th century and since we have seen approximately exponential growth in information. This period has also seen the rapid growth of computer technology that has facilitated, for instance, the derivation of whole genomes and automated drug discovery. Data, information, knowledge and wisdom lay the foundations for understanding how experience is formed from evidence and observations. When data are put into context, the resultant information can drive growth and further contribute to increased knowledge. Appreciating the source of data enables us to recognize and hopefully correct for inherent error and bias. Ultimately knowledge discovery can be automated to gain information from data and so on, enhancing our understanding of a given subject and expanding collective wisdom.     

骨密度没量中精密度的重要性

骨密度测定,不论采取何特殊技术,即使严格地按照厂家建议的操作程序,也常常不能达到完美的重复性.必须确定每台骨密度仪不同骨骼部位的精确度.精密度,如标准差平均方根或变异系数平均方根,被用来确定骨密度的变化,即精密度决定最小显著性变化值和随访需要的至少时间间隔.除非确定了精密度,否则就不能确定任何水平的统计可信度最小显著性变化值,使得随访的研究结果难以解释.     

Zyste, Endometriose, Borderlinetumor, CUP

Symptomatic renal cysts are not uncommon and can be treated by puncture, sclerotherapy, or laparoscopic fenestration. We report the case of a female patient in whom the diagnosis of a supposedly simple symptomatic renal cyst changed over endometriosis and borderline malignancy to a CUP. This case shows that in spite of all diagnostic measures and care the final diagnosis can be a surprise.     

Nephrology, Hypertension, Dialysis, Transplantation

Th. Andreoli, E. Ritz and L. Rosivall, Hungarian Kidney Foundation,Budapest, 2006. Total pages: 655. This monograph is a compilation of lectures given in recentcourses of the Budapest Nephrology School, a yearly educationalprogramme organized under     

MRSA: Resistenzmechanismen,Epidemiologie, Risikofaktoren,Prophylaxe, Therapie

Zusammenfassung Methicillin-resistente Staphylococcus aureus-Stämme (MRSA) sind inzwischen in vielen Ländern verbreitete Erreger, denen eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt wird. In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit werden der Resistenzmechanismus, die Epidemiologie der Verbreitung im Krankenhaus (H-MRSA) bzw. in Einrichtungen des Gesundheitswesens (HCA-MRSA) und außerhalb des Krankenhauses (C-MRSA), Ursachen der Zunahme des Nachweises, Besiedlungsdynamik, Erkrankungsrisiko und Letalität, das Vorgehen bei MRSA-Nachweis, Methoden zur Dekolonisierung, Überwachungskulturen sowie therapeutische Optionen diskutiert.     

Minimally invasive, nonlaparoscopic, preperitoneal, and sutureless, inguinal herniorrhaphy

BACKGROUND: Recent efforts at development of an ideal method for herniorrhaphy have resulted in a number of tremendous advances. The keen interest in hernia surgery and newer methods of repair, however, suggests that most surgeons are not fully satisfied with the methods currently available. METHODS: This repair involves a preperitoneal approach accomplished under regional or local anesthesia, with limited instrumentation and expense. It is performed in both a tension-free and sutureless fashion through a very small incision. It is effective in the treatment of primary and recurrent direct and indirect hernias as well as femoral hernias using the same approach in each case. RESULTS: With 808 hernia repairs performed over a 54-month period of time there have been only five recurrences identified. There were only two wound infections. No specific restrictions with regard to activity were placed on these patients after surgery. In almost all cases the patients were able to return to regular activities, including work, within a few days after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The results with this procedure suggest that it may be a more effective method of hernia repair when cost, ease of performance, and rapid recovery are important considerations.     

Laparotomy, laparoscopy, cancer, and beyond

The fate of laparoscopic methods for the treatment of cancer remains uncertain. Published middle-range oncologic results from nonrandomized studies demonstrate that laparoscopic methods are associated with an outcome comparable with results after open resection. The world awaits the 3- and 5-year oncologic results of the ongoing randomized and prospective trials. There is a possibility that laparoscopic methods may be associated with a survival benefit. Port tumors remain a concern. However, results at this writing suggest that these recurrences take place at a frequency similar to that of incisional recurrences following open cancer resection. Port tumors currently are viewed as local recurrences. Traumatization of the tumor at the time of resection is thought to be the most important surgery-related risk factor. The demonstration of a survival benefit in a randomized trial would likely have a tremendous impact on the surgical world. Avoidance of laparotomy-related immunosuppression and tumor stimulation, both of which have been well demonstrated in animal studies, theoretically, might account for differences in cancer outcome. The early postoperative period may be a critical time during which the fate of many cancer patients is determined. It is possible that this may be an ideal time frame for antitumor immunotherapy because the tumor burden is at its lowest, and because immunotherapy, unlike conventional chemotherapy, is unlikely to have a negative impact on wound and anastomotic healing. Perioperative nonspecific upregulation of immune function via pharmacologic means may improve long-term oncologic results. Similarly, preoperative tumor vaccines might provide patients with a specific means of combating any remaining tumor cells after curative resection. The results of several recently completed murine studies support both of these ideas. Finally, early postoperative administration of monoclonal antitumor antibodies might provide patients with specific means of combating any remaining tumor cells after curative resection. The introduction of advanced minimally invasive techniques nearly a decade ago has led to new methods of approaching malignant tumors that have the potential to have an impact on the oncologic outcome of cancer patients. This decade-long journey also has led to new insights regarding the impact of surgery on the patient. It also has alerted us concerning the importance of the immediate postoperative period in the patient's ongoing struggle against the tumor. These insights hopefully will lead to better surgical methods and new perioperative adjuvant therapies that will increase the rate of survival and reduce the recurrence rates for cancer patients.     

Mechanics: force,mass, acceleration energy,work, power

Mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the effect of energy and forces on objects. Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that together describe the relationship between an object and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to these forces. Motion can be mathematically described by magnitude, displacement, velocity and acceleration. Work is done when a force acts on an object resulting in its motion. Energy is required for doing work. Power is the rate at which work is done.     

Leak,fistula, sepsis,sinus, portal vein thrombosis

The creation of an ileal pelvic pouch is a complex procedure. While many perioperative complications are possible, surgery specific complications may include a pouch leak, fistula, abscess with sepsis, anastomotic sinus, and portal vein thrombosis. In this chapter, each of these are individually discussed along with evaluation and treatment options.