Large unilateral chest tumors in children

When large unilateral chest tumors are hidden by pleural fluid collections, or when there is a completely radiopaque hemithorax, ultrasonography is an efficient means of identifying and characterizing a mass. Narrowing of the carinal angle in patients with mediastinal shift is helpful in identifying large intrathoracic tumors that could be mistaken for, or hidden by, large pleural effusions. Of 11 large tumors in children, seven were Ewing's sarcomas, two were metastatic sarcomas, one was a lymphoma, and one was an undifferentiated small cell tumor of unknown origin. The rib lesions of Ewing's sarcoma were seen clearly on chest radiographs in all patients with that disease.     

Sonographic evaluation of the chest in infants and children

Sonography was used to evaluate 28 patients (age range, newborn to 16 years) with mediastinal and juxtacardiac masses and disease processes, partial or complete opacification of a hemithorax, and various juxtadiaphragmatic abnormalities. Technically adequate studies were obtained in 93% of the cases. Sonography was of greatest value in determining the cause of an opaque hemithorax, characterizing fluid collections, localizing fluid collections prior to percutaneous aspiration or drainage, and demonstrating the position and integrity of the diaphragm. Sonography was least successful in depicting and characterizing mediastinal disorders. The authors' method is described and the technical limitations and pitfalls of pediatric chest sonography are discussed.     

Percutaneous drainage of chest abscesses in children

Seven patients ranging in age from 3 to 18 years underwent percutaneous drainage of eight intrathoracic abscesses. Five of the abscesses were mediastinal or paramediastinal and resulted from esophageal perforation or esophageal anastomotic leakage. The abscesses resolved in each case, with a mean catheter drainage time of 28 days and no need for surgical intervention. Three of the abscesses were intrapulmonary, and each lay adjacent to a pleural surface. All three lung abscesses resolved within 19-24 days, without thoracotomy or wedge resection.     

Ultrasound of the chest in children (mediastinum excluded)

Ultrasound (US) of the paediatric chest has become an established imaging tool that may supplement plain film findings helping to reduce or tailor other ionizing (sectional) imaging in a variety of paediatric conditions such as sequestration or pneumonia. US has been shown to offer valuable imaging alternatives, both reliably enabling diagnosis without need for ionising imaging such as in diaphragmatic palsy (traditionally diagnosed by fluoroscopy) and revealing additional information in patients with equivocal findings on radiographs or replacing follow-up examinations (for example, in pleural effusion). This review outlines the technical requisites for paediatric chest US applications and will discuss its diagnostic potential. Furthermore, it will consider US restrictions, mention some rare applications, and discuss the potential role of chest US in imaging algorithms of certain conditions.     

Sonographic evaluation of chest masses in children.

The sonographic appearances of 12 intrathoracic masses in children are presented. Seven out of 12 masses were malignant and presented with opaque hemithorax on chest X-ray. Different types of masses encountered were: Lymphoma, Neuroblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma, metastatic Ewing's sarcoma, Teratocarcinoma, Pseudotumor of the lung, Neuroenteric duplication cyst, Bronchogenic cyst and tubercular mediastinal lymph nodes.     

Imaging evaluation of chest wall disorders in children

This article discusses the imaging evaluation of chest wall disorders in children.     

儿童胸部CT检查极限低剂量的可行性

目的 以Philips iCT扫描仪为例,探讨机器极限低剂量进行儿童胸部CT成像的可行性。方法 临床建议胸部CT扫描的连续28例儿童患者纳入研究,年龄1个月~7岁,中位年龄8个月。采用Philips iCT 256层螺旋CT扫描仪,进行极限低剂量扫描方案扫描：80 kV,10 mAs,0.625 mm×128,螺距1。首先用迭代重建（iDose⁴ 4）、分别以肺算法和标准算法获得肺算法组和标准算法组两组4 mm层厚图像,再回顾性重建层厚0.67 mm图像（iDose⁴ 4,Smooth A）,转换为4 mm层厚图像（图像转换组）并重组出气道冠状面多平面重组（MPR）图像和容积成像图像。3组横断面图像在同一肺窗条件下进行噪声测量（SD值）和主观评价（5分制）。记录剂量长度乘积（DLP）,并计算有效剂量E。结果 肺算法组、标准算法组和图像转换组的SD值分别为26.7±7.6、15.1±5.5和16.7±4.9,3组间差异具有统计学意义（F=29.6,P<0.05）,肺算法组噪声高于标准算法组和图像转换组（均数差分别为11.6和9.6,P<0.05）,标准算法组与图像转换组之间差异没有统计学意义（P>0.05）。主观评价3组图像均完全达到诊断水平。冠状面MPR和容积图像帮助更好地阅读横断面图像。平均DLP和E分别为（8.65±2.97）mGy·cm和（0.21±0.10）mSv,最低分别至4.40 mGy·cm和0.08 mSv。结论 以Philips iCT扫描仪为例,机器极限低剂量应用于儿童胸部CT扫描完全可行,充分利用迭代重建算法和图像转换可保障图像质量,结合三维重组可更好地进行胸部影像诊断。     

Acute presentation of cystic and mass-like lesions of the chest in children

A wide variety of cystic and mass-like lesions can occur in the chest of infants and children, but those that cause acute symptoms are often associated with pneumonia or infection of pre-existing congenital or developmental lung lesions. Pediatric chest masses can be classified by location, multiplicity, and the presence or absence of air-filled or fluid-filled cysts. Characteristic radiographic findings are diagnostic for some lesions, whereas others can appear quite similar radiographically. This article illustrates the common chest masses and cysts that present emergently in pediatric patients and discusses imaging approaches to the diagnosis of such lesions.     

婴幼儿X线胸片的质量管理

婴幼儿X线胸片占小儿科摄片总数的60％以上，要获得满足诊断要求的X线胸片，除提高摄片人员素质外，还要结合实际，消除婴幼儿不能很好合作和伪影造成的影响：现对我院250张婴幼儿X线胸片进行分析。     

双源CT的 Flash Spiral技术在儿童胸部的应用

目的 分析儿童胸部接受双源CT 2种扫描模式(传统模式和Flash模式)的辐射剂量.方法 选择200例行双源CT胸部扫描年龄在1个月~10岁的患儿,将其按年龄分为5岁组(60例)3组,分别用传统模式和Flash模式行胸部平扫并记录扫描时间、CT容积剂量指数(CTDIvol)及剂量长度乘积(DLP)值,使用独立样本t检验比较3个年龄组中2种扫描模式的辐射剂量之间差异.结果 200例患儿各组的年龄差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).3个年龄组2种扫描模式的扫描时间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001);Flash模式扫描时间较传统模式时间缩短了70%左右;3组中2种扫描模式的检查辐射剂量指标CTDIvol、DLP及有效剂量(ED)对比差异均有统计学意义.本研究中3组胸部扫描有效剂量传统模式分别为(2.11±0.29) mSv,(1.57±0.16) mSv,(1.56±0.24) mSv,而Flash模式有效剂量分别为(1.16±0.17) mSv,(0.87±0.10) mSv,(0.74±0.08) mSv,仅为传统模式的54.98%、55.41%、47.44%.3个年龄组的有效剂量下降幅度同DLP一致.结论 Flash Spira技术提高了时间分辨率,显著降低辐射剂量,将为儿童的胸部低剂量扫描提供一种新的模式.     

小儿肺炎支原体肺炎数字X线胸片影像诊断

目的:探讨数字X线胸部摄影对小儿肺炎支原体肺炎的诊断价值.方法:对41例血清IgM抗体滴度升高4倍以上的患儿的初次胸部X线平片影像表现进行回顾性分析.结果:37例(90.3％)显示段、叶性分布实变影,8例(19.5％)显示结节样小叶气腔实变,19例(46.3 ％)显示支气管血管束周围浸润.4例(9.7％)病变累及双肺,30例(73.2％)累及下肺野.第2次抗体滴度≥1280的患儿肺内病变累及范围大于第2次抗体滴度≤640的患儿(x2 =8.789,P=0.003).结论:叶段分布气腔实变、支气管血管束周围浸润是小儿肺炎支原体肺炎最常见的胸部X线影像表现,结节样小叶中心气腔实变显示率较低.肺炎支原体抗体滴度升高程度可能与肺内病变的严重程度有关.     

小儿重症手足口病胸部X线分析

目的:探讨小儿重症手足口病(HFMD)的胸部X线表现。方法:搜集经临床确诊为重症HFMD的18例患儿的病例资料,对其X线资料进行回顾性分析。结果:重症HFMD的胸部X线主要表现为大小不一的斑片状阴影及肺间质浸润改变为主的网格状、条索状影。结论:重症HFMD的胸部X线可反映其病情变化,对了解病情、指导治疗和预后判断具有重要意义。