阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征手术治疗的警示

目的 探讨行悬雍垂腭咽成形术（uvulopalatopharyngoplasty,UPPP）围手术期易出现的严重并发症的预防和处理。方法 在180例行UPPP及1例行探查止血的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患者中，报告并总结了10例严重并发症的临床资料。结果 UPPP术中发生心绞痛和心肌梗塞各1例；术后发生口咽狭窄3例，继发性出血3例，吞咽反流和开放性鼻音及分泌性中耳炎1例；鼻部探查止血手术中诱导麻醉插管时窒息死亡1例。结论 OSAHS为全身性代谢性疾病，行UPPP手术及其他全身麻醉手术时必须严格掌握手术适应证，加强围手术期治疗并结合个体情况制定手术方案，避免严重并发症。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征手术治疗的警示

目的　探讨行悬雍垂腭咽成形术 (uvulopalatopharyngoplasty ,UPPP)围手术期易出现的严重并发症的预防和处理。方法　在 180例行UPPP及 1例行探查止血的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 (obstructivesleepapneahypopneasyndrome ,OSAHS)患者中 ,报告并总结了 10例严重并发症的临床资料。结果　UPPP术中发生心绞痛和心肌梗塞各 1例 ;术后发生口咽狭窄 3例 ,继发性出血 3例 ,吞咽反流和开放性鼻音及分泌性中耳炎 1例 ;鼻部探查止血手术中诱导麻醉插管时窒息死亡 1例。结论　OSAHS为全身性代谢性疾病 ,行UPPP手术及其他全身麻醉手术时必须严格掌握手术适应证 ,加强围手术期治疗并结合个体情况制定手术方案 ,避免严重并发症     

重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征局部麻醉手术体会

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者睡眠时存在不同程度的气道狭窄或阻塞，悬雍垂腭咽成形术（UPPP）作为治疗OSAHS的主要方法，尤其对于重度患者，术中及术后气道护理难度大，易发生意外甚至危及生命，故行UPPP术时应小心谨慎，现将我们行该手术时的经验体会和疗效分析报告如下。     

应用射频术与悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗OSAHS患者近期疗效比较

目的 评价低温等离子射频术(temperature controUed radiofrequeney,TCRF)和悬雍垂腭咽成形术(uvulopalatopharyngoplasty,UPPP)治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructivesleep apnea-hypopnea syndryome,OSAHS)一期患者的手术疗效和术后并发症.方法 选择阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征FriedmanM临床分期一期患者60例,随机分TCRF术组和UPPP术组,每组各30例.术后6个月行多导睡眠图分析(polysomnography,PSG),然后对两组患者术前术后PSG监测指标及术后并发症进行统计学分析.结果 临床症状的消除和PSG监测结果两组比较无统计学意义.言语功能的改变、腭咽关闭不全严重并发症上两组无明显差异.但在术后疼痛、恢复正常饮食、术后出血、咽部异物感有明显差异.结论 与UPPP术组相比较,TCRF术治疗OSAHS一期患者手术疗效相似,但并发症明显减少.     

改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术围手术期手术风险分析

目的　分析阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者行改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术（Han-UPPP,H-UPPP）手术并发症的相关因素,探讨提高手术安全性 的管理措施。方法　回顾性分析四川大学华西医院277例OSAHS患者行H-UPPP的临床资料,分析手术并发症发生的相关因素。结果　共有15例（5.4%）患者出现并发症,其中术后出血12例（4.3%）,术中术后气道阻塞2例（0.7%）行气管切开术,心动过缓1例（0.4%）。合并症、呼吸暂停低通气指数、低通气最长时间、最低血氧饱和度、平均血氧饱和度、肺功能一秒率分别是围手术期并发症、术后出血、气管切开的风险因子。结论　术后出血是H-UPPP最常见的手术并发症,存在合并症的患者更易出现围手术期并发症。     

舌骨悬吊联合UPPP术治疗OSAHS患者普通病房围手术期的处理

目的探讨舌骨悬吊与悬雍垂腭咽成形术（UPPP）联合手术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）围手术期的观察、处理的必要性。 方法对78例患者术前均行多导睡眠呼吸监测，完善各系统的术前检查，并请相关科室会诊治疗相关疾病，根据情况行3～7d的正压通气治疗；术后自ICU病房转入普通病房后加强心电监护，密切观察呼吸、血压等变化，及时处理发生的问题等。 结果1例术后3d因咳嗽发生继发性出血，经二次手术止血出血停止; 2例颈部切口渗液，经处理后延迟愈合;6例开始进食时略有呛咳，经锻炼后在第3天消失。其余患者术后2～4d舌体运动略有受限，5～7d后舌体运动正常。 结论舌骨悬吊与UPPP的联合手术治疗OSAHS有一定的潜在危险，加强围手术期的处理能显著提高患者对手术的耐受性，降低手术风险，减少并发症的发生。     

改良悬雍垂腭咽成形术治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征

目的改进传统的悬雍垂腭咽成形术（uvul opalatopharyngoplasty,UPPP）治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS）的疗效,探讨减少术后并发症的方法。方法对68例OSAHS患者行改良UPPP。手术要点：维持咽腔正常解剖生理形态,保留悬雍垂,切除腭帆间隙脂肪组织,对软腭和咽侧壁进行成形,充分扩大咽腔。术后随访6个月以上,12个月时行多道睡眠图（polysomnography,PSG）监测。结果患者憋气、打鼾、嗜睡等症状均于6个月内明显减轻或消失,术后12个月经PSG监测,其有效率为95.6%。结论改良UPPP可充分扩大咽腔空间,避免并发症,提高手术效果。     

超声刀辅助悬雍垂腭咽成形术的疗效评价与应用价值

目的 探讨应用超声刀进行悬雍垂腭咽成形术（UPPP）治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAHS）的效果及应用价值。 方法 将需行UPPP的OSAHS患者随机分成超声刀组（A组）及对照组（B组）各20例。A组在静吸复合麻醉下,应用剪型超声刀进行扁桃体切除及悬雍垂腭咽成形术;B组应用传统方法行扁桃体剥离及悬雍垂腭咽成形术。对比两组患者的术中出血量、手术时间、术后疼痛程度、术后效果以及并发症的情况。结果 A组术中出血量明显少于B组,术时缩短明显,术后疼痛及术后并发症情况差异无统计学意义。结论 超声刀辅助下悬雍垂腭咽成形术术中出血少,手术时间明显缩短。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征行腭咽成形术围手术期的临床研究

目的探讨腭咽成形术(uvulopalatopharyngoplasty,UPPP)治疗中、重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)围手术期的临床处理.方法对54例中、重度OSAHS患者实施了腭咽成形术,围手术期的处理包括(1)多道睡眠监测和心肺功能评估;(2)术前44例、术后29例行正压通气治疗;(3)静脉诱导吸入全身麻醉46例,局部浸润麻醉8例;(4)42例行保留悬雍垂的改良腭咽成形术.结果术前未接受CPAP治疗的局麻患者术中出现短暂呼吸困难2例,术后高血压危象、心动过速各1例,术后原发性出血2例.CPAP治疗组在麻醉清醒期及术后无急性上气道阻塞发生.全身麻醉5例插管困难,有高血压病史的19例术中血液动力学波动大.经典腭咽成形术后1周内腭咽关闭不全4例,行保留悬雍垂的改良腭咽成形术后咽部有异物感9例,但无其他并发症.结论充分认识UPPP 手术存在的潜在风险,认真进行围手术期的正确治疗有助于减少手术并发症,提高手术和麻醉的安全性.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者手术并发症及规避策略

目的 通过阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者手术并发症相关危险因素的分析,探讨并发症防治原则.方法 1998年9月至2007年3月经多道睡眠监测确诊的OSAHS手术患者653例,根据上气道解剖性狭窄的部位及阻塞范围,分别进行悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)586例次,同时或单纯行鼻腔鼻窦手术104例次,行舌骨悬吊术53例次.在局麻加强化下手术294例,全麻下手术359例.围手术期217例患者行术前3～7 d、术后2～3 d无创正压通气治疗(CPAP).结果 57例(8.7%)OSAHS患者出现各类围手术期并发症93例次,呼吸道并发症19例次,其中全麻诱导期死亡1例;术中大出血9例次,术后出血27例次;心血管并发症31例次,脑出血偏瘫1例;手术后反应性嗜睡3例次,反应性高血糖3例次.多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示:OSAHS患者围手术期CPAP治疗有利于降低手术并发症的发生,而术前高血压、体重指数、呼吸暂停低通气指数及全麻方式是与手术并发症相关的危险因素.术后均进行1年以上随访,UPPP术后23.9%的患者出现明显的咽喉部异物感,术后6～12个月缓解;咽腔瘢痕粘连7例,腭咽通气道闭锁1例,萎缩性鼻炎、咽炎3例,长期饮食反流3例.结论合并高血压的重症肥胖OSAHS患者围手术期并发症风险增加,有效的血压控制、积极的CPAP治疗、学科间的相互合作和密切的手术后监护,对减少OSAHS患者手术并发症有重要的意义.     

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance

The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF‐C in early laryngeal cancer: relationship with radioresistance Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth and invasion. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a prime mediator of tumour angiogenesis. VEGF‐C is a closely related protein that effects lymphatic endothelial cells and may be important in the process of lymphatic metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of these cytokines in patients with T1 and T2a glottic, squamous cell carcinoma, in comparison with normal epithelial control tissue, to ascertain any association with radioresistance. Twenty‐two tumours treated by radiotherapy (13 radiosensitive, nine radioresistant) and seven normal control tissues were studied. The minimum follow‐up was 2 years after radiotherapy. Expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C was evaluated by immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded biopsy specimens. Analysis was carried out using a quantitative computer image analyser. Both VEGF and VEGF‐C were detectable in tumour and normal control specimens. There was increased expression in tumour specimens of both VEGF (P = 0.03) and VEGF‐C (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression of VEGF‐C was associated with tumours of higher histological grade (P = 0.021). There was, however, no difference in VEGF and VEGF‐C expression between radioresistant and radiosensitive tumours. The expression of VEGF and VEGF‐C is increased in early laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, measuring the expression of these proteins cannot predict radioresistance in this tumour group.     

Treatment of Maxillary Sinus Carcinoma: Clinical Results Using the Kitasato Modality

The conventional therapeutic regimen for maxillary sinus carcinoma consists of dissection of the maxilla, full-dose irradiation and extensive chemotherapy. However, the results obtained with this treatment are often poor. Even when patients recover, their quality of life is significantly reduced as a result of deformity of facial structures and swallowing and articulation dysfunctions. A retrospective analysis of 68 patients with maxillary sinus carcinoma treated with the Kitasato modality between 1975 and 1999 was conducted. All patients underwent pergingival maxillary sinus surgery combined with pre- and postoperative irradiation therapy with standardized total doses of 16 Gy; the postoperative irradiation was given in combination with regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy administered via the superficial temporal artery. All visible tumor lesions were removed where possible in order to preserve or facilitate cellular immunity after surgery. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 85.7% for Stage II patients, 88.1% for Stage III, 76.6% for Stage IVA and 75.0% for Stage IVB.     

Cervical Reflex Induced by Click Stimuli in Cats

We studied click-evoked potentials in the anterior horn of the spinal cord in 17 cats. A concentric needle electrode was inserted into the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C3-C6. Potentials evoked with 105 dB SPL clicks were recorded with a peak latency of 4.89-5.10 ms only at the C3 level. These responses were observed 45-60 dB SPL above the auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold, and no potentials were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral ear. Average was performed 100 times with changes in stimulation frequency of 1-20 Hz. The amplitude of the potentials decreased with increasing stimulus frequency, but there were no changes in ABRs. The responses disappeared after destruction of the medial vestibulospinal tract at the obex level, but ABRs were still recorded. The spinal nucleus of the accessory nerves was located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord at levels C1-C6, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle motoneurons were found at levels C1-C3. The click-evoked potentials recorded in this study reflect responses of the spinal nucleus of accessory nerves through the vestibulospinal tract to click stimulation. The responses have the same characteristics as vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials that can be recorded using surface electrodes over the sternocleidomastoid muscles of humans.     

Tongue Base Reduction with Temperature-controlled Radiofrequency Volumetric Tissue Reduction for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

In recent years a considerable effort has been made to establish the use of different surgical techniques for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Nevertheless, treatment of hypopharyngeal obstruction due to tongue base hypertrophy remains in many ways an unsolved problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tongue base reduction with temperature-controlled radiofrequency volumetric tissue reduction in the treatment of OSAS. Twenty patients with OSAS and tongue base hypertrophy were treated with radiofrequency tissue ablation. An intensified treatment protocol was used, delivering 2,800 J per treatment session under local anesthesia. Two nights of polysomnography testing were performed before and after treatment. Daytime sleepiness, snoring and postoperative morbidity were assessed using questionnaires. Mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was reduced from 32.1 to 24.9/h after a mean of 3.4 treatment sessions. Six patients (33%) were cured after the procedure (reduction in RDI of &#83 50% and a postoperative RDI of <15/h) and ten (55%) showed an improvement of >20% in their RDI. Daytime sleepiness and snoring improved significantly. Peri- and postoperative morbidity was low; one severe complication occurred (tongue base abscess). We were able to achieve similar cure and responder rates to those reported in a recently published pilot study but with a reduced number of treatment sessions. We believe that this technique may improve patient acceptance and have beneficial cost implications.     

Lack of significant estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in nasal telangiectasias in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: an immunohistochemical analysis

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by snoring and apnea during sleep leading to decreased oxygen saturation and disturbed sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and neuropsychological disturbances. This study investigates cognitive neuropsychological abilities in a group of 53 OSAS patients before and after treatment with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. General intellectual ability, verbal learning and memory as well as executive functioning were measured at baseline and 6 months postoperatively. After surgery there were significant improvements in verbal learning and memory (mean change - 39, SD 57.3, p <0.001), recall (mean change - 24.3, SD 39.3, p <0.001) and executive functioning (as assessed by percentage of errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; mean change-9.1, SD 15.7, p <0.001). These improvements were in accordance with improvements in the degree of sleep apnea, the oxygen desaturation index (mean change -9.7, SD 15.9, p <0.001) and arterial minimum oxygen saturation (mean change 4.5%, SD 10.2%, p <0.01). Surgical treatment seems to improve verbal learning, memory and recall and executive functions in parallel with better oxygenation in OSAS.     

Measurement of chemosensory function

Although hundreds of thousands of patients seek medical help annually for disorders of taste and smell, relatively few medical practitioners quantitatively test their patients' chemosensory function, taking their complaints at face value. This is clearly not the approach paid to patients complaining of visual, hearing, or balance problems. Accurate chemosensory testing is essential to establish the nature, degree, and veracity of a patient's complaint, as well as to aid in counseling and in monitoring the effectiveness of treatment strategies and decisions. In many cases, patients perseverate on chemosensory loss that objective assessment demonstrates has resolved. In other cases, patients are malingering. Olfactory testing is critical for not only establishing the validity and degree of the chemosensory dysfunction, but for helping patients place their dysfunction into perspective relative to the function of their peer group. It is well established, for example, that olfactory dysfunction is the rule, rather than the exception, in members of the older population. Moreover, it is now apparent that such dysfunction can be an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Importantly, older anosmics are three times more likely to die over the course of an ensuring five-year period than their normosmic peers, a situation that may be averted in some cases by appropriate nutritional and safety counseling. This review provides the clinician, as well as the academic and industrial researcher, with an overview of the available means for accurately assessing smell and taste function, including up-to-date information and normative data for advances in this field.